A^. 


IMAGE  EVALUATrON 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


h 


A 


A 


:/. 


^ 


1.0 


I.I 


128 


m 


MiHI 


1^ 


IL25  i  1.4 


2.0 


I 
IIIIIM 

1.6 


^^' 


^ 


/a 


/ 


/a 


'^ 


'/ 


Photographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


iV 


l\ 


\. 


L17 


<\ 


^ 


^^ 


•^ 


0 


^ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Ttchnical  and  Bibliographic  Notas/Notaa  tachniquat  at  bibiiograpliiquaa 


Tha  inatituta  haa  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  baat 
original  copy  availabia  for  filming.  Faaturaa  of  thia 
copy  which  may  ba  bibiiographicaliy  uniqua, 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagaa  in  tha 
raproduction,  or  which  may  aignificantly  changa 
tha  uaual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chacliad  balow. 


D 


D 


D 
D 


D 


D 


Colourad  covara/ 
Couvartura  da  coulaur 


I     I   Covara  damagad/ 


Couvartura  andommagAa 


Covara  raatorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  raataurAa  at/ou  palliculia 


I     I   Covar  titia  miaaing/ 


La  titra  da  couvartura  manqua 


rn   Colourad  mapt/ 


Cartaa  giographiquaa  mn  coulaur 


0   Colourad  inic  (i.a.  othar  than  biua  or  black)/ 
Encra  da  coulaur  (i.a.  autra  qua  biaua  ou  noira) 

r~~1   Colourad  plataa  and/or  illuatrationa/ 


Planchaa  at/ou  illuatrationa  an  coulaur 


Bound  with  othar  matarial/ 
Rail*  avac  d'autraa  documants 


Tight  binding  may  cauaa  shadowa  or  diatortion 
along  intarior  margin/ 

La  reliura  aarria  paut  cauaar  da  I'ombra  ou  da  la 
diatortion  la  long  da  la  marga  intAriaura 

Blank  laavaa  addad  during  raatoration  may 
appaar  within  tha  taxt.  Whanavar  poaaibla.  thaaa 
hava  baan  omittad  from  filming/ 
11  aa  paut  qua  cartalnaa  pagaa  blanchaa  ajoutAaa 
lora  d'una  raatauration  apparaiaaant  dana  la  taxta. 
maia.  loraqua  cala  Atait  poaaibla.  caa  pagaa  n'ont 
paa  At*  fiimAaa. 

Additional  commanta:/ 
Commantairaa  aupplAmantairaa; 


Tha 

to  tl 


L'inatitut  a  microfilm^  la  maillaur  axamplaira 
qu  11  lui  a  At*  poaaibia  da  aa  procurar.  Laa  dAtalla 
da  cat  axamplaira  qui  aont  paut-Atra  unlquaa  du 
point  da  vua  bibliographiqua,  qui  pauvant  modifiar 
una  imaga  raproduita,  ou  qui  pauvant  axigar  una 
modification  dana  la  mAthoda  normala  da  filmaga 
aont  indiquAa  ci-daaaoua. 


r~1   Colourad  pagaa/ 


D 

0 


Pagaa  da  coulaur 

Pagaa  damagad/ 
Pagaa  andommagAaa 

Pagaa  raatorad  and/oi 

Pagoa  raatau'-Aaa  at/ou  palllculAaa 

Pagaa  diacolourad.  atainad  or  foxa< 
Pagaa  dAcolorAaa.  tachatAaa  ou  piquAaa 

Pagaa  datachad/ 
Pagaa  dAtachAaa 

Showthroughy 
Tranaparanca 

Quality  of  prin 

QualltA  InAgaia  da  I'impraaaion 

inciudaa  auppiamantary  matarii 
Comprand  du  matArial  aupplAmantaira 


r~l  Pagaa  damagad/ 

r~~|  Pagaa  raatorad  and/or  laminatad/ 

|~n  Pagaa  diacolourad.  atainad  or  foxad/ 

|~~|  Pagaa  datachad/ 

r~r|  Showthrough/ 

r~n  Quality  of  print  varlaa/ 

nn  inciudaa  auppiamantary  matarial/ 


Tha 
poai 
of  tl 
film 


Grig 

bagi 

tha 

slon 

othf 

firat 

aion 

oril 


Tha 
shal 
TINI 
whi( 

Map 
diffc 
entii 
bagi 
righi 
raqi 
mat 


Only  adition  availabia/ 
Saula  Adition  diaponibia 

Pagaa  wholly  or  partially  obacurad  by  arrata 
alipa,  tiaauaa.  ate,  hava  baan  rafilmad  to 
anaura  tha  baat  poaaibla  imaga/ 
Laa  pagaa  totalamant  ou  partiailamant 
obacurciaa  par  un  fauillat  d'arrata,  una  palura, 
ate,  ont  AtA  filmAaa  A  nouvaau  da  fa^on  A 
obtanir  la  maillaura  imaga  poaaibla. 


This  itam  it  fiimad  at  tha  raduction  ratio  chackad  balow/ 

Ca  documant  ast  filmA  au  taux  da  rAduction  indiquA  ci-dasaous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

12X 


m 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


Th«  copy  filmed  h«r«  has  h—n  raproducad  thankt 
to  tha  ganaroaity  of: 

Library  of  tlia  Public 
Archivas  of  Canada 


L'axamplaira  film*  fut  raproduit  grica  A  la 
ginAroalti  da: 

La  bibSiothAque  das  Archivas 
publiquas  du  Canada 


Tha  imagas  appearing  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
possibia  considaring  tha  condition  and  lagiblllty 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spocifications. 


Las  imagas  suivantas  ont  6t4  raproduitas  avac  la 
plus  grand  soin.  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattati  da  l'axamplaira  filmA,  at  an 
conformity  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 


Original  copias  in  printad  papar  covara  ara  filmad 
beginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printad  or  illuatratad  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  ara  filmad  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  imprea- 
sion.  and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printad 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couvarture  an 
papier  est  imprim6e  sont  f'imis  en  commen^ant 
par  la  premier  plat  at  an  terminant  soit  par  la 
darniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmte  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  at  en  terminant  par 
la  darniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^»-  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaltra  sur  la 
darniire  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Thoaa  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  ara  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planchas,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atria 
fiimAs  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atra 
raproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  11  est  filmi  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  an  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaira.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrant  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

SHEA'S   CHARLEVOIX. 


'f.# 


i 


i 


.      :| 


V 


H  I  S  'V  ()H\ 


(9'^^ 


M 


II  isrou  Y 


AND 


G  EXE  HAL   DESCIIIPTIOX 


OP 


:\i:w   FiiAN(;i^]. 


HV 


Tin:  UKV.  p.  '^.  X.  DE  CHARLEVOIX,  H.J. 

iii\.\.M..\li;h.  WITH  NOTES.  BV   HHIN  r,liy\\\[\   SIIKA. 

IN    SIX    VOLUMES. 

VOL     III. 


NEW    YOKK: 

.!»>  II  \    I)  I  LM  ,\  i;  ^     V  ff  \.i  \ 

181)8. 


Ent..r...|  .o...r.llni,  I..  Art  „f  ConKr,*.,  Ii,  (h*  yn,  UM, 
Hv  .KilIN  (llI.MMtV  XIIKV 

In  Iho  n,rk'.  Om«  ,.,  „,„  |MMrl..t  C.ur,  ..r |:niu,l  8UU^  f„,  ,h.  8,.uth.,D 

Uiitricl  of  New  Vurk, 


ri 

v,3 


,*? 


(ON  I  I.N  IS. 


ltd  OK    VIII. 


PriiLTidM  of  ri'llirl'iii  nnmnkr  i'"'  ii|>|irr  lr"iiii'ii»  'I'Ih'  Mminilnirnii  III  irrni  »lii>  Miiritn*. 
'{'Ill'  lriK|ii<>lH  riii|.<|iir''  iipiiiiHt  llic  Knnrji.  'I'lic  ('cii».|iinii'v  diwuvirol.  IikIiiiii 
iiili>|itii>ii.     Ki'trrnt  III' llir  Kmii'li  tnxn  iiiiiiiii|ii|rii      'I'Ih' lriH|iiiiii  rt'iu-n  Ii<>niIIIiIi-n. 

Tin-  VI lilt  •IWrtft'iiciiii,  p>vrrii>>r triiHTiil.     .\rriviil  nf  tlif  tlr.>t  lil»liiiii  ni'  Ni-w 

I'liiii''''  (  liiiiiL'i'  III  iIh'  in-li'MiiiNticiil  K'>^'''''tli>i' X'  "I  i'iimikIii  I'iiiImIi  |irii'>l»  In 
N  «  KfiiMi"'  Mniiirial  IhImihI  n  ij.il  to  iljf  S.  ininiirv  nf  Si.  Siilpirr  Si  inliiiin  nf 
i^iii'Ihi'   IkiiihIi'iI.      VariniiH   n  ^'IiImiIuM!*  iin   in  lltli<H       'I'lii'  |iiitr<<Mii);i'  ol    juiiixlirH 

M">ll'l|     ill     till'     ll|bl|i>|l         l|llf<|lltlll     rilllll'il'll   lit    MllMtnill         'I'll!       lllMlltlltl'    III'    SUtl'IK  llf 

tlif  ('•iiiL'riiriiiiiiM  Srviriil  m-w  imthin*  iINiumti  ('mivirKiiiii  ni  nuiih'  l!»i|iii- 
IlliiitX.  ViirlmiM  iliKi'iiViTirH.  ,\flalrH  lirlwi'i'li  till'  Sliiiix  iitlil  Illirniih.  I'lirliriiliil'H 
i\»  tM  tlii>  Slmiv.  Kxtri'liiily  to  wlilrli  tin'  i-mIhiiv  Ih  rriliiri-il.  lriii|i|iiiH  liiislilltii'H. 
D'lHi'iiHi  ••  unil  iihrliiiiiii'im.  iIimhI  nrWH  I'imih  tlii'  IriHiuniH  I'miiitrv.  lriH|iiiitH  ili'|iu 
lii'H  at  Mmitriiil.     Kiitlirr  \r  Muvni'  ultim's  in  iii'riiiii|iiiiiy  tlii'iii  III  ihrir  I'Miinliy. 

'I'lif  Hamti  tr.VviiiiiriMir  Kiiri il"  tin'  Viwuimf  ir.\i'i;iii-oii      Viivii^ri' nl  twn  IrMiiitH 

I'l  till'  Niirtli  |lr'«i'rl|itliiii  111'  l.aki'  St  .Inlm  Kxiraipiiliiiary  malailv.  Knilii'i'  li- 
M'iviii''s  ri'i'i'iitloii  lit  Oiiiiii.liii.'a  Cliaii'.iiii- iirtiarak'iiillili'.  lirliinil  |mllr_v  ulihln 
lliiliiili.  Spi'i'i'li  iif  l''atlirr  It'  .Mnviii'  in  a  rniiliill  of  llirri'  calitiiriN.  Itrwlininii  i>f 
thai    IkmIy       KiiIii|.'Iiiiii   mi    Sliiir   lli'itrl.     l  iariikiiiilliii''   arrlvrn  at    Mniitriiil      \1\a 

ri'CI'|llloll,        I'i'llCI'  HI'I'IUH  to  IfCI'lll',       Nl'W  lro<|l|niH  llllHlililll'H.       AllVl'Ilt  liri'  III'  l-'alliiT 

MiHiiaril  IIIh  iliatli.  Orni'ml  I'Htiiiintiiiii  of  Ills  Huiii'tlty.  'rnifririil  ilratli  nf  IiIh 
attiinlnni.  l-'atliir  li'  Mnynr  ri'turiiH  In  Mniitri'iil  with  all  tin'  Kritirh  |irlsMii>T». 
(liiniUi'iithii''H  I'liiirnc.  Mr,  Kniiilnr  jiih'i*  In  nuirt  In  i'\|i<im' thr  n<ri'Kiiiii't«  nf  Nl'W 
Kniiii'i'  Till'  kiiiir  ki'IhIh  atil.  .\liii»i'f  nf  tin-  liijimt'  lindi'  lirrtrnlai'  I'liiuliict  nf 
thi'  liiirmi  il  .\Miiitri>iir.     ('aliiiiinlrH  iiivi'iiiiil  mi  iIiIk  imini  airniiiNt  ihi'  lii?<lin|i  iiinl 


IIIIKH|nllal'll'^'. 


Sraiiilalu  niiiiiiiu' till'  liiiliaiiH.     'I'lir  Mlhliiiji  nl'  I'ltrifa 


hi" 


|iliiiiii.M  liirmi'  ilii'  kill):  Sii.  iwiiij;  |ilii'Miniii'na.  I'mlli  timii'  nl' nn  i'arllH|iiiiki'. 
It  lM');iiin  ItH  ill'i  Its.  .Nn  nni' killi'il  anil  nil  rnn\'rti-il  Nrw  proiniHlllmis  nf  ih,. 
InM|iinis.     Arrival   nf  a   ni'w   irmi'rnnr  jriiii-ral   iiinl  rniiiinissary   at   (Jim  li  r      ll.iw 


jutitit'i'  hail  U't'n  liithcrlii  uiliiiiiiUlrri'd  in  Ni'W  l-'ianci'      I'tisi'tit  I'l 


III  III 


tin- 


ii 


CONTENTS 


prriiir  Ciiiiivil.  PriiviiilcH  (in  wliicli  Jiidjniii'nt  m  Kivcn.  Infrrinr  judficp.  Enlo- 
.Lriniii  1111(1  il.iiili  iir  ilic  Huniri  d'Aviiu^'oiir.  New  incurHions  of  the  IroiinoiM  in  the 
Ndilli.  rnriiriunaii'  iiiiscluuicc.  ('(in.luct  of  Uurnkdnthii'.  New  proiioHiliouM  of 
licni'c.  Mr.  (Ic  .M('s_v'h  riplv.  Ttic  Kn^H^li  Ki-i/.c  New  Nt-tliiTland.  New  trniiljlfs 
ill  Cauiiilii.     Violent  conihitt  (if  (Ic  Mi'sv.     He  makes  a  poor  defence.     Hecalled. 


BOOK    IX. 

The  kinp  trnnsforH  Cnnnda  to  n  new  coi.ipnny,  the  Company  of  n  Uundrod  AHBOcintea 
'  Mvinfr  siirrenilircd  it  to  him.  Tlie  ^faninis  de  Traev  niipoiiited  Viceroy  of 
Aniciica  liy  eoiiiniiss.on.  Mr.  de  Courrelles  apiiointed  (jovernor-^'eneral  of  New 
rrimie,  and  Mr.  Talon,  inlendant.  Orent  reinforoenientH  arrive  in  Canada.  Thi) 
Iroipiiiis  retire.  KortH  on  tlie  river  of  tlie  Iro(|uoiB.  Talon's  memoir  addressed  to 
Ciillii  It.  Oarakontliii'  at  Qnehec.  War  against  tlie  Mohawks  and  Oneidas  decided 
on.  Tliey  sulmiit.  Bnitality  of  a  Mohawk  chief  punished  on  the  spot.  De  Cour- 
celles' expedition  afiainst  the  Mohii\>ks.  Mr.  de  Tracy  marches  a^j^ainst  the  sara 
cantoii.  Success  of  his  exiiedition.  \Vliy  he  did  not  retain  tho  country.  The 
court  does  not  wisL  the  colony  extended  too  fur.  De  Tracy  rettirns  to  France. 
CiiiinL'e  in  atfairs  in  a  reliirious  point.  Stall  of  reliirioii  ainonir  the  Inilimi.' and 
French.  The  rmrt  wishes  to //•( /.c////)/ the  Indians.  Why  the  iiroject  failed.  Iron 
mine.'<.  Free  tride  proclaimed  in  Canada.  New  explorations  north  and  went. 
Ottawa  su]ierstitions.  Daufiers  and  hard.ships  of  Father  Allouez  (m  this  voyape. 
Hilief  of  the  Ottiiwas.  Their  manners  and  practices.  Father  Allouez  and  the 
I'littiiwiiiomies.  The  jT'isjiel  prei.ched  to  several  nations.  The  Sioux  coimtry. 
The  ('ristinaux  or  Kilist  nons  Various  excursions  of  Father  Allouez.  Mission- 
aries amonp  the  lro(|Uois.  What  prevented  the  conversion  of  that  nation. 
I'roL'ress  of  the  colony.  Karth(]uake.  Epidemics.  A  hosjiital  nun  dies  in  the  odor 
ol  siiiii'ily.  Mis-iiinaries  anmnir  the  Iro(piois,  how  pm|iloyed.  Eulojiium  of 
I'litlur  lie  (iirlieil.  Several  missions  estalilisluHl  ainonn  the  Alffonquin  tribes. 
Tallin  returns  to  Kriinic  Cliaracter  of  de  Courcelles.  The  Church  of  yuehec 
erected  into  a  liishopric.  The  povern.ir  of  Montreal  obtains  a  royal  commission. 
Voyiiye  of  Vt.  de  Courcelles  ..)  the  liA.qiiois,  and  its  object.  Acadian  aflairs. 
Exploit  (if  the  Sieiir  de  la  Tour  Provinces  composing  the  government  of  Acadia, 
liow  divided.  Civil  wars  anioufr  the  French.  Shameful  act  of  Mr.  de  Charnise. 
Aciiiliiiu  divisions,  coiitiiiiied.  It  is  seized  airain  by  the  English.  Their  liad  faith. 
.\ilveiitiiris  of  tlie  Sieur  Denys.  All  these  provinces  restored  to  France  by  the 
treaty  of  Hreda.  Newfoundland  matters.  Placentia  Bay  descrilied.  Talon  re- 
turns to  Ciiiiada.  Brings  the  Hecollects.  Shipwrecked  with  them.  Arrives  in 
(iueliec  with  Hecollects.  Indians  murdered  by  Frem 'imen.  The  conseipiences. 
.Iiistii'e  done  and  the  Indians  appeased.  De  Courcelles  coniiiels  all  the  nations  to 
reiiiiiin  at  peace.  Baptism  of  flanikon'Mi'.  Mortality  at  the  North.  Ili^ron  town 
of  l.nretlc  founded.  The  Dutch  and  the  Christian  IriKpiois  women.  Stratagem  of 
n  iiiissii'iiiiry,  mid  its  result.  Oreat  progress  of  Christiiinity  in  the  Mohawk  cautou. 
State  ol  religion  in  the  other  cantons  and  among  the  .Mgonquiii  nations. 


i 


i 


CONTENTS. 


Hi 


I 


BOOK    X 

VVar  iininnp  tlip  Indians.  Dc  I'ourcfllr'H  cniiduct  on  tliis  occasion.  Baptif>ni  of  tlio 
linul  cliicrol  llic  Cnyujriix.  Tlic  I'lirihliiiii  Irciuoiw  tliiiili  nf  li.:ix  im:  tlnir  cuiiiitiy. 
Siii^'ulnr  conversion  of  an  Inxiuois  woinnu.  Comnii'nccnii'nt  of  tin'  mis-ion  >if 
iSuult  St,  l,ouis.  Talon's  nifaHnrcs  to  sccuro  ali  tlio  nortli  o1  ('Hiiaila  to  I-'ihikm'. 
The  gri'at  Miami  cliii'f;  liis  rtcc|ition  of  tlif  governor's  rnvoy.  I'ossession  talien 
of  all  the  country  around  the  lakes,  p'nglisli  settle  on  Krencli  territory,  and 
altliougli  they  live  on  good  terms  with  the  latter,  the  king  of  Kngland  is  indueeii 
to  recall  them.  Tlie  Hiirons  at  Michilinuikiuac.  Singular  phenomenii  (iliseivn 
tions  on  the  tiden  and  currents  in  the  hikes.  Project  of  ■x  tort  at  ( 'atMrHMui.  De 
C'ou.'celles  returns  to  France.  His  src(issi>r  build-i  Kort  Ciitarocuui.  'riilnii  w.lirits 
his  recall  to  France,  and  why '?  Cliaracter '<f  .Mr.  de  (  nurcelles.  ('liiiract.r  of  his 
successor,  the  Count  de  Frontenac.  Discovery  of  the  Micissipi.  UeMMiptiiiii  of 
the  country  of  the  (tutagamis  or  Foxes,  anil  of  the  Mascontins.  Fnur  of  (ieoirra 
pliers  as  to  the  latter.  Their  reception  of  two  niissii>naries.  F.Ncursion  of  I'ather 
Allouez  to  the  Outagamis.  Dt.'ath  of  Father  Marquette.  Acadian  iiHiiirs  'Die 
Englisli  seize  Pentagoet  and  the  fort  on  St.  .IoIiu'h  liiver.  \'io'..|iii.  ,,f  h 
C.mnt  de  Frontenac.  The  Dutch  disturb  the  niissionaru  s  •..  the  Irnipiuis  I'li'iii' 
uac's  claims  in  regard  i../  liie  ]>reyideiu'y  of  the  SuiH-rior  Council.  The  king's  oiii.i- 
to  the  intendant  and  governor-general.  The  lu|uor  trade  begins  apiiu  in  i  ainehi 
The  court  is  prejudiced  in  favor  of  that  trade.  The  king's  edict  on  tin-  .-ui'j.ci. 
Mr.  de  la  Sale  arrives  in  Canada.  His  character.  He  undertakes  to  conipl-te  i  jje 
discovery  of  the  Micissipi.  He  goes  to  France.  What  h'-  <  btaliis  Ir^'Ui  the 
court.  The  Chevalier  de  Touti  joing  him.  Various  adventures  of  Mr,  d'-  hi  Sale. 
He  meets  with  considerable  losses.  The  Illinois  defeated  by  the  Iro<|U'>  s.  La 
Sale's  finiiness  amid  misfortune.  Attempt  to  ;oison  iiim.  He  sends  Fatlnr 
Hennepin  and  the  Sieur  Dacan  up  the  Micissipi.  He  builds  ii  new  fort.  New 
hostilities  of  the  Iro(|UoiB  against  the  Illinois.  The  English  susjiected  of  inciting 
the  Indians  against  us  and  our  allies.  Acadia  restored  to  France.  The  Fufrlish 
seize  it  again.  The  Chevalier  de  Tonti  forced  to  aliandon  tin;  Illiimis  Hiver.  A 
Recollect  Father  killed  liy  the  Kica))ou8.  De  la  Sale  descends  the  .Micissipi  to 
the  sea.  He  i''turns  to  France.  Frontenac  and  du  CUesneau  recalled.  Their  suc- 
cessors and  the  instructions  given  them.  Origin  of  the  Inxiuois  war.  Insolent 
propositions  of  those  siivages  to  Frontenac.  That  general's  reply.  The  coiusi'  he 
adojils.  Expedient  suggested  by  tla^  intendant.  and  why  reiec;i-ii  Iroipiois 
deputies  at  Montreal.  Deputies  of  other  nations.  Arrival  oi  Nb-ssrs  ile  la  M;in-e 
and  de  Meides.  Mr.  cle  la  Barre  writes  to  court  agaie.st  de  la  Sale.  Ktll-ci  pro 
duced  by  his  letters.  Agseiidily  of  thi'  notables  of  th,>  colony.  It  iiilninis  the  new 
governor  of  the  imsition  of  atTairs.  The  king  send'.,  troops  to  Canada.  Des(ri|iiion 
of  UudKiu's  Bay.  Observation  on  the  ice  on  those  seas.  Atmcisplu  ric  phiiiomeiia. 
Mixle  of  travelling  on  the  ice.  English  and  French  claims  to  Huds^m's  Bay.  Two 
French  ileserters  coudiiet  the  Kngli!.|i  thi-'e.  Voyage  of  Father  Allnuiel  and  Mr. 
de  St.  Simou  to  Hudson's  Buy  by  way  of  .he  Sagueuai.     Fourth  act  of  taking  pos- 


IV 


(•ONTF.NI'H 


HPHBion  of  IliKiBnn's  Bny.    Tlu-  two  French  iltficrtiTs  ri'iiini  to  tiiniKln.    'IMmv 

iMidif  liiUf   lc>  drive   llic'  l^ll^;li^ll    Iruin   tin-   lniN.     W  liiil   iniiu>   lieiwnu   lliriii   una 
the  EiifjliHli      They  nuain  deliver  the  hay  to  the  English. 


BOOK    XI. 

Bnd  fiiith  of  the  Iroqnol!'.  Mr.  de  la  Unno  Holi/its  aid  from  tlio  kinp.  iranshtiness 
III' ihc  lnK|iiiiir',  Iiiiii_'iii's  cit'  ill.' iTovenior  nrXewVnrk.  SirniiL'i' I'uniliict  nt  .Mr. 
(le  la  HiiiTe.  'I'lie  lrcH(iiois  plinider  French  voya;.'eiirs.  I'liey  are  repulsed  at  Fort 
Si  l,oui>.  Mr.  de  la  liarre  resolves  on  war.  He.  vvilh  dilliciilly,  indiiees  our  allii's 
to  j<iin  him.  These  Indians  do  nol  join  the  army  at  the  ap|)ointe(l  rendezvous. 
'I'lieir  diseonieni  on  ihe  nnnounrenient  of  iM-ace.  Mr.  di-  In  Hum'  rorres|Kin<ln  with 
ilie  frovernor  ol  .\i'\v  York.  His  iMeparations  Conililion  of  the  French  army. 
liirornialion  received  liy  Mr.  di-  la  Harre  on  his  march.  A  wrong  stej)  of  Colonel 
Poiigiiii  saves  the  colony.  FAtremity  in  which  Mr.  <le  la  Barre  is  placed.  He 
makes  peace  on  dishe.norahle  cimditioiis.  The  king  wends  troops  to  Canaila.  Mr. 
de  Callieres  ap))ointed  governor  of  Montreal,  nncl  .Sir.  rerroi  passes  to  the  govcri\or- 
slii])  of  .\i-iidla.  l/i'tle  dependence  in  Canada  on  the  peace.  Vaiious  reports  n- lo 
Irn.|iini>  all:iir>.  The  Miinpiis  de  Deuonville  arrives  in  Canada  as  e-overimr.  Wr 
helieves  war  against  ilie  Inxpiois  in'cessary.  In  wliat  condition  he  found  the 
colony.  Fort  at  Niagara  projected.  Letter  of  the  governor  of  New  York  to 
l>i'ni)nville.  That  geniTal's  reply.  An  enterprise  of  Colonel  Dongan.  The  Fnglish 
received  til  MiehiHiiuakiin\c.  Fori'e  of  Ihe  colony.  Father  de  Lamherville  ]ire- 
veiiis  the  lro((Uois  fnuu  coiumencing  hostilities.  nis|Kisition  of  that  nation.  Afl'airs 
at  Hudson's  Hay,  Preparation  in  Canada  to  drive  out  tli(>  Knglish.  Success 
of  the  eX|ieditioii.  Project  „(  m\  understanding  as  to  Pcut  NeNon  di'enie(l  iin- 
praclicalple.  Treaty  of  neutndity  l)etw(  en  the  Knglish  iuk'  French  in  America.  The 
Fnglish  violate  it.  The  governor  general  prepares  to  "'.irch  on  the  Iroi|uois.  The 
]iriiu'ipal  Ii'oi|uois  idiiefs  sur|irisi'd.  seized,  and  sr.it  to  the  galleys.  F.vil  consei|Uenie8 
of  this  step.  Captivity  of  Father  Milet.  Noble  and  giiierous  conduct  of  the  Onon 
dagas  towards  Father  de  I-amlierville.  Plan  of  a  campaign  against  the  Senecas. 
The  inissiomiriis  prevent  the  Ilurons  and  Ottawas  from  joiiili.g  the  Iroiiuois. 
The  siipineness  of  the  latter  n«  to  our  preparations.  Colonel  Dongan  rouses  them 
from  this  lelluiigy.  The  French  army  inandus,  Letter  of  Coleiie'  Oongan  to 
l)en(Hiville,  That  general's  reply.  Fnglish  defeated  on  Lake  Iluro'.i,  Fort  des 
Sallies.  A<tion  with  the  Senecas,  IJesults  of  the  liallle.  Fort  l.ailt  at  Niagara, 
iuid  soon  aftir  aliandonid.  Fresh  intrigues  f)f  Colonel  Dongan.  Fseful  lahorof  an 
lri'i|Uiiis  Christian  for  religion  and  the  colony.  F.xploit  of  tv.d  Frenchmen  at 
llu.'.soii  s  Hay,  l''nglish  ex|iedi'iion  to  .\cadia,  De  .Meules'  advice  a,-*  to  what  the 
country  re()uired,  ^Yllat  ]ii  vented  Denonville  from  marching  agaius'  the  .>enecas 
a  second  time,  lieflectious  on  his  conduct.  His  good  iiualitii,-  'lis  fatdts. 
Various  Iroipiois  hostilities.  Colonel  Dongan's  pre  (isitions  to  |)enoii\ 'lie.  The 
latter  sends  Father  Vaillant  to  him.     The  Fnglish  giivernor's  explanati(.n  to  that 


C'ON'J'KNTS.  y 

fi.ll.er     n..  pives  l.ini  „  g„i,l,.  ,.,  ,,n.v,.„t  Iuh  jmssinff  tl.roujrh  the  M,.Im«k  .M.n.   ,> 
Ilis  a,lv„-,.  ,„  ,i„.  ir„,„„i,.     .,.,,„  ,,„|i„„^  ,.,,,^,  _^,  |,„„i,i,i,.^  „,„,  ,,,„,,,^  „_„  ^.^^^^^    ^ 

N.'K..,m.,„„.„i,|.  ,I„.(.„„„,|,„.„H.     lI„„Kl,ty  ,,ro,„.Hal  of  ......c..    .■„n..t,„m,in„  i.f 

tiM.  ...Lmy.     i|„.  ,r„,,.„j,   |,|„,.k„,,,.   (•„„r,^,,„i   ,„..,   ,„,i,,.  ,^,.,„^      ,^.,,^   ^_^^.^^     _^ 

>■■«•  pr,.,.«i,iou.  of  ,„.««,.     Ac,.v,„..d.     Mr..i..  l.-M.nvilU.  «ri...s  „,  ,l,o  o.,„1  lor 

IH   r,.,al  of  ,1.,.  lr.„,.,.,i„  chi,..H  who  wn,  at   Mur«.ill..H,     Colon..!    I.o„j,„„'h   ,,.,., 

"-h.      lo  wl,„t  IVnonvill..  „s,.rilH..s   ,h,.  s„lv,Uio„   of  Cana.la.     il.   n.n.o.vs   ,1,,. 

•'■■■UHs    ,,,    ,1,..  Al,..„,„i„i    .„is.si„„H   i„  H|,i„.  of  ,1...  S,.,l,.„tary   n.slM.v  Con.par.v 

•■'■■■Ml  f»..n,.n,  r..rall,.,l.     I.,.,,,,,,.,,,,..,  i,.,,,,^  ,„.  ,„..  „iHord..,-.s  of  ,h,.  .'olonv      li;.- 
ll.cfon.s  ou  lUu,  l..a.r.     Our  ullio«  cli.cout..utc.d  at  tlu,  ,H..ac,.  au.l  a.sha,u...l  of  us 


U  i  1 


i 


HISTORY 


GENERAL    DESCEIPTION 


NBW  FRANCE: 


WHEREI.V   WILL  HE  FuL'ND 


ALL  THAT   RELATES  TO  THE  DISCOVERIES   AND  CONQUESTS 
OF  THE  FRENCH  IN  NORTH  AMERICA. 


f 


BOOK   VIII. 

The  good  undorstauding  between  us  and  the  Upper 
Iroquois  at  first  seemed  unaffected  by  what  liad  occurred 
at  Quebec  in  the  Huron  matter  ;  but  to  render  it  dur- 
able, would  havG  required  that  their  deputies  should  con- 
ceivo   an   exalted  idea  of  our  power,  and  unfo.timately 
they  came  only  to  witness  our  weakness.     It  became  even 
daily  more  manifest,  by  the  kind  of  indifference  with  which 
we  submitted  to  the  inroads  of  the  Mohawks.    None  re- 
flected more  bitterly  on  this  than  the  missionaries,  who 
better  informed  of  the  character  of  the  Indians,  whoso 
anguagcs  few  but  themselves  understood,  durst  not  flatter 
themselves  that  the  establishment  at  Onondaga  was  at  aU 
a  solid  one.    They  did  not  fail  to  express  their-  opinion  to 
the  i..oper  parties;  but  it  was  stiU  more  their  ministry  to 
proht  by  the  actual  dispositions  of  that  people  in  order 
to  second  the  news  of  Providence  for  the   salvation  of 


1657. 


Tlio  niia- 
sionaries  iit 
Onoiiiiagu, 


12 


IIISTOItY  OF  NKW   FUANC  K. 


i'^57. 


PmifrpKH  of 

ri-liL'iiiii 

atlloMLr  tim 

Ippi^r  Irn. 
qiiuU, 


iniinv,  and  llicv  sjiavcd  tlu'inst'lves  iu  iiothiii^'  timt  wns 
I'Xpccli'il  from  their  zi'iil.' 

Father  Chiiunionot,  on  procociling  to  visit  tlio  canton 
of  SoiH.oa,'  found  thoro  a  gi'cat  number  of  Huron  Chris- 
tians,' whoso  good  c'xanii)lo  had  disposed  many  Iieathens 
to  reeoivi!  this  light  of  tho  gospel.'  It  seenii  d  that  tiio 
Almighty  had  dispersed  that  nation  among  the  other 
savages,  like  tho  Jow.s  of  old  iu  the  realms  of  the  nion- 
archs  of  r)al)ylon  and  Persia,  only  to  make  His  nanio 
known  there  and  prepare  worshipi)ers  of  it.  "  What 
a  din'erence,"  said  the  Indians,  "l)(>tweeu  the.se  Christians 
and  the  Dutch  !  They  all  acknowledge  the  same  (iod, 
they  say  ;  but  the  conduct  of  the  latter  is  far  from  being 
as  well  ordered  as  that  of  the  former.  When  we  go  to  see 
the  French,  we  always  return  with  a  tnie  desire  to  pray  :  at 
Orange  they  never  speak  to  us  of  tho  Prayer,  and  we  do 
not  even  know  whether  they  do  pray  there."  Would  to 
God  that  tho  nations  of  Canada  could  have  always  held 
the  same  language  iu  regard  to  us  ! 

Father  Mesuard  had  still  gi-eater  success  iu  the  cantons 
of  Cayuga  and  Sentca.'  In  tho  first  year  ho  conferred 
baptism  on  four  hundred  persons,"  and  ho  had  every  rea- 
son to  promise  himself  a  more  abundant  harvest  in  the 
coming  time  ;  but  God's  counsels  are  inscrutable.  At  tho 
very  time  these  Indians  were  deemed  most  to  bo  relied 
upon,  they  escaped  from  grace,  and  the  colony  had  scarcely 
had  breathing-time  after  its  late  losses,  before  it  foiind  itself 


I 


'  Kclation  (Ic  la  N.  F.,  KmII,  \\  3. 

-  Tsonnnntlioiian.  Fiillicr  Chan- 
iiKinot  Ht'l  out  latr  in  Aiifrust,  lOoli, 
with  FiilluT  Hi'iii'  Mi'nartl,  miil  first 
vi^itlMl  Cuyujru  :  licliitioii  ilc  la  N. 
F..  U't'u,  ji.  lii.  Ilr  tlii'ii  iirfK'fctlcd 
to  Ouiuliigmi,  a  Sinrca  town  ;  ib., 
p.  4.1  ;  Cliininionot,  .\utoliiog.,  p.  70. 

■'  Fs|ii(iii|ly  tliosc  of  till'  Huron 
town.  St.  Miiliai'l's :  Anti'.  vol.  ii., 

J),  ■■i-ir,;  lid..  KiliO,  ]),   14. 

*  liel.  de  la  N.  F.,  1G57,  i)i).41,  49. 


'  Ooyoi;ouin  and  Tsonnoiithoiian. 

'  Tlii.s  \x  I'vidcntly  liascd  on  a 
stntfinrnt  in  Hi'lntion  dt;  la  N.  F., 
K!")?.  p.  .'il,  and  tlint  in  KKi:!.  ]\'i:\, 
that  he  had  u  diurch  of  40()('liri8- 
tians.  The  Helalions,  1(1.57  and 
Kl.'iS,  di'soriht'  thcsi'  laliors,  and  tlio 
Hclation  de  la  N.  F..  KmS,  \k  3, 
sums  \ip  all  the  baptisms  dining  the 
I«'ricid  of  this  niisfion  by  all.  at 
"  .JUO  cliildrcn  and  a  uumber  of 
adults." 


IIISTOUY  OK  NKW   FHANCE. 


18 


rophiiiRcd  into  all  tlio  lioiTors  of  a  war  whoro  ov(>ry  tiling' 
u.is  to  1p.'  i'ciiitd,  iiinl  alisolntfly  iiothiii},'  to  gain.  It  was 
at  Montreal  tliat  tlicy  first  l»egau  to  uotico  a  great  chaugo 
in  tlu'  mind  of  tlic  I'lipiu'  Iro(|noiH. 

Ononda^'as  iiad  arrivid  in  tliat  island  to  rocoivo  tho 
Iliiroiirt  and  takt^  tlu'Ui  to  tlioir  cautou,  as  agroeil  upon 
tlic  year  i>nviou8;  Homo  Froncliinou  and  two  Josuita 
WL-rc  f)  ai'c'ouipany  tlifni ;  but  tlicy  woro  greatly  snrjjriscd 
when,  on  tlio  day  of  dcpavtiui',  tlie  Onoudagas  dfciarcd 
that  they  would  take  only  the  Hurous  in  thrir  Tauocs. 
Tiicy  yicidt'il,  iud(  ed,  in  favor  of  some  of  the  Frenchmen, 
but  tlicy  obstii:atcly  exehided  tho  two  Ji'suits,  who,  on 
their  side,  unwilling  to  abandon  their  neophytes,  were 
compelled  to  embark  in  a  canoe  which  they  found  on  tho 
bank,  with  no  provisions  but  n  little  bag  of  llour.' 

This  conduct  of  tho  Onoudagas,  for  which  men  were 
unprepan.'d,  seemed  to  augur  ill  for  tho  Hurous :  many 
beheld  them  depart  only  to  de])lorc  tho  sad  lot  which 
awaited  them,  and  their  presentiments  wore  but  too  well 
foundi'd.  Those  unfortunate  Christians  did  not  jn'oceed 
far  without  discovering  that  they  were  irretrievably  ruined. 
A  young  woman  refusing  to  yield  to  the  passion  of  an 
Iroquois  chief,  was  tomahav  ked  on  tho  spot  by  tho  bar- 
barian ;  and  as  though  only  this  signal  was  awaited  to 
throw  aside  the  mask  that  covered  tho  blackest  of  per- 
fidies, a  great  number  of  the  most  eminent  Hurous  wero 
massacred  a  moment  after.  The  others  wore  regarded  only 
as  jirisoners  just  taken  in  war  ;  and  some  wero  even  burnt, 
although  it  was  impossible  to  ascertain  the  reason  of  so 
unworthy  a  treatment.' 

The  French  expected  to  be  treated  no  better  than  tho 
Hurous ;  and,  in  fact,  it  had  been  resolved  to  massacro 
them  all,  beginnmg  by  the  two  missioiuiries.     What  pro- 


1657. 


Tlio  Oiion- 
(lni;itH  ill- 
triiit  ih« 
lliirtui;). 


'  Hn^'mnfau,  in  Itthitiim  dc  la  N.  di'  la  N.  F.,  Ki.ls.  p.  2.     Tlio  iiiap- 

V.,  1Im7,  \i-  '>l.  tncre  (iccuiTcd  Aiuust  :!,  IImT:  li"l  , 

■II)..   )).  .").').     Siveii  Ihiidns  wvtc  10.5^,   ]i.  9  ;  .Imirual  of  Jesuit  Supe- 

killed,  besides  the    girl :    Uclatiou  rior,  Oct.  li,  1057. 


J 


11 


IIIHTOUV   OK   NKW   FRANCE. 


1657. 


fon-piro 
Kriiitli. 


vciitid  llic  rxpoitiou  of  tlio  tlosi^'ii,  T  cannot  discovcM' :  Imt 
if  tin  V  csmiu'd  tliis  iliinf,'rr,  it  was  only  to  fail  into  anotlior, 
wlii'id  for  u  long  time  tlu-ir  dostniction  sih-urhI  inovitablc. 
Tlif  first  tiling  tlicy  K'aiiifil  on  reaching  Onondaga,  was 
that  a  conspiracy  against  the  French  hail  been  discovered. 
This  htraugo  rovolutiou  was  uttribuled  to  tho  following 
canst'.' 

A  band  of  Oiieidas,  having  gono  towards  Montreal  to 
hunt,  surprised  three  Frenchmen  in  a  solitary  spot,  killed 
them,  and  carried  the  scalps  to  tho  village  from  which 
they  started."  Mr.  d'Ailleboiit,  who  comnnmded  at  (Quebec 
because  Mr.  de  liauson  had  returned  to  Franc*','  without 
waiting  for  his  successor,  demanded  satisfaction  for  this 
outrage,  and  to  force  tho  nation  to  give  it,  ordered  all  tho 
Irotpiois  in  the  colony  to  bo  arrested.  Ho  was  obeyed,  and 
the  first  imi)ulse  caused  in  tho  cantons  by  tho  tidings  of 
this  order,  made  them  adopt  tho  most  violent  resolutions. 
They  were  not,  however,  carried  out ;  and  they  confined 
themselves  to  a  course  adopted  coolly,  and  after  mature 
deliberation.* 

Father  le  Moyno,  who  was  among  tho  Mohawks,  was  to 
be  requested  to  go  to  Quebec'  to  uegotiato  the  release  of 


'  TliiT  lilt  Miintrnil  ,Tuly  20.  Imt 
tlic  tiiiicot'llii'iruriival  at  Onoiulapi 
is  not  friviii  :  Uil.,  lii.-iT.  p.  04  :  HmS, 
J).  !)  Till'  iirws  <if  tliiH  iiuissr.rii'  ilid 
not  nnrli  Qiirlifc  till  Ort  li,  iiinl  on 
tlir  '-'Sth  Si'i't.,  !•".  I'lincil  hail  Iutu 
sfiil  tit  Ji)iu  till?  nthiT  iiiiBHiiiiinrii'8 
at  Onondaga,  but  liraiiiii;  of  it  ri'- 
turniil  :  .liMiit  .Iimrnal.  'PlirbeariTS 
of  l!a;;iii'ntauV  li'ttiT  of  inforination 
\viTi.])ursiir<l,au(l  narrowly  iMapi'd  : 
IM,,  l(i.jS,  p.  10.  The  Onondatras 
Bent  two  bi'lts  to  fxriisf  the  act: 
Ji'siiiit  Journal,  Oi-t.  'JO,  1(157. 

■Oct.  25:  K.lation  ilu  la  N.  F., 
l(i5S,  p.  10.  Tilt'  victims  wrre 
Nicholas  liodrt,  St.  Prrc  nnd  his 
lad:  Ji'suit  .lournal.  Nov.  1,  1(!5T  ; 
Dollier  du  Casson,  llistoiro  de  Mou- 


triul,  KWi-S  ;  Bilinont,  Ilistoire  du 
Canada.  )).  !».  See  Kailloii.  Ilistoiro 
df  la  Colonie  Fraiiraise,  ii.,  ]>.  :i(!l, 
for  niarvils  said  to  have  attended 
St.  I'ere's  death. 

■  De  liauson  Charny  sailed  for 
France  on  the  vessel  of  ('apt.  I'oulet, 
Se])t.  IS:  .Jesuit  .Journal. 

'  Helation  de  la  N.  F.,  U158.  )..  11. 
The  massacre  of  the  French  at 
Ononda^'a  was  taken  up  in  council : 
11...  p.  14. 

■'  The  Oovernor  wrote  to  Lo 
Moyne.  and  Mohawk  deputies  carao 
to  explain:  Itelatlou,  l(i5S,  pp.  1'2-15. 
Le  Moyne  felt  his  imsition  so  dan- 
frerouH  that  he  retired  to  Fort 
Oranjje.  whence  he  wrote.  .March 
25,  1G5S,  amiuimciug  Lis  spuudy  de- 


t 


HISTOHY  OP  NKW   FItANCK. 


15 


ll^'^.•uVl•r«J. 

1658. 


tlio  arrcHtcd  IroqnoiH.  Uiulor  tin-  pretext  of  doinp;  liini  '^'57. 
honor,  and  protoctinf,'  him  iigiiinst  tlic  insnUsof  tlu»  vounj^  ^^"^r"-' 
men,  tlion  ^voiitly  excited  a},'iiinst  the  rreiieii,  it  was  de- 
cith'd  til  ^'ivf  liiiii  a  lar^'e  escort,  and  at  the  Hanie  tinio 
Kend  out  several  war-parties  to  scatter  around  tlie  ecilony. 
As  soon  as  thoso  h^arned  of  tho  release  of  their  country- 
men, they  wero  to  ])hinder  and  massacro  all  tiie  French- 
men or  allies  of  tlie  French  that  they  i-cidd  find.  After 
this,  tlie  sann^  tJiinj,'  wa;    o  he  done  at  Unondaf,'a.' 

Father  le  Moyno  did  not,  however,  set  out,  and  i  know  tIk.  cnu- 
notwiiy;  but  ns  early  as  the  inontli  of  Fi'hruary,  in  tlie, 
following  year,  numerous  |)arties  of  Mojiawks,  Oneidiis, 
and  ()n(inda;4as,  all  in  war-paint,  look  the  tield.'  It  did 
not  rcfjuiro  all  this  to  arouse  the  suspicion  of  the  French 
conniiandant,  Dupuys,  who  soon  after  learned  from  a  Chris- 
tian all  the  details  of  the  ])lot.''  He  then  found  hiniself  in 
a  great  dilemma,  and,  in  fact,  he  saw  no  means  of  extricatinj^ 
himself  that  had  not  strong,'  objections.  To  strengthen  his 
position  and  stand  a  siege  was  only  to  prolong,  not  escape 
his  doom,  bei-ause  he  had  no  relief  to  expect  from  (Quebec, 
or  none  that  could  n'lich  him  in  season.  Sooner  or  latir 
ho  must  needs  surrender,  die  lighting,  or  perish  with  hun- 
ger and  hardshiiis. 

To  escape,  recpiired  first  tho  making  of  canoes  ;  for  no 
precaution  had  been  taken  to  retain  a  certain  number,  and 
to  work  at  any  would  lie  giving  notice  of  their  intention  to 

jiartiiro  in  a  Dutch  vesHcl  for  Qun-  a  comiiicrciul    treaty  bctwoi-ii   tlio 

lii'c;  11>,.  ]),  1.").  lie  liiul  iilsd,  in  1(1")7,  I'olonic's,  ami  (•(iiiiiniinicatiil  his  siic- 

(lisiTiuU'il  ti>  .N'.Hiihattaii,  where  lie  ces^s   in  a  h'lter  ihited   Fort  ()ning(>, 

nniiminct'il  to  Doniinie  Mepipolen-  Ajjril   T,  Kl.'iS,  whicli,  witli   the  eii- 

f'is  the  existence  of  snltspriniis  at  closed  letterofI)'Aillcl)oiist,aregivi>n 

Unon(lap»(<)'('alhif;!ian'HNe\v  Xeth-  in  O'C'alla-rlian'n  N.  l'  ,  ii..  p.  :!(il,  n. 

eriand.  ii.,  p.  ;ili;'>),tlioujrh  the  Dntcli  '  Uehition  de  hi  Noiivelle  France, 

cleif^yniau  turned  as  (h'af  an  ear  to  l(i5S,  pp.  If.  14. 

such  a  story  as  he  did  to  the  con-  •  lli.,  p.  1'.!. 

troversial      treatises     suliseciuenlly  '  See  lielation,  Kio^',  p.  :*.     On  p. 

sent  him   by  his  .Jesuit  frienil :   lli..  4.  it  says  they  learned  the  ddiiils 

(i.  :ifl:!,     I.e.Mouie,  at  the  ici|uest  of  only  alier  thiir  escape.  1>  Allli  li.Mist 

the  l>ul(  h.ni>;otlat(  d  witlitheaciiufr  si  nt  orders  to  Dupuys,  wliich  never 

OoTernor  of  Cauada,    D'AiUeboust,  reached  him;  p.  18, 


16 


mSTOIlY   Oh'   Ni;\V   FUANCE. 


1658. 


DiipiiyH' 

|ilulJN. 


Iiiiliitn 
ailujitiun. 


Ectriiit  <.f 
tho  French 


wittn1mw,  iukI  niiik(>  oscapo  iinpoHsiMo.  Yet  tlnv  liad  lo 
rcsi>lv(>  iipoii  a  (•(iiiisi'  witlmiil  diliiv,  and  the  fnlloM  iii^; 
was  adopted  li_v  tlic  (MHiiinaiidiiiit.  lie  l>(j,'aii  \<\  sending 
an  «'Xpr('ss  to  Mr.  (rAillclMiiit,  to  inform  liini  of  tlir  con- 
Hpiracy.  Ho  then  f^avo  liis  onlcrs  to  Imild  in  liastr  small 
U^ht  boats;  and  to  jiicvcnt  tli(>  Iroijnois  gtttin;^  the  least 
idea  of  tlieir  prctji  it,  lie  eaused  the  work  to  lie  done  in  tlie 
parrot  of  the  honse  of  tlie  .JeHuitH,  which  was  a  little  moio 
isolated  than  the  rest,  and  larj^or.' 

This  done,  he  notilied  his  people  to  hold  themselves  in 
readiness  to  start  on  tlu^  day  which  he  fixed,  and  mako 
severally  their  jireparations  for  th(>  voya^^e,  carefully 
avoiding,'  what  would  giv(*  tho  Iroipiois  any  suspieion. 
There  now  remained  only  to  take  steps  to  endiark  so 
Hocretly  that  the  Imlians  should  have  no  knowled^'e  of  tho 
retreat  of  tho  French,  frill  they  had  had  suflieient  start  to 
be  no  lon^'er  in  fear  of  pursuit ;  and  they  succeeded  by  a 
Homi'what  onions  stvata^em.'' 

A  yoiuij;  Freuehman  had  been  n(l()])ted  liy  one  of  tho 
greatest  nu'ii  at  Onondaga.  This  kind  of  ado])ti()n,  which 
bucuiuo,  at  a  later  date,  (juito  conimon,  has  all  the  advan- 
tages of  the  adoption  practised  by  the  llomans,  except 
th(!  right  of  inheriting,  which  amounts  to  nothing  among 
Indians :  moreover,  they  have  not  tho  Imnlens,  and  aro 
unailectcd  even  by  the  wars  which  may  break  out.  Henco 
it  has  come  to  pass,  that  wo  have  no  U'ss  fre(|uently  than 
successfully  employed  Frenchmen  adopted  l>y  the  Iroipioi-s 
to  negotiate  treaties  of  peace  with  them." 

Tho  young  man  just  mentioned  wont  t(5  his  adoj)tivo 
fjvthor  and  told  him  that  he;  had  just  dreamed  of  one  of 
those  feasts  whore  all  served  up  nuist  bi'  eaten.'  Ho  bogged 
him  to  give  one  of  that   kind  to  the  whole  village  ;  and  ho 

'  'I'liiTi'  was  ii|i|iiiiriitlv  iiiilv  lino  'J'lir    I.c    Moyni'S   iiml   .liuiciuri'H 

houHi' :  Itt'latiiin,  Itilid,  |i. '-.Ti.  tliiis  ii<'i|iiirr<l  tlicir  liitluiiKi'. 

'  M.  Marif  "li'   riiicaiuatidii,   l.t-t-         ^  l.alitaii.  Ma'iiis  lUs  Sauvaircs,  i,, 

trcH,   p.   .'i;!(i;    liclnlion,  lll.jS,    (i.   7.  .')7")  ;  I'lTiot.   Mnniri*  rt  ( 'mi.'^tiiiiirs, 

D'Arjji'ntMiii  ci'iiHured  tlit-ir  courH»<;  ]>.  11.     'I'lu'V  an'  siiiiposi'il   10  liave 

Can.  Doc.,  11.,  i.,  '6'i4.  been  originnlly  a  8<>rt  ot  bulucHUSl, 


i 


I 


IIISTOHY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


17 


Ollg 

a  10 

'IICO 

lan 
unis 


lio 

niirrs 

•  ■>*.  i., 
mil's, 

llllVO 
iU8t. 


fold  hint  tliiit  111'  Imtl  tlii"  iinpn'ssinii  on  liis  mind, 'hat  if      i'>;^. 
liny  tiling  wa.s  li-ft,  ho  would  dio.     Tho   Indian  told  him  ^^'^^ 
that  ho  would  bo  very  Horry  to  hco  liini  dio  ;  that  ho  ishould    Hiifht  .r 
hinistlf  ordor  tho  foHHt,  whilo  ho  would   tiik(>  oaio  of  tho 
invitations,  and  nniko   huio  that   nothing  should   ho   lift. 
On  tiiis  proniiHo,  tho  young  nmu  lixitl  tho  I'.Hh  of  March 
for  his  fottst,  being  tho  day  Hot  for  tho  dopartuio.     All  tho 
lU'ovisions  on  hand   that  thoy  oould  diHponso  with   woio 
usod,  and  all  tho  Indians  invitod.' 

Tho  lianquot  bogan  in  tho  ovoniug,'  iiud  to  givo  our 
people  an  opportunity  to  huuioh  their  bouts  and  load  thoui 
without  U'ug  hoard  in  tho  village,  drums  and  trumpets 
kept  up  an  inoissant  din  around  tho  oabin  of  tiio  baiupiot. 
All  being  ready,  the  young  nniii,  at  a  giviii  signal,  told  his 
adoptive  father  that  ho  took  pity  ou  his  guests,  most  of 
whom  had  aheady  cried  for  quarter;  that  they  might 
fitoj)  eating  and  rest,  and  that  ho  was  going  to  give  all  a 
refreshing  sloop.  Ho  at  ouco  began  to  play  the  guitar, 
ftud  iu  loss  thau  a  quarter  of  au  hour  there  was  not  a 
single  Indian  but  was  sound  asleep.  Then  lie  went  out, 
and  joined  tho  little  flotilla,  which,  on  the  moment,  pushed 
otV  from  the  shore.' 

Early  next  morning  many  Indians  went,  as  thoy  usually 
did  on  rising,  to  seo  tho  French,  and  found  evcrj'  door 
locked.'  This  now  stoj),  and  tho  profound  silence  which 
prevailed  all  around,  amazed  them.  Thoy  at  first  thought 
that  tho  missionaries  were  saying  Mass,  or  that  the  French 


'  M.  Marii'  do  I'lncamntion,  Let- 
trcs,  ]>  "iJid. 

'  Tlicy  invited  nil  the  Iiidinns  iifiir 
tht'ir  limine;  Uolation  di'  la  N.  K., 
lOSt*.  I).  7. 

^  Till'  Ixmts  wcri'  taken  di)wn  and 
loaded  liy  nlMiiit  -lO  men,  8iiyn  Hn- 
giu'lleau.  Then  tlie  lnuKiuet  briike 
up,  iind  us  WMin  118  all  \\\\»  still  they 
h  It  their  hdiiHe  liy  a  rear  diKir,  and 
Btenllhily  eniliarked  :  Uululiuu  du  In 
N.  K,  l(j.")8,  I).  7. 

Vol.  III.— 3 


••  The  settlers  under  Puiuiys  wem 
to  have  erected  lint  (nie  liotisi!  cif 
riinsiderable  size  (Ste.  Marie  di  Oan- 
entiin).  nt  a  (leli(;litful  H]ii)t  im  tho 
margin  of  Lake  Onondafra  (the  (ian- 
entaa  of  the  Oiimidagns.  which  Mor- 
gan explains  as  lueuniiig '•  Material 
for  theCoiuicil  Fire").  .\  spring  still 
issuing:  tViiiii  the  hillside  \n  known 
OS  the.le.-uit  Well.  See  liel..  Ki.jd, 
p.  14.  This  ini.ssimi  cost  the  Jutiuits 
7000  liv. :  Uouvart,  MS. 


18 


IIIHTOUV  OK  NKW   K»AN(  K. 


ift^H.     wiro  ill  ooiiiicil ;   Init  ahiT  waiting,'  for  Mcvcnil  lioiii«  fo 

'■'^■^"^'  lilt  |iiir|inMt',  tliry  kiiDtkt'il  at  Htviral  iIooim.     Sniiif  iIo^h, 

Fiitfiii  oi'   wliicli  liiul  Ih'cu  It'ft  looHo  in  tlio  Iiouhoh,  rt'iilinl  hy  Imrk- 

'"  ""*"^"  iiif,' ;  tlioy  also  iwircivt'd  hoiuu  poultry  tliroiij^li  tlui  piili- 

Hadi-H ;  lint  no  hninaii   Ixiiif^'  was  to  )i<>  Hnn.      At   laHt, 

towards  rvtiiin^',  tlicy  lirokf  in  tlic  doors,  and  (lull   Hiir- 

])i'ist>  knew  no  lioiuids  on  tin:ir  di.sc-ov(>i'ing  all  tlitt  Iiousch 

einjtty.' 

Tiny  wcni  loii^»  unaMc  to  undiistand  liow  tlic  Frcncli, 
\\'li()  had  no  canoi's  as  tlicy  well  knew,  Inid  liccn  aiilc  tu 
get  oiV;  and  tli<'i'(t  is  not  a  vision  that  did  not  enter  their 
LoadH,  in  place  of  their  inla^inin^  the  way  in  whieh  tho 
thiiifi  really  was  «'ireeted.  It  was,  in  faet,  tho  tiist  tiino 
that  hoats  had  been  used  on  such  voyaf,'eH  ;  hut  even 
if  the  French  had  possessed  canoes,  it  would  have  heen 
inipossihle  to  use  them,  ho  covered  wire  the  rivers  still 
with  ico ;  nnd  this  too  prevoutcd  tho  Irotpiois  from  pur- 
Buiiif,'  them.' 

Still,  Mr.  DuiMiys  was  not  free  from  fears  that  they  would 
pursue  him  ;  and  he  u.sed  such  exertions,  that  in  spito  of 
head  "inds,  which  detained  him  (|uite  a  time  on  Lako 
Oiitariii,  he  reached  ^Lontreal  in  lifteen  days.  Joy  at  lio- 
holdiii}.;  himself  delivered  from  so  j^reat  a  dan^^er,  did  not 
BO  (latter  that  o(lic(  r  as  to  prevent  his  feeliii},'  that  such  a 
precipitate  llit,'ht  was  shameful  to  his  nation,  nnd  rej^ret- 
th\'^  that  they  had  neglected  to  jtut  him,  hy  a  trifling 
assistance,  in  a  jmsition  to  sustain  a  Hcttlement  of  that 
im)K)rtance,  and  impose  laws  on  a  people  who  derived 
their  strength,  and  tho  right  of  insulting  us,  only  from 
onr  weakness." 
The  Iro-  He  found  the  whole  i.slaud  of  IMontreal  in  tho  greatest 
Til.Kiii'iiiljH"'  alivi'ni.  Nothing  was  to  bo  seen  on  all  sides  but  Iroquois 
parties,  which,  without  openly  declaring  themselves  ouo- 


% 


'  M.  Miirii'  dp  I'lnenrimtion,  Let-  Mnrit'  dc   rincarniitioii,  liOttres,   p. 

trt'S,  \i.  •'ilJT.  5I!7.     Mr.  Kiiillini  cilix,  Inr  ntlicr  <ie- 

'  lb.  lailH,  d'Allit,  |)i'iixii''mi'  Mciiiniri'  in 

•  Kulatlonde  la  N.  F.,  lOSd,  p.  78  ;  (Kuvres  d'Arnaulil,  xxxiv.,  p.  734. 


IIISTttllY  i>V  NKW  FHANCK. 


1!> 


t 

'I 


iiiii'H,  ciuiMid  fnirful  (lisorili'is  ou  nil  widuH,  ho  tliut  uo  ol>o 
(ItiiHt  n|)|ii'ni'  ill  till'  tii'lilM.' 

Tnwiiitls  tlir  .ml  (if  May,  Till  Inr  Ii«  ^loyim  iirrivtul  ut 
tlir  smiic  |ilai'f,  liroii)^lif  in  l>_v  Muliawks,  wlio  liatl  iilnl^jcd 
tlirir  \M>i'il  til  (■(iinliK't  liiiii  Hafo  ami  hhiiikI  to  a  riciu'li 
hcttli  nil  lit.  Tlii'V  iviiit  tlii'ir  word  rxartly  ;  Imt  nftiT  that 
till'  wliiilc  iiatiiiii  tlirt'W  oil'  tho  iiiUHk,  iitid  tliu  war  lui-aiiiu 
iiKin-  111  TCI'  tlinii  it  had  i-vcr  Ihcii." 

On  th<'  lltli  of  .Inly,  Viscdiuit  d'Arp'iison  landi'd  at  m 
Qiirliic,'  ami  wiiH  rcccivt'd  as  j,'nv<riior-^,'rm  ral.  'I'lir  mxt  i,„ 
(lay  lie  was  sinpi  isid  ti>  hear  a  cry,  "To  aniiH!"  niid  tlu'y 
cniiic  to  tell  him  that  koiiio  Al^'(im|iiiiis  had  just  lici'ii  nia.s- 
sdcri'd  niidcr  the  ^wwh  of  tlu>  loit.  lie  at  diici'  dctaidu'd 
two  Imiidrcd  men,'  I'rcnch  and  Indians,  to  iniisiic  tlioso 
Hftvii(.,'cs,  Imt  tlu-y  did  not  ovortako  thcni.  They  found  two 
chililii'ii,  whiini  the  Indiuns  had  aliaiidoiicd  to  move  nioro 
rapidly,  and  tlirco  wommi,  oiio  dead,  tho  othor  two  diili- 
gt'i'diisly  woiimli'd." 

Sodii  afti'r,  Houio  MoliawkH  npiiroachcd  Three  llivora 
with  the  dcsij^'ii  of  Hurjirisin},'  that  post;  and  the  bettor  to 
snccccd  ill  their  iiiti'ijirisi ,  they  dotailn'd  li^ht  men,  who, 
uiidir  piitiiii'o  of  parloying,  had  ordois  to  obsorvo  rare- 
fnlly  the  comlitidn  of  the  place;  but  Mr.  do  la  I'otherio, 
who  was  in  edinniand  there,  put  oiio  in  prison,  and  sent 
tho  rest  to  tho  goueriil,  who  gave   them  a  short   trial.* 


l(>iX. 


.■rArifiii- 
II.  ti.iVMr- 
r-(K'iiuritl 


'  'I'liry  rriu'lii'il  MoiitD-al,  April  it, 
KmH;  Ucliitiniidi'liiN.  K..  Hi,"iS,  ji.  H. 
I  <incl  iiii  uiithiirity  tor  tliiH  iilunii  nt 
Mtmtrrul. 

■  III.,  p.  10;  Can.  I»or..  II..  i.,  ;!,")(!. 

■'  I'irrrc  (Ic  Viijrr,  Viwount  il'Ar 
(;i  nmiii  ;  Itillaioii  dc  la  N.  I'" ,  KmS, 
Ji.  17.  'I'Ih' (loviTiKir,  ill  Hvoilitlir 
iMil  IrltiiH,  ciivs  111'  arriviil  i>ii  tlii' 
llili  ami  tlu-  lOlli,  Imt  l)i>  giuuH 
Jiiiirnal  ^'ivis  tlic  llili.  lli' war*  a 
.v.iiiiifr  iiiun  of  :;i)  m-  '•'t'i,  luii  was 
hijjlily  ri'Cdiiiiuriicliil  liy  Phhiiliiit 
(li-  l.amciinuDii :  l-Vrluml,  L'ours 
tliliHt.,  [>.  444. 


*  Tlic  Hrlatioii  KiiVM  '."Jd,  i'Xi'IiihIvu 
III'  liiilialiM,  Imt  till-  KtiiplnJH  ilti  Vi- 
coiiilc  ilArplisoii  Huyn  1(|(|. 

M'aii.  Dim.,  il.,  i.,  'JliT),  liOl,  ;W7. 

'  I)c  la  I'litiric  tiHik  ten,  and  Hrnt 
Hi'Vcn  to  tlH'tfiivcrniirOcnrral :  Hi'l., 
!>.  IH.  'I'lirir  liadiT  «a«  Ato^'>aMk- 
'■an  frill'  •Inal  Si«poii).  lie  l^mn 
(•loiiinal,  Sept.  7,  lll."iS)  jrivrd  tliiir 
adilicsn  and  llir  (iovrrnorn  iiiiHxvi'r. 
'11 1'v  wri'L'  lii'ld  prlsoniTH,  hut  not 
I'XfCUti'd.  iMiIi'li  arcoiint.'i  hIiow 
tlllll    llli'V    \M  H'   hilH'cl'i'.      'I'lirV    luul 

a  Diitrh  Mililii'i'  an  H|ioki'Hiiiaii.  and 
bvru  H  lottur  iMiu  Lu  Montagiic  to 


20 


HISTORY  OF  NEW   FRANCE. 


1658. 


Arrival  of 
tlio  first 

New  France 


This  vigorous  conduct  had  nil  the  success  anticipated, 
and  brouglit  the  colonj-  some  repose.  The  missiouaries 
profited  by  it  to  begin  their  apostolical  excursions  in  the 
north,  and  discovered  several  routes  to  Hudson's  Bay.' 

Such  was  the  situation  of  New  France,  when,  on  the  Gth 
of  June,  1()5!>,  Francis  de  Laval  (previously  known  under 
the  name  of  the  Abbe  de  Montigny),  titular  bishop  of 
Petrtea,  and  provided  by  the  Sovereign  Pontiff  with  a  brief 
as  Vicar-Apostolic,  landed  at  Quebec.''    For  some  years 


Du  la  Potlicrie,  dati'd  15tli  Aug., 
1058,  given  in  O'C'alliiglmn's  New 
Ni'tlicrliiml,  ii.,  p.  JiUO.  D'Argmson 
Bent  two  back  to  the  Molmwk  to 
proi)Oso  iieiici' :  M.  Marie  de  I'lucar- 
nntion,  Lett  re  Oct.  4,  Ki'iS. 

'  Relation  de  la  N.  F.,  1C.j8,  p.  18 
These  discoveries  were  made  by 
Father  'Jabriel  Druillettes,  who  had 
obtained  infoniuition  through  the 
North  of  the  tribes  in  \Vi8Con8in. 

''  Lettres  Envoyees  de  la  Nouvelle 
France,  p.  1.  The  date  is  June  10 : 
lb. ;  De  Quen,  Journal,  June  10, 
1659  ;  La  Tour,  Vie  de  M.  de  Laval, 
p.  23;  Esquisse  de  la  Vie  Mgr.  de 
Laval,  tjuebec,  1»45,  p.  20;  Vie  de 
la  M.  Marie  de  I'lncarnation,  p.  ;i07. 
Frani/ois  Xavier  de  Laval  Mont- 
morency, the  first  bislio|)  north  of 
Mexico  since  th(,'  extinction  of  the 
see  of  Ourda,  was  born  at  Laval,  in 
Maine,  .\]u-il  oO,  lOili,  son  of  Hugh 
de  Laval,  Sieur  de  Montigny,  and 
was  ordained  in  1040.  lie  was  al- 
reatly  archdeacon  of  Evnnix,  but  re- 
nounceu  ihat  dignity,  and  led  a  life 
of  piety  and  recollection.  In  lO.tl 
he  was  nominated  as  bishop  for 
Cochin-China,  but  ho  was  never 
consecrated.  We  have  si'en  already 
(ante,  ii.,  p.  183),  that  the  Society  of 
Montreal  early  endeavored  to  have 
a  bishop  at  that  place,  and  that  Mr. 
Le  (ja'.'tl're,  succ'ssor  and  biogni]iliir 
of  the  celebrated  Father  Bernard, 
"  the  ixjor  priest,"  ^vas  actually  nomi- 


nated by  the  king.  They  resumed 
the  matter  in  1050,  and  liad  Oabriel 
de  Thubiere  do  Levy  yueylus.  Abbe 
de  Log  Dieii,  nominated  to  the  king 
by  the  (Jeneral  Assemldy  of  the 
French  bishops.  The  Jesuits,  who 
were  the  only  priests  in  Canada, 
proposed  the  Abbe  de  Montigny ; 
and  the*  king,  early  in  1057,  re- 
quested the  Po|)e  to  erect  tiuebec 
into  a  see,  and  appoint  the  Abbe  de 
Montigny  bishoi).  Intrigues  delayed 
the  action  of  the  Pope  on  this  re- 
quest, and  the  Abbe  de  Qneylus 
obtained  letters  from  the  Archbishop 
of  Rouen,  dated  A])ril  23,  1057.  mak- 
ing him  Vicar-Oeneral,  in  the  ])lace 
of  the  Superior  of  the  Jesuits  at 
Quebec,  who  had  hitherto  held  that 
olfice.  His  sudden  arrival  jiroduced 
groat  surprise  and  trouble,  since  the 
Abbe  de  Montigny  was  expected  as 
bishop  ;  but  de  Queylus  took  ])0s- 
session  of  tlie  jiarish  church  at  Que- 
bec, and  placed  some  of  his  asso- 
ciates there,  and  others  at  Montreal ; 
and  the  Jesuits,  founders  of  the 
churches,  were  confined  in  their 
ministry  to  their  house,  which  they 
were  cited  to  surrender.  It  was  ap- 
]iarcntly  a  part  of  a  preconcerte<l 
plan  to  place  the  Abbe  de  Queylus 
at  the  hi;ad  of  the  clergy  in  Canada, 
to  justify  his  promotion  ;  and  the 
nionu'nt  was  favorable,  as  M.  D'Ail- 
leliout,  one  of  the  Montreal  Society, 
was  Uoveruor.    Meanwhile  the  Arch- 


il 


HISTORY  OP  NFAV  FR;VNCB. 


21 


past  tlio  Jesuits,  convinced  that  the  i-.i'osenco  of  au  eccle- 
siastical suiicricr,  invested  with  a  character  capable  of 
inspiring;  respect,  had  becomo  necessary  in  the  colony  to 
remedy  certain  disorders  which  had  begun  to  creep  in, 
had  asked  the  court  to  fiend  a  bishop  to  Canada.  ITie 
(jueen  mother,  Anne  of  Austria,  before  whom  the  matter 
had  bi't'ii  laid  during  her  regency,  advised  that  one  of  tho 
old  missionaries  should  bo  chosen  to  fdl  the  post ;  and  it  is 
said  that  she  cast  her  eyes  on  Father  Paul  Ic  Jeune,  wlio 
had  goviTued  the  mission  for  several  years,  and  who  was 
then  at  Paris,  engaged  in  tho  direction  of  soiils,  and  in 
high  repute  for  sanctity  and  prudence ;  but  the  Jesuits 
representi'd  that  their  institute  did  not  permit  them  to 
accei)t  that  dignity,  and  jiroposed  to  her  tho  Abbe  do 
Montigny,  who  was  acce[)ted.' 


1658. 


l)islio])ot']{i)Ucn,  luTcriviiif;  thecnn- 
I'usidii  lu'  liiul  (iccaHioiicd.  by  n(!W 
li'ltfi-w  i)f  Mmdi  iil),  UioiS,  ri'strictcd 
tho  Al)ln'  Jc  QucyUis  to  Montroal. 
Mi'aiiwIiiK',  at  Rome  it  was  proposed 
to  appoint  a  Vicar-Apostolic  in  tho 
first  instance  ;  anil  in  May,  10.18,  the 
Alibe  (l)'  Montigny  was  preconized, 
and  on  June  :!  obtained  his  bulls  ns 
Bishop  of  I'ctrea.  lutrigui'S  began 
again  ;  the  Arelibisho])  of  Rouen 
protested  against  his  conseoration. 
lie  WHS  accordingly  consecrated 
l\r.  S,  t((."i,s,  liy  the  Paiml  Nuncio 
and  two  bishops,  secretly.  The 
]iarliann'nts  of  Paris  and  Rouen 
then  interfered  to  compel  Mgr  de 
Laval,  as  he  was  now  styled,  to  pre- 
sent his  bulls  lie  linally  received 
Ins  liidls  us  Viear-A|)ostnlic  ;  but  the 
Archbishoi)  of  Rouen  still  claimed 
jurisdiction  in  Canada,  and  insisted 
that  Mgr.  de  Tinvul  should  take 
fai'ulties  from  liim.  As  this  claim 
was  not  recognized,  he  sent  a  new 
np|)oiiitment  to  the  Abbe  de  Qucy- 
lus,  with  a  letter  of  the  king  order- 
iug  him  to  continue  his  fuuctiuna 


(May  11,  10,50) ;  but  the  king,  throe 
days  later,  recalled  this  order,  ad- 
mitting that  tho  I'oix'  did  not  admit 
the  archbishop's  (irctonsions.  Under 
a  new  letter  the  Abbe  de  Queyhis  was 
arrested  by  th(.'  (fovernor's  order 
and  sent  back  to  France,  Oct.  23, 
lOoO.  Mr.  Faillon  treats  the  matter 
at  great  length  in  defence  of  the 
Abbe  Queyhis,  but  it  is  not  easy  to 
justify  his  course.  Sec  Journal  of 
Superior  of  tho  Jesuits,  Lea  Trsu- 
linos  de  Quebec,  i.,  227.  For  an  ap- 
preciation of  Mgr.  Laval,  see  Fer- 
lar.d,  ("ours  d'llistoire,  p.  44'J.  There 
is  a  lite  r)f  him  by  tho  Abbe  Louia 
Rertiand  de  la  Tour ;  and  another, 
Ksciuisse  de  la  Vie  et  des  Travaux 
Ai)ostoli(nies  de  sa  Grandeur  Mgr. 
Fr.  Xavier  de  Laval  Montmorency, 
1"  F.veque  de  Quebec  :  Quebec,  1845. 
This  lattercontains  also  the  discourse 
pronounced  at  tin'  month's  mind  by 
M.  de  la  Colombirre. 

'  Carayon,  Documents  Inedits,  sii. 
203.  The  Canada  Cimipany  nomi- 
nated Father  Ch.Trles  Lalemant  ;  lb. 
Father  Paul  Lo  Jeune  was  hvtn  in 


If 


22 


HISTORY   OF   NEW   FRANCE. 


I        ' 


1658.         Fiithor  Joroino  Lallomant,  wlio   had  not   returned   to 

■"""^ Anunic.'i  since  his  voyage   to  I'ranco  to  \n\  before  tlio 

cliiuiBc  in  Cituuda  Coiupauy  tlie  necessities  of  that  country,  was  thou 
nsUrai V<"v-  I't'ctor  of  tho  College  of  la  Fleclie.  The  new  prelate  asktnl 
°  Canudu."'  ^^i''  general  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  for  this  missionary,  as 
a  man  who  was  necessary  to  him,  and  that  religious  will- 
ingly devoted  the  rest  of  his  days  to  the  conversion  of  tho 
Indians,'  under  tho  orders  of  a  bishop  worthy  of  the  prim- 
itive church.  Sc/me  seciilar  clergymen'  also  came  over 
with  the  bishop  of  Petnca  ;  others  joined  him  in  the  ensu- 
ing years,^  and,  as  they  arrived,  they  were  put  in  posses- 
sion of  parishes,  of  which  the  Jesuits  had  till  then  had 
charge,  inasmuch  as  they  were  the  only  priests  iu  New 
France. 

The  new  parochial  clergy  at  first  served  the  pnrishes 
only  by  commission  ;  tliey  were  for  a  long  time  removable 
at  tho  will  of  tho  bishop,*  and  sometimes  of  tho  Sui^orior 
of  the  Seminary  of  Quebec,  avIio  was  himself,  and  still  is, 
appointed  by  the  directors  of  the  Seminary  of  tho  Foreign 
Missions  at  Paris.  Things  have  changed  somewhat  on 
this  point,  since  the  court  ordered  parish  priests  to  be 
unremovable  in  Canada  as  in  France ;  but  they  are  far 
from  being  so  in  all  cases  yet,  and  tho  island  of  Montreal, 
with  the  psirishes  dependent  on  it,  is  still  on  the  old  foot- 


Pnrislios  in 
CuuuJu. 


I 


1592.  After  completing  Lis  theo- 
logical studies  he  was  a])'ioi''ted 
Sui)eiior  of  the  Coiicge  of  Diei)])e. 
IIij  cuiiie  to  Canada  July  5,  10:32, 
aud  was  Sn|ierii)r  of  the  mission  till 
10:)',).  After  laboring  on  the  mission 
till  Ki-lO  he  returned  to  France,  and 
was  Procurator  of  the  Foreign  Mis- 
sions. He  died  August  7,  1(!(i-l. 
Besides  nine  volumes  of  Relations, 
he  Willi e  a  Ten  Days'  Retreat  and 
other  spiritual  works.  His  iiortrait, 
engraved  apparently  after  his  death, 
gives  him  high  eulogium. 

'  He  returned  from    France  with 
Uovtnior  de   Luusoii   in   1051,  but 


proceeded  to  Franco  again,  Sept.  2, 
1()50  ;  De  Quen,  .Journal,  Oct.  1050 ; 
Martin,  Relations  des  Jcsuites,  p. 
23;  Can.  Doc,  II.,  i.,  3:J:5. 

'•'  Mes.sr8.  Torcapel  and  Pelerin  : 
Estjuisse  de  la  Vie  de  Mgr.  Laval, 
Quebec,  1845,  ]).  19  ;  La  Tour,  Vie  do 
Mgr.  de  Laval,  p.  21.  De  Lauson 
Charni,  previously  acting  governor, 
hut  now  a  iniest,  also  came  :  Jesuit 
.lournal. 

'  Messrs.  Louis  Ango  des  Maize- 
rets,  Huglies  Paulmiers,  Jean  Du- 
douyt. 

'  Edict  of  April,  1063;  Edits  et 
Ordonuances,  i.,  p.  36. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


23 


iiif];,  undor  the  diroction  of  tlio  clergy  of  tho  Seminary  of     iC>s^. 

St.  Sulpice,'  '      ^       ' 

Two  years  liefoi-e  tliis  time,  that  semuiarv  had  ae(|uired  The  i-lmid 

1  ,       .  .,        ,  111'  Miiinri'iil 

all  the  rights  of  tho  first  proprietors  oi  tliat  islaiui."     borne  .e.i.ati.tho 

years  previously  tho  Abbe  do  Qui'lns  had  come  to  Quebec,  st.'suTpico. 
furnished  with  an  appointment  as  Vicar-Geueral  by  tho 
Archbishop  of  Eouen ;  but  as  the  jurisdicti<jn  of  that  pre- 
late ovtn-  Isew  France  was  not  based  on  any  title,'  and  as 
the  bishops  of  Nantes  and  Eochelle  made  tho  same  ]n'e- 
tensions  as  he  did,  the  Abbe  do  Quelus  was  not  recognized 
as  Vicar-Geueral,  and  returned  to  France.  He  came  V)ack 
in  1(!57,  with  deputies  from  the  Seminary  of  bt.  Sulpice, 
to  take  possession  of  the  island  of  Montreal  and  found  a 
seminary  there.'  In  this  there  were  none  to  gainsay  him, 
the  whole  cohmy  being  charmed  to  see  an  accredited  body, 
powerful  and  fruitful  in  excellent  priests,  undertake  to 
clear  and  settle  an  island,  on  which  the  first  proprietors 
had  not  pushed  colonization  as  much  as  had  been  at  first 
expected. 

In  1()G2,  the  bishop  of  Pctrnoa   having  gone  back  to 
Franco  for  an  object  to  be  explained  hereafter,  proposed 


ut 


MS 


'  Edicts  of  April,  16C3,  and  Jiily 
12,  ITOT;  Edits  I't  Ordonnaiifcs,  i., 
]).  HO.").  Tho  iiucstirm  of  tlic  remov- 
ability of  can's  is  still  unsettled. 
Tlic  Seminary  of  St.  Sulpice  retained 
it.^  parochial  rif;lits  till  the  year 
18(i(i.  when  the  city  was  divided 
into  several  jjarislies. 

''  Till,'  transfer  was  not  executed 
by  Fancamp,  Queylus,  (iarihal,  etc., 
till  March  it,  l(i()3  (Faillon,  Ilistoire 
de  la  C'ulonio  Fram.aise,  ill.,  p.  01  ; 
Eilits  et  Or<lonnanoes,  i.,  p.  it;!);  and 
Mr.  Souart  took  formal  ]iossession  of 
the  island,  Aug.  ly,  KKW  :  lb..  |.  7.T 

■'  It  wa.s  reco^'ni/.ed.  however,  the 
Si.pcrior  of  the  Jesuits  haviuf;  long 
a<ted  as  Vicar-tfcneral  of  the  Arch- 
bishop of  liouen ;  Ferhind,  fours 
dllisioire,  p.  4-l.S. 

*  Tho  dates    are    horo   confused. 


Mr.  Olier  selected  Mr.  Quiylus,  In 
1(1.5(),  to  proceed  to  51oiii'eal,  with 
Rev.  Messrs.  Souart  and  tJalinier, 
and  Mr.  Alot,  a  deacon,  lie  em- 
barked May  IT.  1057,  at  Nantes, 
and  reached  Quebec  .luly  2il.  Ho 
was  recognized,  and  acted  as  V.  (t. 
till  August  S,  KLIS,  when  Father  Do 
Quen  notified  him  of  his  patent  as 
Vicar-tiem  ral :  Journal,  .\ugust  8, 
16.")8.  After  the  arrival  of  Mgr.  do 
Laval,  he  was  sent  back  to  France, 
Oct.  22,  10.')i).  lie  then  went  to 
Rome,  and  having  got  a  bull  erect- 
ing .Montreal  into  a  parish,  returned 
in  1001,  arriving  at  Queliec  infny., 
August  y,  1001.  Mgr.  de  Laval  re- 
fused to  allow  him  to  proceed  to 
Montreal,  but  hi'  did  nevertheless. 
A  litlie  lie  laihet  arrived,  and  ho 
umbarkod  for  Franco  Oct.  22. 


if  .f 


I 

i 
} 


'J 


24 


HISTOHY   OF  NEW   FUANCE. 


i66i.     to  tlio  king's  council  tlio  erection  of  a  seminary  at  Qncbec. 

^^""^"""^  His  majesty  consented,'  and  a  i)atent  was  issni'd,  in  tlio 
K»tabiii.ii-  mouth  of  April  of  the  ensuing  year,  in  favor  of  the  clergy 

Bcmhmry  uf  of  the  Seminary  of  the  Foreign  Missions."  As  this  semi- 
Uiiubtc.  jj,j,,y^  according  to  the  system  of  that  time,  was  to  supply 
tlio  whole  colony  with  parochial  clergy,  the  ]irelate  ob- 
tained that  the  tithes  should  be  paid  to  the  directors  of 
the  new  seminary,  and  had  them  fixed  at  one-thirteenth 
of  all  that  wa  liable  to  tithe  rates."  This  was  found  heavy 
for  colonists  who  were  not  rich,  and  led  to  various  repre- 
sentations in  their  name.' 
Vnrions        They  Avcre  heard,  and  in  the  month  of  September,  1007, 

08  totitlies  the  superior  council  of  New  Franco  made  an  act  in  form  of 
regulation,  stating  that  provisionally,  and  Avithout  preju- 
dice to  the  letters-patent  granted  by  his  majesty,  the  tithes 
to  bo  raised  should  be  only  one  twenty-sixth ;  but  that 
they  should  be  payable  in  grain  and  not  in  sheaves,  and 
that  newly  cleared  lauds  should  bo  exempt  the  first  five 
years.     This  regulation  was  carried  out." 

The  colony  having  increased,  it  became  necessary  iu 
time  to  establish  new  parishes.  It  was  then  claimed 
that  the  tithes  should  belong  to  the  parish  priests, 
and  their  absolute  ehtabhshmeut  began  to  bo  discussed. 
These  two  points  were  settled  by  a  royal  edict  of  the 
mouth  of  May,  1679,  five  years  after  the  erection  of  tho 
Church  of  Quebec  into  an  episcopal  see."    Tho  same  edict 


'  Esquisso  de  la  Vie,  p.  32. 

^  The  Si'iiunnry  of  the  Foreign 
Missions  is  not  mentioned.  See  Pa- 
tent and  Act  of  Estalilisliment,  Edits 
etOrdonnances,  i.,  p.  Ij-i-O  ;  Esii'iisse 
de  la  Vie,  i)p.  1:J4,  131  :  Celeljra- 
tion  du  200"  Anniversarie  de  la  Fon- 
dation  du  Seminuire  de  Queljec,  oO 
Avril,  18(i;! ;  Quebec,  18('.3. 

^  Patent :  Es(iuisse  de  la  Vie,  p. 
Ki4  ;  Edits  et  Diilonniinees,  i.,  p.  3(i ; 
Do  la  Potlierie,  llistoire  de  I'Anio- 
rlquo  Septeutriouale,  i.,  p.  230. 


''  Mgr.  Laval  reduced  it  to  one- 
twentietU,  Imt,  as  this  did  not  satisfy, 
allowed  tlieni  to  appeal  to  tho  king: 
Faillou,  Histoire  de  laColonie  Fian- 
(,'aise,  iii.,  p.  72,  and  authorities 
cited. 

'  The  regulation  was  made  hy 
Tracy,  Coureelles,  and  Talou,  with 
Bishop  Laval,  Sept.  4,  l(i(l7;  Edits 
et  Ordounances,  ii.,  p.  i;i3  ;  Faillou, 
Histoire  de  la  Coleiiie  Frani.aise,  iii., 
p.  11)5. 

^  Edita  et  Ordonnances,  i.,  p.  33L 


4 

i 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


also  confivmod  tlio  iirovisioiml  irf^aliition  of  tlio  sniicrior      i^i-'^. 
council  iu  regard  to  titlios ;  but  it  iulilcd,  tiiut  if  the  tithes  '"^'< 
wore  not  sutticient  to  support  tho  piivocliial  clcrf^y,  tho     Titiios. 
council  should  provide  therefor  by  a  sujiplenient,  to  bo 
furnished  by  tho  settlers  ai  d  seigneurs.     This  never  took 
place,  however,  because  tho  king  choso  to  grant,  from  his 
own  domain,  the  sum  of  seven  thousand  six  hundred  livres 
a  ycMir  to  aid  in  supporting  tho  parochial  clergy.' 

Towards  the  end  of  the  year  KiSI},  another  means  was 
taken  to  satisfy  tho  parochial  clergy,  to  whom  tiie  last 
arrangement  made  by  the  council  seemed  insullicient. 
Mr.  de  la  Barro,  governor-general  of  New  France,  nud 
Mgr.  de  St.  Yallier,  bishop  elect  of  (Quebec,  wished  to  fix 
the  suitable  allowance'  to  bo  paid  above  the  tithes  at  500 
livres  ;  but  the  king,  in  a  letter  of  A|)ril  10,  l(!Sl,  addres.sed 
to  the  former,  informed  him  that  this  regulation  was  not 
approved.  "  I  .jiave  read,"  said  his  majesty,  "  the  memoir 
which  you  have  drawn  up  with  the  bishop  of  Quebec,  on 
the  distribution  of  parishes,  and  the  maintenance  of  pas- 
tors, and  I  avow  that  tho  principle  on  which  you  havo 
acted  seems  to  mo  very  prejudicial  to  the  welfare  of  tho 
colony.  You  iix  the  suitable  allowance  of  a  parish  priest 
at  500  livres,  and  there  arc  some  even  to  whom  you  giro 
more,  iu  a  country  recently  peopled  by  poor  settlers.  .  .  , 
Wiu  know  that  in  France,  where  the  same  reasons  do  not 
exist,  the  highest  allowances  amount  to  only  a  hundred 
crowns,  and  that  there  is  a  very  great  number  of  parish 
priests  who  have  only  150  livres,  and  yet  manage  to  livo 
and  discharge  their  duties  ;  and  what  is  more  vexatious 
on  this  point  is,  that  the  said  bisho))  has  so  well  jiersuaded 
the  priests  that  they  cannot  live  on  less  than  500  livres, 
tliut  it  will  be  dilKcult  to  reduce  them  to  any  other  foot- 
ing. IStill,  I  wish  those  M-ho  have  only  iOO  livres  to  accus- 
tom themselves  to  live  on  that." ' 


'  Edits  ft  Onlonnanccs,  i.,  j).  231.      tho  cnllcctiDii  of  tlio  Edits  I't  Ordcm- 
•  Portions  contfrui'S.  naui'i's,  and  doea  not  appear  in  tlio 

^  This  dociiniout  is  not  f,'ivi'n  iu     Ni.w  Voik  or  Cauuda  Documents. 


2(3 


HTSTORY   OF  NEW   FRANCE. 


I 

r 

t  ■ 

I  ■ 

« 

i* 


1707.        Tho  clergy,  novcrthelcsri,  atteniptcd  at  various  times  to 

^"""^•'""^  raise  tlio  titlios  back   again  to  oiie-tliirtoeutli ;   l)ut  the 

Tithes,     superior  council  of  Quebec  always  opposed  it,  and  as  they 

finally  appealed  to  tho  king's  council,  that  app(>al  droAV  on 

tlunn  a  decree  of  July  12,  1707,  which  exploded  beyond 

hopi!  their  pretensions  in  the  matter.' 

On  tho  other  hand,  besides  the  .sum  of  7,000  livres  which 
tho  king  had  assigned  them  supplementary  to  the  tithes," 
his  majesty  also  gi'anted  one  of  2,000  livres  for  those  whose 
advanced  age  or  infirmities  prevented  from  administering 
their  jiarishes,  and,  by  a  decree  of  March  29th,  1717,  it  was 
ordered  that  this  sum  bo  divided  in  five  jiortions  of  300 
livres,  and  one  of  200.' 
Tlio  piitrnii-  There  arc,  finally,  two  sums  of  1,350  li\Tes  each,  one  in 
"fmri.siicH  favor  of  the  parish  priests,  and  the  other  for  the  erection 
iheijishop.  of  parochial  clnuchcs,  tho  patronage  of  which,  by  a  decree 
of  March  27,  1000,*  was  vested  in  tho  bishop,  to  the  exclu- 
sion of  the  seigneurs,  who  had  till  then  enjoyed  it  by 
virtue  of  a  former  decree  of  Mf  y,  1(579."  The  last  act  also 
required  churches  to  be  bnilt  of  stone.  All  the  sums  paid 
by  the  king  from  his  domain,  for  the  purposes  just  men- 
tioned, arc  at  tho  disposal  of  the  bishop.  The  chapter 
of  the  cathedral  is  composed  of  a  dean,  gi'eat  chanter, 
great  arch-deacon,  theologian,  and  twelve  canons.  The 
king  reserves  to  himself  tho  nomination  to  tho  two  first 
dignities,  the  bishop  appoints  aU  the  rest.' 

To  return  to  the  island  of  Montreal,  and  conclude  all 
that  regards  the  establishments  in  Canada  for  ecclesiasti- 
cal and  charitable  pui'poses  :  the  clergy  of  the  Seminary 


'  Edits  ct  Ordonnances,  i.,  p.  305. 

'  De  la  Potherie,  Histoire  de 
I'Ann'rique  Suptentriouale,  i.,  p. 
230,  says  8000. 

'  Edits  et  Ordonnances,  p.  307. 

*  Arn't  du  C'onacil  d'Etat  du  Koi 
qui  arcordc  Ic  Piitronagi'  des  Eglisi'8 
ti  Mgr.  I'Evriiuu ;  Edits  et  Ordon- 
nances, i.,  p.  279. 


'  Edits  du  Roi  concernant  lea 
Dimes  et  Cures  Fixes  :  Edits  et  Or- 
donnaces,  i.,  p.  231. 

"  Do  la  Potherie  (Histoire  de 
I'Ann-riquo  Sei)tentrionalo,  i.,  p. 
S;!."))  says  that  iu  his  time,  for  want 
of  resources,  there  were  only  nine 
canonw.  He  adds  to  the  officers  a 
great  penitentiary. 


'1 


IIIS'I'OHV  OF  NEW  FKANCE. 


27 


trcul. 


of  St.  Sulpico  were  no  sooner  in  possession  of  that  fair     1659. 
domain  than  tliey  thought  of  endowing  it  with  a  hospital,  ^— ~y^— ' 
and  they  were  so  fortunate  as  to  interest  several  persons  Foniidaiion 
in  tlie  ])i()us   desi<;n.      Madame  do  Bullion  gave  02,000  "ui','i'moii'- 
livres  ;  ^Ir.  d(!  la  Dovcrsioro,  Licutenant-gouoral  in  Presi- 
dial  of  la  Fli'che,  devoted  to  it  a  part  of  his  property,  and 
by  his  advice  they  selected,  for  the  direction  of  the  hospi- 
tal, mms  of  the  Hotel-Dieu,  in  that  city,  whoso  institute 
has  since  been  erected  into  a  religious  order  by  the  Holy 
See.     ^ladtMuoiselle  Manse,  already  spoken  of,  received 
the  hospital  nuns  \t  Montreal,  and,  as  long  as  sho  lived, 
consented  to  manage  the  temporal  affairs  of  their  h'i'uso, 
in  which  sho  was  well  supported  by  Mr.  de  INfaisouneuvo, 
who  consented  to  continue  to  govern  that  little  colony 
after  the  island  changed  its  seigneur.' 

A  city  began  to  grow  up  there,  the  foundation  of  which 
was  marked  by  an  establishment  which  now  constitutes 
one  of  the  fairest  ornaments  of  New  France.  Montreal 
owes  it  to  Margaret  Bourgcoys,  that  holy  woman  who  had 
several  years  before  followed  Mr.  do  Maisonneuvo  to  Cana- 
da. "With  no  other  resource  than  her  courage  and  her 
trust  in  God,  she  undertook  to  afford  all  the  young  per- 


'  On  the  7th  of  Septombor,  1050, 
tlu!  St.  Andn'  iirrivt'd  (De  Qurn, 
Jimriial ;  M.  Varie  de  I'lncarnation), 
bringiiiit  the  Hov.  Messrs.  Lc  Mnitre 
and  Vi}.^ial,  tlireo  hospital  nuns 
(Mother  de  Bresoles,  Sisters  Mace 
and  Mnillet),  03  men,  and  47  wo- 
men, sent  out  to  settle  Montreal 
(Kaillon,  Ilistoire  di^  la  Colonie 
Frani.aise,  ii.,  j).  353  ;  Vie  de  Mile. 
Mance,  i.,  ji.  147  ;  Menioires  de  la 
Socii'te  Ilistoriiiue  de  Montreal,  p. 
123  ;  Afjn'nient  dii  Roi  sur  I't'tablis- 
sonivntilfs  l{elii;ieuse»  llospitidir-res 
de  Montreal  (April,  KiT'J);  Edits  et 
Ord.,  i.,  p.  00 ;  Can.  Doc,  H.,  i.,  p. 
300;.  with  some  otiier  sixintuueous 
Settlers,  am  anting  in  all  to  200 
(M.  Murio  de  I'lncarnation,  Lettres 


Historiquos,  p.  544).  Unfortunately 
a  pestilential  fever  broke  out  on 
board,  of  which  several  died;  and 
on  its  reaching  Quebec,  Father  Do 
Quen  at  once  hastened  to  assist  the 
sick,  and  fell  a  victim  to  charity, 
dying  on  the  8th  of  October.  The 
disease  spread,  and  infected  the  whole 
country.  Notwithstanding  this  loss 
Montreal  was  placed  on  a  fur  better 
footing ;  and  had  the  directors  of 
that  post  cordially  co-operated  with 
the  older  settlement,  Canada  woidd 
doubtless  have  benefited  greatly  ; 
but  unfortunately  they  diil  not  har- 
monize. D'Argenson  styles  Mon- 
tfeiil  (Can.  Doc,  11.,  i.,  j).  3.")!);  "  a 
place  which  makes  so  much  noise 
and  is  so  insignificant.'' 


li 


'\ 


28, 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FBANCE. 


1659. 


It 


Foiimliit 
1)1'  the  Coil 
(<rf(,Mlion 
8i>tcr.t. 


sons  of  lior  sox,  no  ninttor  how  poor  or  destituto,  nn  cdu- 
oiitiou  wliicli  luany  girlH,  even  of  f,'()0(l  fuuiilioH,  do  not 
I  soruro  in  the  best-ordorod  kingdoms.  Sho  succcoded 
"  to  thiit  degree,  that  you  constantly  behold,  with  renewed 
astonishment,  women  in  the  very  depths  of  indiginice  and 
want  i)erfectly  instructed  in  their  religion,  ignorant  of 
nothing  that  they  should  know  to  employ  themselves  use- 
fully in  their  families,  and  who,  l)y  their  nnmners,  their 
manner  of  expressing  themselves,  and  tlu)ir  politeness,  are 
not  inferior  to  the  most  carefully  educated  among  us. 
This  is  the  just  meed  of  jiraisc  rendered  to  the  Sisters 
of  the  Congregation  by  all  who  have  made  any  stay  in 
Canada.' 

It  wonld  seem  that  at  a  later  date  there  was  an  idea  of 
making  them  cloistered  nuns  ;  for,  in  1709,  they  wore  for- 
bidden to  cloister  themselves  or  take  vows.  They  replied 
that  they  had  never  entertained  the  intention  of  shutting 
themselves  up,  a  cloister  life  being  absolutely  incompatible 
with  their  institute  ;  that  for  the  same  reason  they  did  not 
ask  to  take  solemn  vows,  that  their  only  wish  was  to  bo 
permitted  to  take  simple  vows ;  but  as  it  was  believed  that 
these  vows  woiild  perhaps,  in  time,  lead  them  to  adopt 
the  cloister,  which  would  render  them  far  less  useful  to 
the  colony,  the  council  refused  its  consent." 

The  Ursulines  at  Quebec  also  contributed  greatly,  on 
their  side,  to  give  younr^  persons  of  their  sex  a  suitable 
education ;  biit  oiit  of  the  precincts  of  that  capital,  few 
girls  are  enabled  to  frequent  their  schools,  and  the  poverty 
of  the  country  prevents  their  keeping  a  large  number  of 
boarders.  At  the  time  of  their  establishment  in  New 
France,  it  was  proposed  to  confide  to  them  the  education 
of  Indian  girls ;  but  the  result  did  not  meet  the  expecta- 
tions that  had  been  conceived,  and  many  reasois  induced 


■I 
I 


'  See  note  3,  ante,  vol.  ii.,  p.  S.jO. 
Vie  d(!  MarfruiTitc  Hcmrp oys,  12mo, 
Montreal,  181S;  I'aillou,  Vie  ile  In 
Soeur  Bourgeoyf,  'i  vuIh.  bvo ,  I'liris, 


1853  ;  Ilistoire  de  la  f 'olonie  Franc;., 
ii.,  p.  174. 

'■'  Edits    et    Ordoimauces,    ii.,    p. 
3U8. 


niSTOHY  OF  NEW   FHANCE. 


29 


thorn  to  ahiindon  the  project.  The  chiof  roasons  arc,  tliiit 
thoHo  nuns  vivi\'  not  in  a  jiosition  to  meet  tlm  cxpcnso 
necessary  to  carry  ont  the  project,  and  tliat  the  Indians 
themselves  will  not  easily  renounce  tlie  ]>leasuro  of  having,' 
their  children  with  them.  Moreover,  wlien  these  children 
hsave  the  convinit  and  art;  thrown  in  the  midst  of  a  sava^'o 
tribe,  exposed  to  all  the  coutaf,'ion  of  intercourse  with 
heatliens,  blood  and  nature  soon  resume  tlieir  intluence, 
and  nothiiif,'  remains  of  tlu  good  education  bestowed  upcm 
tlieni  except  greater  breadth  of  mind  and  inforuuition, 
which  become  pernicious  by  their  too  frequent  abuse.' 

They  sliould  have  confined  tlieir  labors  to  the  daughters 
of  Indian  Cliristians  domiciled  in  the  colony.  But  these 
least  reijuired  this  kind  of  aid,  and  ex})erience  showed  that 
it  was  better  to  leave  them  in  their  simplicity  and  igno- 
rance— that  the  Indians  could  be  good  Christians,  without 
adopting  any  of  our  iioliteness  and  mode  of  life  ;  or  at  least 
leave  it  to  time  to  draw  them  from  tlieir  mdeness,  which 
does  not  prevent  their  living  in  great  innocence,  having 
great  modesty,  and  serving  God  with  a  piety  and  fervor 
Avliich  render  them  most  fit  for  the  sublimest  operations 
of  grace. 

Meanwhile  the  bishop  of  Petrre'a  had  scarcely  assumed 
the  government  of  his  church,  before  ho  learned  that  many 
nations  had  been  discovered  on  the  north  and  west  of  Lake 
Huron.  Ho  at  once  thought  of  means  to  diffuse  over  them 
the  light  of  the  gospel.  Ho  consulted  Father  Lallemant, 
who  had  just  been  for  the  second  time  appointed  Superior- 
General  of  the  missions,  and  with  him  he  adopted  suitable 
measures  to  carry  out  the  project."  A  re-enforcement  of 
missionaries  was  at  once  sent  to  the  Abenaqui  nations, 
which  insensibly  all  became  Christians ;  but  their  wander- 
ing life  prevented  the  progress  of  the  gosjiel  fiom  being 


1659. 


Discovery 
of  miiny 
nortlierti 
iialions. 


'  For  tlio    Ursulino    liibors,   and  ■  IJrlation  dc  la  N.  P.,  1(>58,  p.  20, 

especially  their  Indiiin  seniiiiavy  at  Km!),  p.  .5  ;  La  Tour,  Vie  de  Mf^r.  do 

tliiH  time,  consult  Les  Uisuliues  Ue  Liival,  p.  04;     Ewjuiueodo  lu  Vie,  p. 

(juubeo,  i.,  p.  309,  C9. 


if 


I 

it  ' 


so 


HIHTOHY  OF  NEW  FHANCB. 


1659. 


as  ra])iM  among  thorn  as  had  boon  oxpoctotl  from  tlioir 
docility.' 

Conv(  r>ic.ri  Tho  tiilioH  uoarost  to  tho  Chilf  of  St.  Lawronco  wcro  always 
Kukiiimux.  ftt  war  witli  tho  Eskiinaux,  and  often  lucu^^'lit  in  captivfH  as 
BhivoH,  Homo  of  whom  tlio  missionavicH  were  so  liaj)j)y  as  to 
convert.  IJoiida*,'!!  and  distanco  from  their  own  land  some- 
what nioditii'd  tho  manners  of  thoso  Indians,  as  tioreo  as  tho 
wolves  and  boars  with  which  thoir  fearfiU  deserts  toom : 
without  law,  withcmt  prineiploa,  withont  soeiety,  diflbriug 
from  thoso  brntcis  only,  ono  nught  say,  by  thoir  human 
figuro,  thoy  bocamo  mild  and  reasonable  as  soon  as  thoy 
beheld  thomsolvos  among  men  who  mado  xiso  of  thoir 
reason.  In  tho  snmll  number  of  thoso  who  wore  thou 
gained  to  Christ,  there  was  ono  woman  mIioso  conversion 
was  attended  with  circumstances  which  mado  a  great  im- 
pression on  her  coirntrymen,  and  still  nioro  on  a  Protes- 
tant. While  they  were  instructing  this  woman  in  tho  rudi- 
ments of  the  faith,  she  seemed  to  bo  possessed  by  tho 
devil.  To  ascertain  tho  nature  of  her  malady,  many  reme- 
dies were  tried,  but  all  proved  useless.  They  then  had 
recourse  to  holy  water,  which  cured  her  perfectly ;  sho 
then  solicited  baptism,  and  the  ceremony  was  followed  by 
tho  abjuration  of  a  Calviniht,  who  could  not  resist  so  evi- 
dent a  miracle." 

Tho  next  year  an  Algonquin,'  who  had  spent  two  wholo 
■  years  in  travelling  in  the  uortli,  found  in  tho  neighborhood 
of  Hudson's  Bay  a  niimbcr  of  his  countrymen,  whom 
fear  of  tho  Iroquois  had  forced  to  seek  an  asy'  im  there. 
He  also  found  there  natives  of  the  country  well  disposed 
to  join  tho  French  in  repressing  the  prido  of  that  nation, 
which  had  mado  all  others  its  foes,  and  began  to  approach 

•  The     Holiition   for   Ki.TO    cntiTB        ■'  Hclntion  du  lii  N.  F.,  I(i5it,  i>.  0. 
into  ilotails  on  the  Miciiinc  mission        ■' Af<iiliiiiik,  n  Nipissint^ :  Hclatiou 

at  Capi^  Breton,    tlu'li    dincttd    liy  do  In  N.  F.,  KiliO,  y.  i(.     Ho  sitarti'd 

Fathur    Andrew     Hioliard,    Martin  I'rom  (frcon   Bay  in  June,  IC'iS,  anil 

Lioune,  and  Jamt's   Freinin  (p.  7),  jjrocfi'dcd  l>y  way  of  Laki-  Suiiurior 

but  is  silent  as  to  any  nnt^ion  among  to     Iludsiiu's     ISay,   and     tlien   di:- 

the  Abeuaiiuis  luoper.  Bcendul  to  tlio  Sagueuay. 


Various 
disoovericH 


HISTORY  OF  NKW  FRANCE. 


81 


tlifin.  Tlioy  ((voii  luuilt'  tlit>  Algonquin  tho  l)oiiror  of  inos- 
cuts  to  the  govoruor-gcuoml ;  luul  that  Iiidiiui  who  hud 
pcnotnitcd  to  Hudson's  IJiiy  from  Lal;o  Superior,  ro- 
tunifd  liy  tlio  way  of  tlio  Saguouay.' 

At  tiio  name  tiuio  two  Frciifhnuu,  after  wintering  on 
the  hanks  of  Lake  Superior  with  a  hirge  number  of  Algon- 
(inin  i'ainilies,  led  by  curiosity  to  ponetrato  still  further 
west,  advanced  to  tho  Sioux.  On  their  way,  tliey  carao 
upon  ([uite  a  considerable  town  of  Tionontates  Hurons," 
from  wliom  tliey  learned  some  very  curious  facts.  Only 
such  as  are  necessary  for  tho  thread  of  tho  history  will  be 
noted. 

The  Sioux'  till  then  not  only  had  no  knoAvlcdgo  of  tho 
French,  but  were  very  littlo  known  by  the  Huron  and 
Algontjuin  nations,  with  whom  we  had  intercourse ;  at 
least  to  judge  by  tho  account  of  tho  two  Frenchmen,  who 
said  that  their  manners  scorned  very  strange  and  very 
ridiculous  to  tho  Tionontates  and  tho  Ottawas,  whou  these 
took  refuge  among  them. 

They  added  that  tho  Hurons  and  Ottawas  even  insulted 
tho  Sioux  on  several  occasions,  relying  on  thoii-  firearms, 


lC>rr). 


Wlmt 

|W1M!I1  tlie 

Sioiix  ami 

tliu  Ihiruiiti. 


'  Relation  do  la  N.  F.,  10(10,  p.  13. 
lit!  fdunil  Al^niiqiiin  nations  (in  tht^ 
bay,  but  none  of  his  own  trilm. 

■■'  Six  iliivH*  journey  noutliwcst  of 
Luki!  SuiHTii)!'  iRi'liition  de  la  N.  F., 
1()(5",  pp.  I'J,  27),  ai)iian'ntly  on  Mlack 
HivjT.  Sec  Perrot,  Mcrurs  et  (,'ous- 
tunii's,  p.  87. 

•'  Tho  Sioux,  now  ti'chnieally 
railed  Dncfjtaa,  were  Htyled  by  tho 
AlgonciuinH  NadWechiM(,'c,  tho  first 
part  of  tho  name  being  the  same, 
Nad^^e  (Nottoway),  whicli  they  gave 
to  the  IriHiuois.  The  next  jiart 
CliiH  (Sioux),  beraine  their  coninion 
designiition  among  tho  French: 
Cliiirlevoix,  .lournal,  p.  18:i.  Tho 
WiuneliagocK,  whose  own  name  is 
OU'lmgra,  the  former  title  behig  Al- 
gonquin, meaning    Men  from    tho 


Salt  Water,  belong  to  tho  s  no 
family  as  did  the  Missouris,  Osagea, 
lowas,  and  yuappas.  The  last  of 
these  weri!  railed  by  the  Illinois  and 
other  Algon(|uins  Arkansas,  or  Al- 
kansas  ;  and  an;  said  by  Oravier 
(Journal  d'an  Voyage  depuis  le  ])ay» 
des  Illinois  en  1700,  p.  10)  to  have 
at  one  time  resided  on  the  Ohio. 
They  are,  jierhaps,  the  Talligeu, 
Talligewi,  or  Allogewi  of  Ilecko- 
■welder,  who  are  rejiresenteil  by  tho 
Algompiins  <if  I'enn.sylvania  as  hav- 
ing been  driven  down  the  Ohio  to 
the  Lower  Mis.'iissippi :  lleckewelder, 
Historical  Account,  p.  2!).  This 
would  bring  almost  all  the  known 
mounds  in  limits  occu|)ied  by  Dacota 
trilies  Kiir  the  limgiuige,  see  Riggs' 
Dakota  Dictionary. 


IIIHTOHY  OK  NKVV  FKANrE. 


i6i;9. 


Mlniix  Bliil 
llurotii. 


roenliari- 

tlcit  ol  tlio 

biuii.x. 


flit>  )iH('  of  wliicli  WHS  Htill  miknnwii  to  tlicir  IioHts;  tliat  (lioy 
kiilcil  HDiiio;  l)ut  that  at  lust,  ra^T  and  iiiiinliii's  cnnipi'ii- 
Hatiii^  for  tlio  advaiita^'t's  which  rt'iidcicd  th*!  MtiroiiH  ami 
OttftwaH  HO  insolent,  tho  Hioux  niassacrod  Hovoral.' 

(hw  day,  ainoiif^  otht'is,  having'  drawn  Hcvnal  TTiironH 
into  u  kind  of  laku  or  niar.sh,  all  covcncd  with  wild  rice, 
tiiey  oau^,'ht  thcni,  with  their  canoes,  in  lUits  which  tho 
IIur(jns  dill  not  juirccivn  ;  after  which  they  jioured  in  upon 
tiu'iu  Huch  II  shower  uf  arrows,  that  not  a  man  escaped. 
Tho  rest  at  last  thoUf,dit  it  advisalde  to  draw  otl'  from  u 
nation  with  whom  they  conld  no  longer  hope  for  u  recon- 
ciliation ;  and  tlu'y  accordinf,'ly  proceeded  to  settle  south- 
oast  of  tho  western  point  of  Lake  Superior,  whoro  our  two 
voya^'i'urs  found  them.' 

Passin",'  thence  amonj^  tho  Sioux,  they  ol)served  somo 
women  with  tla'ir  noses  out  olF,  nnd  n  part  of  tho  head 
sealjied.  On  askinj,'  the  reason,  they  were  told  that  it  was 
the  penalty  inllit'ted  on  women  for  adulter}'.  This  seemed 
to  them  very  rij.;orous,  hecause  poly{j;aniy  i.s  toU'rated 
among  this  ])eople.'  Tho  Sioux  nation  was  then  very 
numerous,  nnd  divided  into  forty  towns,*  all  largo  and 
populous ;  and  as  these  towns  often  change  place,  tho 
Sioux  country  was  of  immense  extent."  Two  Jesuits  who, 
in  1G87  and  KJSf),"  made  somo  excursions  among  them, 
spoko  of  them  as  a  very  ]ioworful  people  ;  and  one  of  them, 
Father  Joseph  Marest,  often  expressed  to  mo  his  great 
logret  that  ho  was  not  enabled  to  take  up  his  residcuco 
among  those  Indians,  whom  ho  foini..  ^ocilo  and  reasona- 
ble.    Ho  added  that  tho  Sioux  diil  not  wreak  on  their 


'  Porrot :  Mepurs  pt  ('ouRttiiiU'H 
dfB  SnuviificH,  ]).  H~. 

"  PiTFot,  M(rur»  I't  CoUHliiincs  den 
Sauviigcs,  p.  H8 ;  l)e  la  I'otlicrif, 
IliHtiiire  dc  lAini'Tuiiip  Scptcntri- 
onnlc,  ii.,  p.  217.  One  Huron,  called 
Ia!  Kriiid,  ('S('a])i'd. 

■'  lit'lation  du  la  NouvuUo  France, 
1060,  p.  13. 


*  The  Hi'liiticm  lor  KidO,  p,  li}, 
snys  forty  towns,  five  contuinitig 
each  .1000  men. 

''  Ik'nni'pin  was  a  ])rinoiirr  among 
tlic  Hioux  in  1()7!)-W,  and  gives  tho 
earliest  details:  Oescription  do  la 
Loiiisiune,  Paris,  l()8;i.  jip.  t.'Oti-28.7. 

'■  FatherH  Josi'pli  Marebt  and  Ig- 
uatiua  liuignao. 


HISTOHY  OF  NKW   FUANCE. 


33 


prisonoFH  tlinsn  liorrois  wliii-h  ilis^^riioo  luoHt  of  tlio  otiior     1660. 
natioiiH  on  tliis  eontiiu'iit,  lunl  tliiit  thoy  huvo  a  voiy  clour  ^-""v"*^ 
kiiDwlod^'o  of  tlio  ono  hoIo  Clod. 

I  hiivi)  i'IhowIuto  iiH'iitiuiHHl  thn  prcU'iico  H«>t  up  that 
tliOK»(  Si()U\  liiivo  a  C'liini'Hi"  accent.  This  has  not  ht'cu 
y«t  Hulmtantiatoil,  but  in  niodo  of  lifi>  they  ^^'iisatly  ichi  m- 
blo  tho  TartiiiH.'  Ft»\v  Fronchiuon  have  loarni-il  their  hiu- 
guago,  wliicli  W(mltl,  nmcrthoh'SH,  bo  of  great  advantage 
iu  exploring  all  northwcHt  of  the  MieisHipi  ;  and  every 
thing  leads  uh  to  beliovo  that  useful  diseoverieH  would  bo 
made  there,  especially  in  i-ogard  to  tho  South  Hea,'  from 
which  it  is  almost  certaiu  that  they  are  not  extremely 
diHtant.' 

Meanwhile  no  relief  came  from  Franco,*  and  the  colony  Kxtrcmity 
of  Canada  maintained  itself  only  by  a  kind  of  miracle.  CuniiaaiH 
I\Irn  durst  not  leave  the  neighborhood  of  the  forts  without 
aa  escort;  and  in  manj'  places  there  was  no  apparent 
means  of  gathering  the  harvest,  the  season  for  whicli  ap- 
proached.' Many  believed  that  thoy  would  at  last  have  to 
abandon  every  thing,  and  some  began  to  take  measures 
for  recrossing  tlio  ocean.  Heveu  hundred  Iroipiois,  who 
Lad  just  defeated  a  largo  French  aud  Indian  party,"  held 
Quebec  in  a  kind  of  blockade,  the  Ursulines  and  Hospi- 


■  The  affinity  of  the  Dakota  and 
Tartar,  alluded  to  In  t'liarli'VoU'g 
Joiininl,  pp.  18U-4,  ha«  been  recog- 
nized even  by  modern  philologiHts. 

'  The  Pacific  Ocean. 

"  Relation  de  la  N.  F.,  1000,  p.  5. 

*  On  tho  aist  May,  1000,  Mr.  DAil- 
lobou8t  died  at  Montreal :  I^alemant, 
Journal ;  Belmont,  p.  11. 

'  On  the  5tli  June  a  woman,  with 
several  of  her  family,  was  carried 
oiT  before  Quel)ec  ;  but  the  captors, 
rouetrnde  Ilurons,  were  pursued,  de- 
feated, and  taken :  lielntion  de  la 
N.  F.,  1000,  p.  31 ;  Lalemant,  Journal. 

"  This  was  the  fiuuous  action  at 
I.onfi;  Sa\dt :  Dollier  de  Casson,  llis- 
toire  de  Montreal ;  Relation  do  la  N. 

Vol.  III.— 3 


F.,  1000,  p.  14  ;  M.  Mario  de  I'lncar- 
nalion,  p.  201  ;  Father  iiidemant, 
Journal,  June  8,  1000.  The  French 
numbered  17,  commanded  by  Adam 
Dollard,  Mieur  deg  Ormeaux,  a  young 
officer,  age<l  25.  He  took  the  field 
in  April,  and  on  the  lOth  defeatwl 
an  Irotiuois  ])arty,  apparently  on  St. 
Paul's  Island.  After  returning  to 
Montreal  he  again  set  out,  and  took 
post  in  a  little  Indian  fort  at  tho 
f(X)t  of  the  Long  Rapid  on  the  Otta- 
wa. Here  he  was  joined  by  U!)  Ilu- 
rons unUer  Auahotaha,  and  Miliwe- 
meg  with  three  Algonquins.  Tho 
Iro(|U()is  soon  approached,  and  Doi- 
lard  rcuited  the  van,  but  was  in- 
vested by  the  whole  force  of  300 


^  fii'1 


I:  ^  h 


84  HISTORY  OP  NEW  FRANCE. 

1660.  tal  imus  were  forced  to  leave  their  convcuts  by  night,  no 
longer  deeniiug  themselves  secure,'  and  by  the  close  of 
aiitumn,  when  those  savages  were  supposed  to  have  re- 
tired homeward,  tidings  came  that  they  still  kept  the  field, 
•which  spread  consternation  on  all  sides.' 

A  Huron,  who  escaped  from  their  hands,  confirmed  this 
intelligence,  and  added  that  it  had  been  their  design  to 
di'aw  out  a  missionary  to  a  conference,  and  seize  him  to 
serve  as  an  exchange ;  that  when  they  had  in  this  Avay 
liberated  all  their  own  people  who  were  prisoner.s  in  our 
hands,  they  would  no  longer  observe  any  bounds ;  that  they 
proposed  especially  to  carry  off  a  great  number  of  chikben 
to  repeople  their  country ;  but  that  an  accident  had  be- 
fallen them,  Avhich  doubtless  had  induced  them  to  march 
back — one  of  the  Iroquois,  aiming  at  a  stag,  fired  upon  and 
killed  the  chief  of  the  party.^ 

They  did  not,  in  fact,  make  their  appearance  again  all 


men.  They  attacked  him  repeatedly, 
but  were  iihvnys  repulsed  with  lo83. 
Tliey  then  sent  to  another  army  of 
600.  Meanwhile  the  French,  suifer- 
ing  from  thirst,  were  deserted  by 
the  39  Ilurons,  who  revealed  their 
weakness  to  the  Iro(|U(ii».  Still, 
Dollard  lield  out  against  the  two 
Iroquois  armies,  who  at  last  at- 
tempted to  storm  their  fort,  regard- 
less of  the  loss  of  life.  To  check 
them,  Dollard  made  a  kind  of  tor- 
pedo, and  threw  it  over ;  but  it 
caught  on  a  branch  and  fell  inside 
the  fort,  killing  and  wounding  some 
of  his  own  men.  Then  the  ])lace 
was  carried,  and  the  whole  jjarty 
were  killed,  fighting  to  tlu^  last. 
The  Iroquois  are  said  by  Mr.  de  Bel- 
mont (llistoire  du  Canada,  p.  11),  on 
the  rojiort  of  one  of  their  nation,  to 
have  lost  one  third  of  tln'ir  force. 
This  glorious  action  (May  21,  16C0) 
Bo  disconcerted  the  Iro<|uois,  that 
they  abaudoueil  their  design  of  at- 
tacking Threo  Rivers  and  Quebec, 


and  capturing  the  Governor-General : 
M.  Marie  de  I'lncarn.,  Lettres  Hist., 
p.  2.54  ;  Lalemant,  Journal,  May  15, 
1000  ;  Belmont,  Hist,  du  Canada,  p. 
11 ;  Hist,  de  la  Col.  Fran.,  ii.,  pp.  397- 
419  ;  Can.  Doc,  II,,  i.,  pp.  358,  417. 

'  Lalemant,  Journal,  May  19,  IGOO ; 
M.  Marie  de  I'lncarnatlon,  Lettres 
Historiciues.  ]>.  2.50.  She  remained 
in  her  convent  with  three  nuns  :  Lcs 
Ursulines  de  Quebec,  i.,  p.  230;  Ju- 
chereau,  Histoiro  de  I'Hotel  Dieu  de 
Quebec,  i.,  p.  230. 

''  M.  Marie  de  1 'Incarnation,  Lettre 
Nov.  2,  KiOO.  They  sought  to  do- 
liver  some  Cayugas  seized  by  Mai- 
sonneuve :  Rel.,  1000,  j).  37 ;  Lale- 
mant, Journal,  Aug.  4.  1060. 

■'  M.  Marie  de  I'lncarnation,  Lcttro 
Nov.  2,  lOGO.  These  hostile  move- 
ments had  prevented  the  people  from 
gathering  in  their  crops,  and  the 
Governor  nnnf)unced  that  tlu^y  would 
need  bread^tuft's  from  France.  A 
vessel  sailed  to  France  for  flour,  July 
7 :  Lalemant  Journal. 


I 


I:; 


I 


IIISTOUY  OP  NEW  FRANCE. 

the  rest  of  that  yccar,  but  towards  tho  close  of  winter,  par- 
ties appeared  in  various  parts  of  the  colony  and  committed 
great  ravages.'     Mr.  le  Maitre,  an  ecclesiastic  of  the  Semi- 
naiy  of  Montreal,  was  kiUcd  while  returning  from  saying 
Mass  in  tlie  country.'    Mr.  do  Lauson,  Seneschal  of  New 
France,  and  son  of  tho  last  governor-general,  going  to  Islo 
Orleans  to  relieve  his  brother-in-law,^  who  was  invested  in 
his  own  house,  /ell  into  an  ambuscade.     The  Iroqrois,  who 
knew  him,  and  who  passionately  desired  to  have  a  prisoner 
of  sueli  rank,  spared  him  for  a  time,  seeking  only  to  ex- 
haust his  strength ;  but  seeing  him  kill  several  of  their 
people,  they  fired  on  him,  and  ho  feU  dead  before  any  ono 
durst  approach  him.* 

Many  other  persons  of  note,  and  a  gi-cat  many  settlers 
and  Indians,  met  the  samo  fate.  Thirty  Attikamegues, 
who  were  accompanied  by  some  Frenchmen,  were  attacked 
by  eighty  Iroquois,  and  defended  themselves  with  a  valor 
that  might  have  saved  them  had  they  fought  with  more 
order;  oven  tho  women  fought  to  the  death,  and  not  one 
of  them  sm-rendered.'  In  a  word,  from  Montreal  to  Ta- 
doiissac  naught  could  bo  seen  but  bloody  traces  of  the 
passage  of  these  fierce  enemies." 


35 


'  Rohition  do  la  N.  F.,  ICCl,  p.  3  ; 
M.  MiiriH  il(!  rincumation,  Lettrn 
Sept.,  1001. 

'•'  Mr.  Jaim'8  Leuiaitre,  born  in 
Normandy  in  1017,  was  ont-  of  tho 
mcinbore  udniittud  into  his  congre- 
giitiou  by  Mr.  Olior  himself.  Ho 
cariKwtly  desired  to  go  to  Montreal 
with  the  first  elerffynien  sent,  but 
WHS  not  chosen  till  lOoi).  He  ar- 
rived Sept.  7,  lO.JO,  in  a  ship  which 
sutl'ered  greatly  from  temiiests  and 
disease,  lie  had  said  Mass  in  Mon- 
treal, Aug.  29,  1001,  and  liad  gone 
to  St.  (ial)riel  to  superintend  some 
men  at  worli.  being  steward  of  the 
house,  wlien  they  were  attacked  by 
a  party  under  Outrenuati.  He  was 
shot  wliilu  uuduavoriug  to  cover  the 


flight  of  his  men  :  Relation  do  la  N. 
F.,  1001,  p.  ,'5;  Dollier  d(^  Casson, 
Histoire  do  Montreal,  1000-1  ;  Bel- 
mont, Hist,  du  Canada,  p.  11 ;  Faillon, 
Histoire  de  la  Colonic  Francaise,  ii.' 
pp.  •.m-(i,  441-409  ;  Vie  de  M.  Olier,' 
ii.,  p.  44;i ;  Vie  do  M.  Bourgeoys,  i,, 
p.  00  ;  M.  Marie  de  I'lncarnation,  ii.,' 
p.  r,m ;  De  la  Tour,  Mem.  de  Mr.' 
Laval,  p.  13;i. 

^  Mr.  Couillard  do  I/Espinay,  hia 
brother  in-law,  was  supposed  so  to 
be. 

^  Relation  de  la  N.  P.,  1001,  p.  r, ; 
Juchereau,  Hist,  de  I'llotel-Dieu  pn' 
127,  8.  ' 

*  Relati(m  de  la  N.  F.,  1001,  p.  ;j; 
Can.  Doc,  11.,  i.,  p,  ;;,<*(). 

*  Relutiou  do  la  N,  F.,  1001,  p.  a. 


i66i 


Iroquois 
ho.stilities. 


36 


i66i. 


Discaac. 
FhenoiiieDa 


i'. 


If  '^ 


Good  news 
from  tlio 
Iroquois 
country. 


/  HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 

/  To  this  terrible  scourge  Heaven  added  another,  which 
completed  the  reduction  of  the  colony  to  the  last  extremity. 
The  French  and  domicihated  Indians  were  attacked  by  a 
disease  from  which  no  one  was  exempt,  and  which  was 
especially  fatal  to  childi-en.  It  was  a  kind  of  hoojiing- 
cough,  which  turned  to  a  pleurisy.  People  imagined  that 
there  was  witchcraft  in  it,  and  the  physicians  were  the  first 
to  spread  this  opinion.  When  tho  popular  mind  is  once 
stmck,  their  imagination  carries  them  pretty  far,  and  at 
certain  times  all  are  swayed  by  public  opinion.  It  was 
afterwards  published  that  a  fiery  crown  had  been  seen  in 
the  air;  that  piteous  voices  had  been  heard  at  Three 
Hivers ;  that  a  fiery  canoe  had  appeared  near  Quebec,  and 
at  another  place  a  man,  all  on  fire,  and  surrounded  by  a 
whirlwind  of  flames ;  that  on  Isle  Orleans  a  woman  had 
heard  lier  unborn  child  sobbing :  and  all  this  was  followed 
by  the  apparition  of  a  comet,  which  completed  the  ten'or 
of  the  masses,  to  whom  this  phenomenon  is  never  a  matter 
of  indifference,  especially  in  times  of  calamity.' 

Yet  amid  these  alarms,  and  in  the  very  height  of  the 
storm,  calm  suddenly  appeared.  Prisoners  escaping  from 
the  Iroquois  towns,  brought  tidings  that  there  were  a  score 
of  Frenchmen  at  Onondaga  whoso  lives  had  been  spared, 
and  who  enjoyed  quite  a  degree  of  liberty;  that  in  the 
same  canton  a  cabin  had  been  transformed  into  a  chapel, 
where  a  great  many  Christians,  French,  Hurons,  Iroquois, 
and  Algonquins,  met  regularly  to  perform  their  devo- 
tions ;'  that  the  matrons,  who  are  the  important  body  in 
the  State,"  had  had  no  share  in  tho  plot  which  had  forced 
Mr.  Dupuys  to  retu'e,  and  that  they  had  for  a  whole  week 
mourned  with  theii*  childx-en  over  the  departure  of  the 
missionaries ;  in  conclusion,  that  in  the  cantons  of  Cayuga 
and  Oneida,  there  were  Christians  who  inviolably  preserved 
the  faith.' 


'  Relation  de  la  N.  F.,  1661,  p.  2. 

••'  lb.,  pp.  8,  37. 

'  As  to  the  matronu  and  theli  in- 


fluence, see  Lafitau,  Moeurs  dea  Sau- 

vagos,  i.,  pp.  76,  474  ;  Hel.,  1071,  p.  6. 

*  CLaumonot,  Autobiog.,  p.  73. . 


I 


1661. 


HISTORY  OP  NEW  FRANCE. 

A  short  timo  after,  the  enemy's  war-parties  vanished 
almost  entirely,  and  towards  the  mouth  of  July  two  canoes 
were  descried,  from  Montreal,  advancing  with  a  flag  of 
truce.  They  were  allowed  to  approach,  and  men  beheld  the 
Iroquois  land  with  as  much  assurance  as  the  most  faithful 
allies  coiild  display.  They  were  deputies  from  the  cantons 
of  Onondaga  and  Cayuga,  and  one  of  them  was  the  most 
renowned  chief  of  the  latter  canton,  an  old  host  of  Father 
Mesnard,  and  at  all  times  the  most  avowed  fiiend  of  the 
French.  They  brought  back  four  Frenchmen,  whom  they 
proposed  to  exchange  for  eight  Caj-ngas,  held  as  prisoners 
at  Montreal,  and  they  even  promised  to  give  up  all  the 
other  Frenchmen  Avhom  they  controlled,  if  we  would  sur- 
render all  the  braves  of  the  two  cantons  -nrhom  we  had  in 
our  hands.' 

They  also  handed  to  Mr.  de  Maisonneuve  a  letter  signed 
by  all  the  French  captives  in  the  same  cantons.  It  stated 
that  they  were  treated  quite  well,  and  that  all  minds 
seemed  inclined  to  peace ;  but  that  if  the  authorities  re- 
fused to  listen  to  die  two  deputies,  all  the  French  in  the 
country  would  be  pitilessly  burnt  at  the  stake  on  their 
return.  The  governor  replied  to  the  deputies  that  he 
would  write  to  Viscount  d'Argenson,  to  whom  alone  it 
belonged  to  accept  or  reject  such  propositions,  and  that 
while  awaiting  his  orders  they  might  remain  in  the  fort, 
where  they  should  enjoy  complete  liberty." 

At  first.  Viscount  d'Ai'genson  seemed  little  disposed  to 
enter  into  negotiations ;  but  considering  that,  in  the  con- 
dition in  which  the  colony  was,  a  patched-up  peace,  pro- 
vided they  kept  on  their  guard,  was  better  than  the  pro- 
longation of  a  war  which  they  were  not  in  a  condition  to 
maintain,  he  changed  his  mind.  A  drowning  man  will 
grasp  at  a  twig  that  he  knows  will  break  in  his  hands,  if 


87 


'  Their  wtimpum  belts  are  ex-  '  Relation  de  la  N.  F.,  1661,  p.  8  ; 
plained  at  length  in  Relation  de  la  Jucherenu,  Histoire  de  I'Hotel  Dieu 
N.  F.,  1601,  pp.  7,  8  de  Quebec,  pp.  131-4. 


88 


HISTOUT  OP  NEW  FRANCE. 


1661.     he  finds  no  other.    The  greatest  difficulty  was  to  gi-ant  a 

^-^v '  missionary  to  tlio  two  cantons,  who  proposed  peace  only  on 

FiitlierLo  this  Condition.'     The  viscount  sounded.  Father  le  Moyne, 

^sent"  to"  '^vho  Unhesitatingly  replied  that  he  was   ready  to  start. 

theinhoine!  This  was  the  fifth  time  that  this  religious  had  sacrificed 

himself  on  such  occasions  :  he  embraced  this  one  eagerly, 

believing  it  beyond  all  fail  that  he  would  lay  down  his 

Dnron     life  for  the  cause  of  God  and  the  safety  of  the  colony." 

relieves  tin     lu  the  midst  of  all  this.  Baron  d'Avaugour   arrived 

d'Argensou  from   France'  to   relieve  Viscount   d'Aigenson,  who  had 

been  impelled  to  solicit  a  recall  bj  ill  health,*  the  slight 

support  he  received  from  tht  New  Franco  Company,  and 

some  private  troubles  incessantly  excited  against  him  by 

ill-minded  men.'    The  new  governor  was  amazed  to  see 

himself  put  in  charge  of  a  colony  so  gone  to  wreck.     He 

began  by  visiting  all  the  posts,  and,  after  that  visit,  he  said 

that  ho  was  charmed  with  Canada ;  that  its  value  was  not 

understood  in  France ;  but  that  he  could  not  conceive  how 

his  predecessors  had  held  their  gi-ound  as  they  really  did, 

with  so  little  resources  ;  that  he  would  lay  it  all  before  the 

kuig,  and  that  if  the  troops  and  supplies  that  had  been 

promised  him  were  not  sent  at  once,  ho  would  not  wait 

for  the  appointment  of  a  successor  before  returning  to 

France.    This  general  was  a  resolute  and  highly  upright 


'  Relation  tie  la  N.  F.,  1001,  p.  9 ; 
M.  Mnrio  do  I'lncamntion,  Lcttro 
Oct.,  1001  ;  Bishop  Luval,  Report  to 
the  Propaganda,  Oct.  31,  1001,  in 
Faillon,  Hi«t.  de  la  Colonie,  ii.,  4.52. 

''  Relation  de  la  N.  F.,  1001,  p.  0, 
says  nothing  of  D'Argenson's  action. 
The  ni'ws  of  the  coming  of  the  am- 
hassadors  arrived  June  29  ;  and  .luly 
2,  Fathers  ChaunKinot  and  Le  Moyne 
went  up  to  Montreal — the  former  to 
represent  the  Uoveriior,  the  latter 
to  go  to  t)uondaga,  and  lie  in  fact 
Het  out  from  Montreal  on  tlie  21st: 
Lalemant,  Journal;  Kelatiou  de  la 
N.  F.,  y.  ai. 


^  Aug.  31,  1001 :  Lalemant,  Jour- 
nal ;  Relation  de  la  N.  F.,  1001,  p. 
10. 

■•  DoUicr  do  C'asson,  Histoire  de 
Montreal.     lie  sailed  to  France  Sept. 

19,  IPOl  (Lalemant,  Journal),  and 
the  new  Governor  then  took  com- 
mand. D'Argenson's  commission 
liore  date  Jan.  20,  lOO'i  :  Menioires 
Bur  les  Ponsessious  en  Amerique,  iii., 
p.  422  ;  Edits  et  Ordonnances,  iii.,  p. 

20.  His  term  of  three  years  i)egnn 
with  his  arrival  at  Quebec,  July  11, 
10.)8. 

■'  Lettresde  Marie del'Incarnation, 
Oct.,  lOUl, 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


39 


man ;  Imt  bo  prided  himself  too  much  on  these  qualities,  1 660. 
and  conld  not  adapt  himself  to  eircumstauces.  Ho  had  "■"■'■^f~~' 
campaigned  in  Hungary  with  great  distinction ;  but  in 
Canada  he  had  loss  opportunity  to  display  his  good  quali- 
ties than  occasion  to  show  his  defects,  and  in  the  brief 
period  of  his  rule  in  the  colony,  they  subjected  him  to 
many  annoyances." 

Father  le  Moyno  had  set  out  when  tho  Baron  d' Avail-  Nortinvnrd 
gour  reached  Quebec ;  and  while  that  missionary  was  on  '^7i"ie"mi«- 
his  way  to  eudeav.-  ■  to  reconcile  the  Iroquois  and  the   '''°"'"'"'*' 
French,  Fathers  DreuiUettes  and  Dablon  were  endeavor- 
ing to  penetrate  to  tho  Northern  Ocean,  by  ascending  t^e 
Saguenay."    Early  in  July,  two  months  after  they  set  out, 
they  foiuul  themselves  at  the  head-waters  of  tho  Nekouba 
river,'  which  emi^ties  into  Lake  St.  Jean,  and  there  expe- 
rienced excessive  heat,  which  they  ascribed  in  part  to  tho 
altitude  of  the  land,  having,  according  to  their  account, 
ascended  constantly  for  a  hundred  leagues.* 

Lake  St.  Jean  is  the  real  source  of  the  Saguenay,  and  of  Description 
several  other  rivers  ;  it  is  twenty  leagues  in  circumference,  gt.  j'oim. 
and  oval  in  form.  Tho  many  isles  that  stud  its  bosom 
make  most  agreeable  points  in  the  landscape,  and  its  shores 
are  lined  with  noble  trees ;  but  this  part  would  not  per- 
haps be  found  so  charming,  if  you  were  not  compelled, 
before  reaching  it,  to  traverse  the  most  fearful  deserts. 
This  is  a  reflection  that  travellers  should  make,  and  which 
would  often  save  them  from  exaggerations  which  aflect 
their  credit." 

Father  Dablon  mentions,  in  his  journal,  a  very  singular 
disease,  but  which  they  assured  him  was  quite  common  in 
these  northern  countries.    A  person  suddenly  becomes  a 


'  For  eome  of  his  petty  trouhlee, 
see  Canada  Doc,  II,,  i.,  pp.  liTo-398. 

"  Lalemont,  Journal,  May  11  ;  Ht-l. 
de  la  N.  F.,  lOlil,  j).  13.  Tiny  went 
to  establish  the  mission  ol'  St.  Fniucis 
Xavier  of  the  Kiristinons  (.Crees). 


'  Nekouba  was  the  place  where  a 
kind  of  fair  was  held.  Dal. Ion 
gives  it  as  49'  20  N.,  305'  10'  W. ; 
Relation  de  la  N.  F.,  KiOl,  p.  17. 

'  The  H(>1.  for  10(11.  p.  K,  savs  SO. 

'  Relation  de  la  N.  F.,  1001,  p.  14. 


•  i 


^  .il'i 


40 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


V  " 


1660. 


Extraonli- 
iiiiry  mal- 
ady. 


lunatic  and  hypochondriac,  his  disease  soon  degenerating 
into  mania.  In  tliis  condition  the  patient  is  seized  wHh 
such  a  rabid  hunger  for  human  flesh,  that  he  springs  like 
a  famished  wolf  on  all  ho  meets.  In  proportion  as  ho 
finds  wherewith  to  glut  this  hunge"  it  grows  like  thirst  in 
dropsy;  and,  accordingly,  they  never  fail  to  kiU  at  once 
any  one  seized  with  this  disease.' 

The  source  of  the  Nekouba  river  was  then  a  place  of 
trade,  which  gathered  almost  all  the  northern  nations. 
Yet  it  was  so  wretched  a  laud,  that  it  was  said,  as  a  by- 
word, that  the  very  mosquitoes  could  not  find  a  living 
there.  At  this  place  the  missionaries  found  a  very  great 
number  of  Indians  expecting  them,  and  among  them  Chris- 
tians and  proselytes.  These  they  instracted,  administer- 
ing the  sacraments."  To  the  heathen  they  announced  the 
kingdom  of  God,  and  baptized  some.  They  could  not  pro- 
ceed any  further,  being  warded  of  the  approach  of  the 
Iroquois,  and  of  their  quite  recent  destruction  of  a  nation 
known  as  the  Squin'el  Tribe.' 

Another  missionary.  Father  Bailloquet,  who  had  de- 
scended the  St.  Lawrence  from  Tadoussac  to  the  entrance 
of  the  gulf,  was  still  more  fortunate.  He  visited  seven  or 
eight  towns,*  constituting  as  many  difierent  tribes,  all  of 
the  Algonquin  language.  He  everywhere  found  Indians 
who,  to  become  good  Christians,  needed  only  instruction : 
he  baptized  several,  and  especially  a  mimber  of  dying  chil- 
dren, and  left  a  harvest  well  prepared,  which  he  trusted  to 
gather  in  the  ensuing  jear.  These  nations  now  scarcely 
subsist,  and  it  is  not  easy  to  say  wLat  became  of  them.' 

As  autumn  approached,  letters  from  Father  le  Moyne, 


'  Relation  de  la  Nouvelle  France, 
1661,  p.  15. 

« lb.,  p.  17. 

>  lb.,  p.  21. 

*  Papinncliois,  Bersiamitcs,  Nation 
des  Monta  Peluz,  Oumainiouek,  etc. : 


1661,  p.  39 ;  Lalemant,  Journal,  Oct. 
24, 1661. 

'  lb.  The  whole  number  of  In- 
dians, of  all  tribes,  on  the  Labrador 
peninsula  is  now  estimated  at  less 
than  4,000  :  Hind's  Explorations  in 


Relation   de   la   Nouvelle    France,    Labrador,  ii.,  p.  117. 


I 


HISTORY   OF   NEW  FRANCE. 


41 


dated  at  Onondof^a,  roaclied  Quebec'  That  missionary 
had,  on  his  way,  run  nuuiy  dauf^crs  from  tlio  Muhawks, 
Oueidiis,  and  Houecas,  who  had  not  taken  part  in  the 
deputation  of  tho  other  two  cantons."  Ho  at  hist,  without 
any  untoward  accident,  arrived  within  two  leaf^ues  of  Onon- 
dafja,"  and  there  found  tho  great  chief  of  that  canton, 
named  Garakouthie,'  who  awaited  him  witli  a  numerous 
retiuuo  to  do  him  honor.  He  was  the  more  surprised 
at  this,  as  it  is  not  the  custom  among  the  Indians  to  go 
more  than  a  quarter  of  a  league  to  meet  deputies ;  but 
his  astonishment  ceased  when  he  knew  Avell  the  chief  who 
paid  him  this  compliment. 

Garakouthie  was  Indian  only  in  bii'th  and  education ; 
and  with  all  tho  good  qualities  that  it  is  impossible  not  to 
recognize  in  his  nation,  he  had  an  excellent  disposition, 
great  milduesG,  a  superior  intellect,  and  great  uiirightuess. 
His  exploits  in  war,"  and  his  dexterity  in  swaying  minds  in 
council,  had  acquired  for  him  great  influence  in  his  nation  ; 
and  it  was  his  most  ordinary  employment  to  use  it  in  all 
cases  to  lorevont  violent  measures,  and  to  bring  about 
peace  with  the  French,  whom  he  loved  sincerely.  He  had 
given  strong  proofs  of  this  feeling,  by  rescuing  from  the 
hands  of  the  Mohawks  a  great  many  of  the  French ;  and 
all  who  were  at  the  time  prisoners  in  his  canton,  or  in  the 
others,  owed  their  lives  to  him. 

By  a  refinement  of  policy,  which  surprises  us  in  an  In- 


1661. 


Kcccption 
({iveri  to 
Father  lo 
Mnyiio  nt 
Oiiuuiiuga. 


Clmrncter 

ol'Ciiiriikon- 

tliic. 


18, 


If  In- 

tndor 

less 

ns  in 


'  Letters  Aug.  25  and  Sopt.  11, 
IGGl,  dated  from  the  Onnoutaghe 
C'lmi)el :  Relation  de  la  Nouvelle 
France,  1G61,  p.  31. 

''  Senecas  are  not  mentioned  :  lb., 
p.  33. 

'■'  They  landed  first  at  Otiatanhe- 
gue. 

■*  (JarakontUie  (The  Sun  who 
■Walks)  was  ai'iiarently  an  orator, 
not  a  sachem,  and  not  a  war-cliief 
exertinj;  u  personal  influence,  as 
Red  Jacket  did.     He  is  not  men- 


tioned in  connection  with  the  settle- 
ment of  St.  Mary  of  Oanentalia  by 
any  of  the  writers  at  that  finie,  and 
it  is  absolutely  contrary  to  all  autlior- 
itj'  to  make  him  tlu^  projector  of  that 
movement.  He  probably,  with  true 
Inilian  caution,  watched  the  French 
and  their  missii)nuries,  and  at  last 
came  to  the  conclusion  that  guided 
all  his  subseciuent  conduct,  that  tho 
true  ix)licy  for  the  Indians  was  to 
adopt  the  civilization  of  tlie  French. 
'  1  find  no  authority  for  this. 


42 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


Heliiud 

piilioy  of 

tliiH  Indian 

cliiul'. 


I      f 


1661.  (Han,  he  did  not  wish  to  load  Father  lo  Moyno  to  his  own 
^'  '  cabin  till  lio  had  conductod  him  to  tlii^  l()dj,'cs  of  all  the 
chiefs  whom  ho  supposed  )io  might  ueod  for  the  ])roject 
which  lio  had  formed.  Ho  wished  all  to  regard  the  peace 
for  which  ho  was  laboring  as  their  omu  Avork,  convinced 
that  if  ho  appeared  to  make  it  his  own  afTair,  some  woiild 
oppose  it  from  jealousj-.'  This  deference  gained  them  all 
to  such  a  point,  that  he  obtained  from  them  nmch  nioro 
than  he  dared  to  exjiect.  On  tho  12th  of  August,  at  tho 
sound  of  a  boll  which  had  remained  at  the  spot  where  tho 
Jesuit  chapel  had  stood,  deputies  assembled  in  his  cabin 
from  Onondaga,  Cayuga,  and  Seneca.  Father  lo  Moyno 
was  invited,  and  after  pronouncing  aloud  a  short  prayer 
in  Iroquois,  ho  declared  that  ho  was  sent  by  Ouonthio, 
whoso  intentions  ho  was  about  to  explain.'^  Ho  then  set 
his  presents  in  tho  midst  of  tho  assembly,  and  spoko  thus  : 
Address  of  "  To  you,  Onondaga,  I  address  my  words.  The  Cayuga, 
Moyno  in  ii  your  SOU,"  camo  to  tell  mo  that  ho  was  deputed  on  your 
thi"t"'"i:aii-  behalf  to  reunite  the  whole  nation  to  me.  Did  you  send 
'""'•  him?"  Ho  was  told  that  the  Cayuga  had  spoken  truly. 
He  gave  a  present,  and  continued  :  "  He  added,  that  if  I 
set  free  all  the  Iroquois  detail  ';d  in  my  prisons,  you  Avould 
restore  to  mo  all  the  French  Avhom  you  hold  as  captives. 
Did  you  authorize  him  to  say  so?"  "  Tho  Cayuga,"  they  an- 
swered, "  had  orders  to  speak  so ;  he  will  not  be  disavowed." 
Ho  gave  a  second  present,  and  resumed  his  speech.  "You 
have  also  declared  to  me  that  you  besought  to  hide  so 
deep  in  the  earth  the  bones  of  the  Iroquois  fallen  in  the 
war,  that  none  Avould  hereafter  think  of  avenging  them, 
and  that  j-ou  desired  the  same  to  bo  done  with  the  French. 
Do  you  make  this  proposition  in  earnest  ?"  Being  assiired 
that  nothing  could  be  more  sincere,  ho  gave  a  third  present, 
and  added  :  "  And,  Seneca,  is  it  true,  as  you  recently  im- 
parted to  me,  that  you  wish  to  be  comprised  in  the  treaty 

'  Relation  dc  la  N.  F.,  1001,  p.  33.     were,  the  head  of  nil  tho  others,  and 
"  lb.  accordingly  styles  them  sons. — (Jlinr 

'  The  canton  of  Onondaga  is,  as  it    hcvu'. 


M 


'  -m 


I    i 


i'jj^ 


I 


IIISTOKY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


43 


I 


I 
-it 


of  pyacp,  aiul  dosiro  to  linvo  Fronchmon  settle  in  your  '661. 
countrj' '?"  A  eliief  replied  that  his  canton  had  really  given  """'^i'~~^ 
that  Older.  Tlu!  Father  gave  him  a  belt,  and  closed,  say- 
ing :  "The  Mohawk  has  always  had  an  ill-dispo.sed  mind. 
I  know  that  he  sends  presents  underhand  to  induce  tho 
others  to  nuuntaiu  tho  war.  I  have  nothing  to  say  to 
him,  except  that  he  will  find  sonio  one  to  speak  to."  Tho 
missionary  then,  laying  aside  his  character  of  envoy  from 
the  governor-general,  turned  his  address  to  religion,  and 
was  listened  to  with  pleasure.' 

They  reassembled  some  days  aft'  iid  the  Iroquois  KcHointion 
spokesman  decdared,  1st.  That  they  would  send  Lack  to  c'oun'ori. 
Onontliio  nine  Frenchmen,  and  if  tho  rest  were  retained 
during  the  winter,  it  was  only  to  keep  company  with  Ou- 
dessou  (Father  le  Moync) ;  2d.  That  Garakonthie  was 
appointed  chief  of  tho  embassy,  and  that  ho  would  deliver 
tho  nine  Frenchmen  to  Onontliio.  Tho  missionary  seemed 
surprised  at  this  resolution,  and  represented  that  they  had 
promised  to  set  all  the  French  at  liberty.  Ho  was  answered 
that  this  could  not  be,  and  he  did  not  deem  it  wise  to 
insist  any  further,  convinced  that  it  would  be  useless. 
Moreover,  the  prisor^^rs  ■vrero  as  well  treated  as  could  bo 
desired." 

This  was  not  the  case  with  those  retained  in  fetters  by  K'lioiriiim 
the  Mohawks  :  they  had  much  to  sufl'er,  and  could  not  feel  jiertei. 
sure  of  a  day's  life.  Among  them  was  ono  young  man  of 
very  good  family,  Francis  Hertel  by  name,"  who  sanctified 
his  captivity  by  a  great  innocence,  perfect  resignation  to 
the  orders  of  Heaven  and  practices  of  piety,  which  inspired 
the  respect  even  of  his  enemies.  Ho  had  a  finger  burned 
and  a  thumb  cut  off,  suffering  these  cruel  operations  with 


H 


^ 


'  Relation  do  la  N.  F.,  1(!(!1,  p.  ;!;3.  Frnnris  MiirgiuTie:  Ferliind,  ("ours 

J'^-  dllistoirc,  \K  4T-.     Ill'  Dtiirui'd  to 

■' Frnucis  llcitcl  was  sou  ot'.Ituin'S  Cuiuida  by  way  of  Ni'W  Voik  and 

HiTti'l,  iiUrriiictiT,  a  native  of  Fe-  Port  lioyallN.V.Col,  Doc.iii.,  p.  l;l-,'), 

camp   in  Normandy,  ami   of    Mary  bic-anu' a  t,aciit  parti«in  ollicer,  and 

Wurguuriii,  BiBtir  of  tUo  iuterprotur  wau  i'uuobl«U  in  lUtil :  lb.,  ix.,  p.  554. 


44 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


H 


if)6i.     uiishiikon   pntionco.     I  naw  him  in  1721,  at  tlio  aj^'o  of 

^^""•"^  •'i^'lity,  full  of  hoiilth  and  Ktrongtli,  tho  wliolo  colcjiiy  boar- 

iuf?  tt'stiiiioiiy  to  liis  viituo  aud  lueiit.     Tliti  himiuoI  of  tliin 

history  will  show  that  I  could  not  pas.s  over  in  silcnet)  tho 

honor  which  ho  did   to  tho  Christian  rdij^'ion,  amid  its 

greatest  enemies.     But  to  return  to  tho  Iroquois  embassy. 

OnmkciM-        Carakonthic  embarked  about  thi'  middle  of  September, 
tlii('' rciuilics         iti  i'1.1  iiif  •  ri- 

MoniRiii.  'Villi  11  tow  (lays  alter,  lie  met  a  haml  ot  warriors  oi  his 
canton  led  by  Outreouhati,  a  cihief  of  reputation.  This 
captain  having  Jjocn  in  irons  at  Montreal,  had  just  avenged 
himself.  Ho  was  loaded  with  scalps  and  spoils,  and  espo- 
cially  paraded  tho  soutane  of  Mr.  lo  Maitro.'  At  this 
spectacle  Garakonthie  seomed  embarrassed.  His  people 
advised  him  to  turn  back,  unable  to  believe  that  after  what 
had  happened  they  would  be  received  as  ambassadors ; 
but,  all  things  considered,  it  was  resolved  to  continue  their 
course :  ho  assured  his  people  that  there  was  no  fear  for 
thorn,  as  long  as  Frenchmen  wore  left  in  their  canton,  and 
that  consideration  for  Father  le  Moyne  alone  would  prove 
their  safeguard.^ 

At  the  end  of  some  days,  meeting  an  Oneida  party,  he 
asked  their  destination,  and  being  told  that  they  wished 
to  eat  some  Frenchmen,  ho  gave  them  presents,  and  in- 
duced them  to  return.^  He  finally  reached  tlio  island  of 
Montreal.*  He  was  there  received  in  a  manner  merited 
by  the  services  which  ho  had  rendered  to  the  French  pris- 
oners in  his  country,  and  the  exertions  which  ho  had  made 
to  establish  peace.  Ho  had  private  interviews  with  tho 
governor-general,  in  which  he  disi^layed  great  wisdom  and 


Eeccption 
givcu  liiui. 


'  Le  Moyne  met  Orreouati  or 
Outrcoulinti  at  OtiiitaDlK'tJilt',  going 
out  to  take  vengeance  on  the  French 
forliaviugput  liini  in  irons:  Relation 
(le  la  Nouvelle  France,  Kilil,  iij).  Ill, 
(i ;  Helmont,  ]i.  11.  An  Outreouati, 
nicknamed  l)y  the  French  (J ramie 
Oueule,  th(!  (Jrnngula  of  I,a  llor.tan, 
appears  subsequently  in  the  time  of 


De  la  Barre:  C'olden,  1737,  p.  80. 
The  actual  murderer  of  Le  Waitre, 
lloandoran,  became  a  Christian,  and 
died  at  the  Sulpitian  Mission  at 
Montreal:  De  Belmont,  MS.  cited 
by  Faillon,  ii.,  p.  Uo. 

-  Relation  de  la  N.  F.,  1001,  p.  iJO. 

■'  II).,  p.  ;>7. 

*  Oct.  5, 1001 :  Relation,  1001,  p.  37. 


Ti 


I 


\i 


.4 

1 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE.  •!.'» 

ability.  Ho  acccptoil  all  tlii>  i)ropoHitioiis  innil(>  t(»  liim,  i^''"". 
uiul  jn'omiHod  to  rotuni  towards  tho  closo  of  spriii^^  with  "^-^ir-"^ 
th(^  ri'st  of  the  Fiviich  MriHoncvH ;  and  so  cotnplctt'ly  did 
tlipy  deem  it  saf('  to  rely  on  his  word,  that  tlioy  ri'storcd 
t(j  him  all  tho  Tnxjuois  whom  ho  askod  :  bnt  they  did  not 
vollrct  sulHcioutly  that,  in  a  govornmont  such  as  that  of 
tho  IiKlians,  it  is  not  always  wise  to  ri'ly  on  tlui  words  of 
a  singlt!  chief,  howovcr  aecroditcd  ho  may  bo,  or  individ- 
ually uprif^'ht.' 

It  is  truo  that  tho  hope  of  a  spocdy  pnaco,  much  nioro  rcnccscoms 
dnrablo  than  any  hitherto  ni'','otiat('d  with  tho  Iroquois,      1662. 
was  not  based  solely  on  tho  cnulit  and  good  intentions  of 
Garakonthie.     Tho  Upper  Cantons  woro  supposed  to  bo  in 
a  condition  to  regard  it  as  noccssary,  because  tho  Andastes 
had  attacked  and  were  repressing  them  vigorously. 

On  tho  other  hand,  war  wan  raging  furiously  between 
tho  Mohawks  and  tho  Mohegans,  wl  0  had  been  joined  by 
tho  Abenaqui  nations ;'  but  ere  long  positive  intelligence 
came,  showing  that  tho  Iroquois  were  not  cither  so  much 
embarrassed  as  was  said,  nor  as  much  iucliued  to  peace  as 
the}-  had  flattered  themselves. 

They  learned  that  tho  Upper  Cantons,  after  repulsing  pcatli  of 
the  Andastos,  had  made  excursions  as  far  as  Virginia,  vignoi."^" 
whence  several  struck  far  into  tho  west.  These,  on  their 
return,  declared  that  they  had  advanced  to  the  sea,  and 
had  seen  people  of  the  same  religion  as  the  French,  which 
leads  to  tho  conjecture  that  they  had  penetrated  to  New 
Mexico  and  the  Gulf  of  California,  commonly  called  in 
French,  la  Mer  FernwlJlc.'  It  would  seem,  also,  that  the 
Mohawks  soon  made  peace  with  the  Mohegans  ;  inasmuch 
as  they,  with  the  Oneidas,  continued  their  war-parties,  and 
approached  Montreal,  where  they  killed  an  ecclesiastic 
named  Vignol.' 


'  Relation  de  la  Nouvelle  Franco,  called   it   Mar  Benm-jo   (Red   Sea), 

lUUl.  p.  :!8.  from  its  sluiiic. 
■' II).,  p.  ;;».  '  liiv.    William   Vifriial   canic  to 

-'  liul.,  1UU2,  ]).  2,    The  Spouiardii  C'auudu  iu  July,  1041,  uud  wan  iinit 


40 


IliSToUV  OK  Ni;\V    FII.VNCK. 


it 


liiiiiiliurt 

t'lucHU. 


\(>()2,  At  lust,  t\v(i  Imiidii'il  OnondaRns  ovorran  ii  f,'oo(l  jmrt  of 
^""^f"""'  tin-  <'ol()iiy,  iiiiit  ill  liroiul  iliiy  attiickcd  scviTiil  settlers  on 
Pciiiii  i.r  tlie  iMldiid  of  Montreiil,  whilo  working  in  tho  fiehlH.  Tlio 
iimjor  of  tlio  eity  Hulliud  out  with  twoiity-Hix  iiion,  well 
iiniied,  to  cover  tlieir  I'etreiit  ;  liiit  liiiviii;^  stnick  to  tlio 
woods  to  eoiu'eid  Ills  iiiiircli  from  tliti  enemy,  hv  HUildeiily 
found  liim.self  lietweon  two  tiroH.  Ho  fought  all  day  lou)^ 
liko  a  Iniivo  man,  and  was  well  Hupported  Ity  his  men,  till, 
ovonvholniod  by  nundiers,  ho  perished  with  all  Iuh  party.' 


ciniiloji'il  lit  mill  ni'iir  ('ii|M'  Urrlmi. 
Kriiui  nils  to  1(157  lii'  >vum  chii|iliun 
to  tlif  I'rHuliiii'H  of  liiu'lH'c.  WhiMi 
till'  Alibi'  Ciui'vluH  wiw  at  Quclicr, 
Mr.  Vimiiil  wiiH  won  Iiy  lihii,  niiil 
^rninj;  tn  I'Vaiiri'  in  lll."is  l)iriimi'  a 
Sul|iitiiiii.  Ilr  raiiii'  nut  ii^^'iiiii  in 
KmII  with  Mr.  l.i'  Mailiv.     On  tlir 

y.-Hll    of    Oil.,     Ililil,    111'    wrnt    Willi 

Honif  wi  rkiiirn  to  llralii  I'irrri' 
(I'lTonoously  culli'il  111-  St.  IMerrt'  oii 
till'  iiiap  in  viihinx'  ii.),  nlittloixliinil 
In  front  of  Montrrul,  now  a  nuTi' 
rork,  to  ffi't  Mlinii',  but  It'll  into  a 
parly  of  OiniiliiH  nnil  MnliiiwkH.  in 
ainlm.-ili.anil  wiih  mortally  woumli'il. 
Alter  two  ilays'  inarcli  In-  wiiH  killi'il 
and  I'lili'u,  not  far  from  Lii  I'rairii' : 
n>\.  ilo  la  N.  F.,  1111)2,  p.  r,  ■  Bri^'cac's 
Letter,  lb.,  ]).!»,  l(iir>,  ji. 'JO;  Ueliiiont, 
Ilittt.,  ]i.  11  :  Laleniant,  .lournal,  Nov, 
1'.',  l(i(i'.i :  M.  Marie  ile  rincarimlion, 
LettrcH  Iliiitori(|ueH.  p.  oO!) ;  Kaillon, 
llistoire  lie  la  Colonie,  ii.,  p.  501; 
Vijfer,  llistoire  de  La  I'rairle,  \>.  (i. 

'  Hapliael  liiinilu.Tt  Clofsi'  was  tho 
{;reiit  Imlian  fighter  of  early  Cana- 
dian aniuilH.  He  was  born  at  St. 
Denis  lie  Mouif,'ue8,  diocese  of 
Treves,  and  came  out  with  M.  Mai- 
Bonneuve.  He  seenm  to  have  been 
appointed  at  once  sert;c;antniajor  of 
the  fiarrison,  and  to  have  been  in 
ciiiistant  service.  Ile  did  not  lake 
up  binds  till  1(150,  when  he  ex- 
plessly  relioniiied  all  claiiii  lor  ple- 
viouH  Borvia'H.     in  1005  hu  received 


autliorily  to  act  u*  ^fovernor  of  tho 
city  in  tliealisenceofMr.de  Malson- 
neuve.  On  the  '^4111  July,  1(157,  ho 
married  Klizalicth  Moyen.  a  f^irl  of 
fourteen,  will),  alter  seiinj;  her  par- 
ents (.hilin  .Moyen,  Sieiir  iles(irailf,'es, 
and  her  nioiher,  Klizalielh  le  Hrest) 
iiiassacred  by  the  Iroipiois  at  Ileaux 
Oies  on  Corpus  Chrisli,  1(155  (M. 
Marie  lie  rincani.,  Oct.  1'.',  1(155), 
hud,  with  her  sister,  been  curried  otl' 
n  cuptlve.  Heslorcd  tho  winie  yeiir, 
Bhe  was  received  iit  the  Hotel  Dieii 
by  Mile.  Malice  ;  Kaiiloii,  ii..  pp. 
'.':!•,•,  l.':!!!.  On  the  ','11  of  February 
following,',  a  fief  of  one  hundred 
acres  was  conferred  upon  hiiu  in 
reward  of  his  services.  He  was  re- 
markably skilful  in  the  use  of  tho 
musket  and  pistol,  and  took  readily 
to  Indian  fijjlitinf;.  His  exploits 
a>;ainst  the  Indians  were  numerous, 
but  the  most  memoralile  were  tlioso 
of  July  lit),  1(151,  and  Oct.  14,  1(152. 
He  enjoyed  the  uni.  rsal  esteem  of 
all  parlies  in  the  colony;  Faillon, 
llistoire  de  la  Colonie  Frani.aise,  ii., 
l)]).  10;),  12(1,  Ml),  Mr,  151,  :iS7,  5l;( ; 
DollierdeCuiHSon  ;  M.  Murie  de  I'ln- 
carnutioii.  Lettre  August  10,1(1(12; 
Juchcrcuu,  llistoiru  de  I'llotel-Dicu 
di;  Quebec,  pp.  '.W.  0  ;  Creuxius,  Hist. 
Can.,  )).  (i(i:t ;  Helution  ile  la  N.  F., 
1(15:1,  p.  ;i:  1(1(12,  pp.  4,5.  Cliarle- 
voix  was  misled  by  the  last  author- 
ity, wbicli  alludes,  ill  fpeakin^-,  ot 
thu  litjht  with  20  men,  to  a  previous 


*■ 

t 


i 


IIIOTOIIY  ol'  NKW   KIIANCK. 


47 


Notliiiig  Imt  (lishoiirtcuiiig  tidiiif^H  camo  from  all  tliriM'-      1662. 
tiiiiis,  iind  lit  tlu)  Hiiiiio  tiiai'  hikI  iiit('lli^j,t'ii('<'  caiiit)  ooiu'crn-   -"^''"~^ 
iiif^  Fiitlii  r  Arcsiiiinl,  wlio  liml  liccii  ^'ruiitcil,  witli  a  hoiui!-  AKinture!* 
what  cxccMHivo  facility,  in  tlio  luoutli  of  Aiip;ii.s(,  llKill,  to  a    Mu»n»ra. 
Hticoml  l>aiitl  of  Ottawas,  who  had  coino  down  from  tho 
wliorcs  of  I^ako  Hnpurior. 

Notwithslaiuliiif^  tlit)  caniostnoHH  dinphiyod  l>y  these  Tn- 
diaiis  to  ol>taiii  this  missionary,  he  soon  perceived  tiiat  ho 
had  littlo  to  hopt^  from  their  diHi)osition  to  ombraco  tho 
faith.  They  not  only  forced  liim  to  row  diirin;^  tlie  wliolo 
voya[,'e,  so  that  Iio  was  compelled  to  take  from  his  hours 
of  sleep  timo  to  say  his  oHice,  but  they  even  carried  their 
brutality  so  fur  as  to  throw  Jiis  broviary  iuto  tho  wator. 
Moroover,  thoir  provisions  van  out,  as  it  ahnost  always 
hapi)ens  to  the  Indians,  and  Father  ]Mesnard  was  rediu.-ed 
to  such  an  extremity  that  tho  most  insipid  and  ruvoltuiy 
food  bocamo  a  delicious  mor"ol  in  his  oyos. 

His  giiides  expocto('.  to  moot  Indians  at  tho  entraueo  of 
Lake  Superior  who  w  iild  give  them  supplies,  but  in  this 
hope  they  wero  disuiipointod.  Somo  timo  after,  a  falling 
trco  crushed  tho  cauoo  iii  which  tho  missionary  was,  and 
ho  was  loft  alono  at  tho  spot  with  three  nu'ii,  but  Avitli 
uo  provisions.  Fortunately  thoy  pirceived  a  ([uautity  of 
bones  on  tho  shore  ;  those  they  poundiid  and  made  into  a 
kind  of  broth,  which  supiiortod  them  for  sonu;  timo.  In  a 
letter  received  after  his  death,  tho  servant  of  God  declared 
that  uothiug  served  more  to  sustain  him  amid  so  many 


action,  nppnri'ntly  tlint  of  Oct.  11, 
lO.W,  or  thiit  mt'iitioncd  in  Hoi., 
1(1.');).  In  tlic  liuttlc  in  wliii-li  ho  frll 
lie  liiid  lint  twelve  men  :  M.  Miirie  de 
I'lucanmtlon,  licttre  .\ng.  10.  Only 
thrci'  were  killed  beside.i  hiniselt'; 
Laleniunt,  Journid,  .March  'i'i,  lUd'J  ; 
He^nstre  do  Montreal,  Feb.,  1003; 
Belmont  p.  13.  Ho  went  to  tho 
aid  of  some  workmen  attacked  liy 
the  IriKiuois;  but  the  cowardice  of 
a  Dutch  servant,  who  took  tlight, 


emboldened  tli(>  enemy,  and  ('low"''8 
pistolH  misHinj;  lire,  he  wan  killed 
before  he  could  adjuHt  them.  (  Iohno 
acted  also  at  .Montreid  nn  notary  and 
grellier:  l''aillon,  Ilisloire,  iii.,  p.  ol!0. 
He  left  only  one  daughter.  .lano 
Cecilia.  His  services  were  not  for- 
gotten after  his  death.  In  1(JT2 
another  lief  was  granted  to  Ids 
widow,  and  the  street  St.  Landiert 
WU.S  so  named  in  honor  of  his  patrou 
wuut. 


II.-,  ' 


48 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


It 


K 

V 


I  fj 


1662.     crosses,  tliau  these  words,  adtlresseil  to  liim  by  the  bishop  of 

^—"^^""^  Petraca,  whom  he  had  met  betweeu  Tliree  llivers  and  Mou- 

Adventures  trcal :  "  All  kiuds  of  reasons,  my  dear  Father,  should  retain 

Mesmird'  you  here ;  but  God,  more  powerful  than  all  our  reasons, 

wills  you  in  the  country  whither  you  go." ' 

At  the  end  of  six  days,  they  came  to  conduct  him  to  the 
place  chosen  for  their  wintering ;  this  was  a  bay  on  the 
southern  shore  of  Lake  Sujierior.  He  arrived  there  on 
the  15th  of  October,  and  gave  it  the  name  of  St.  Teresa, 
whose  festival  is  celebrated  on  that  day.  There  ho  found 
some  Christians  of  various  nations,  who  gave  him  sufficient 
employment,  and  he  increased  their  number  by  some  pre- 
destined souls,  for  whose  salvation  Divine  Providence 
seemed  I0  him  to  have  conducted  him  into  those  wilds. 
These  are  those  secret  sprmgs  of  God's  goodness,  mani- 
fested only  to  those  whom  it  deigns  to  use  to  work  the  mir- 
acles of  His  grace,  and  a  knowledge  of  which  diffuses  over 
their  labors  an  unction  which  they  alone  are  able  to  relihu." 
In  the  letter  ah-eady  cited,  the  apostolic  man  added, 
that  the  piety  of  some  Frenchmen,  who  had  accompanied 
him  on  this  expedition,  also  contributed  greatly  to  dimin- 
ish sensibly  the  grief  which  he  felt  on  beholding  the  hard- 
ness of  heart  of  most  of  those  for  whose  salvation  he  had 
exposed  himself  to  so  many  perils.  These  savages  always 
maintained  the  treatment  which  they  had  kept  up  through- 
out the  voyage,  -md  he  soon  perceived  that  ft  hat  prevented 
theii"  hearing  him,  when  ho  wished  to  speak  to  them  of 
religion,  was  the  fear  of  drawing  on  them  the  miseries 
which  had  overwhelmed  the  Hurona  :  moreover,  polygamy 
was  very  prevalent  among  thqm. 


'  Uelntion  de  la  N.  F.,  1604,  p.  2  ; 
Letter  of  Aug.  27,  1600  ;  Helatiim, 
1000,  i>.  29.  Tli(>  party  with  whom 
Menard  went  cauu'  down  with  Dcs 
Oroscillers,  who  had  penetrated  to 
the  Nation  de  Boeuf  (Sioux  Seilen- 
taires),  and  now  brouglit  down  in 
20  days  from  Lake  Superior  00  ca- 


noes of  Ottawaswith  200.000  livresof 
furs  :  Lalemant,  Journal,  Aug.,  1060. 
Father  AU)anel  set  out  also,  hut  was 
forced  to  return  :  lb.,  Sept,  14,  1660. 

«  Relation  do  la  N.  F,,  1604,  p.  3  ; 
Relation,  10(i;!,  p.  18. 

'  Letters  of  Aluy  1  and  July  2, 
1000  ;  Relation,  1004,  pp.  2-0. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


49 


ill- 


,Tl'S  of 

1(!U0. 

it  was 

ICOO. 

,p.3; 


as 


•* 


At  last,  after  moro  than  ciglit  months'  stay  iu  this  1662 
wretched  phxce,  where  he  lived  on  little  else  than  acorns 
and  the  bark  of  trees  pounded,  with  a  little  oil  to  season  A.ivoiitnrca 
them,  ho  was  invited  by  some  Hnrons  who  had  settled  iu  Mc-mird^ 
the  island  of  Chagouamigon'  or  St.  Michael,  at  the  western 
extremity  of  the  lake.  Some  of  the  Frenchmen  in  his 
party  had  made  the  jonruej-,  and  used  every  endeavor  to 
divert  him  from  undertaking  it :  they  assured  him  that 
it  was,  at  least,  a  hundred  lea^^ues ;  that  the  roads  were 
fearful ;  and  that  it  was  against  all  the  dictates  of  prudence 
to  undertake  it  iu  his  exhausted  state.  He  replied,  that 
he  could  not  end  his  course  more  gloriously  than  in  seek- 
ing to  gain  souls  to  Christ ;  and  on  the  IJith  of  June,  in 
the  year  IGGl,  he  set  out  with  John  Chierin,  a  very  holy 
man,  who  had  been  for  over  twenty  years  in  the  service  of 
the  missionaries.' 

He  parted  regretfully  with  the  other  Frenchmen  and  his 
neophytes,  wlio  had  hitlierto  been  his  sole  comfort.  On 
taking  farewell,  he  was  deeply  affected,  assuring  them  that 
they  Avould  no  longer  see  him  in  life ;  and  he  left  them 
deeply  touched  to  see  him  hasten  to  almost  certain  death. 
Some  Hurons  had  come  to  servo  as  his  guides ;  but  as 
they  approached  their  village,  they  left  him,  saying  that 
they  were  going  to  seek  provisions.  Father  Mesnard, 
feeling  exhausted,  stopjied  to  wait  their  return  ;  but  .hen 
two  -weeks  passed  \vithout  any  one  appearing,  he  set  out 
.iu  a  canoe,  which  he  chanced  to  find  on  the  bank  of  a 
river.' 

On  the  20tli  of  xVugust,'  ho  was  obliged  to  walk  some 
distance  to  avoid  a  rapid ;  and  while  his  companion  was 
engaged  in  carrying  over  the  canoe  and  loading  it,  the 


'  Tliis  nami'  is  jicncrally  given  to  tliat  thu  Ilnrons  were  at  C'hagoiine- 

n   cclcbi'ati'd   liay   opfxisitc   St.    Mi-  gon  ;  nor  is  it  the  fact, 

chad's  island.  l>Ht  it  id  the  i)ro|)er  •'  Relation  de  la  N.  F.,  KKil!,  r..  21. 

name  ot'  tin"  island  itself. — Cltmie-  ^  11). 

■ctiix.     The  Relation  de  hi  Nouvello  ^  lOlh  of  August :  Relation,  1UU3, 

France,  lUtio,   ]).   20,  does  not  say  p.  21. 

Vol.  Ul.— 4 


^ 


50 


HISTORY   OF   NEW   FRANCE. 


i 


1662.  missionary  cntcrod  tlic  ■wood  and  lost  his  way.  Gnerin, 
^■^. —  after  awaiting  liini  for  a  considerable  time,  began  to  call 
His  deatli.  liiui  at  the  top  of  Lis  voice  ;  he  then  fired  his  gnn  several 
times,  but  all  in  vain  :  ho  even  M-cnt  iu  various  directions 
through  the  wood,  without  discovering  any  thing.  Then, 
not  knowing  what  to  do,  and  satisfied  that  the  Hurons 
were  not  far  oil",  ho  resolved  to  push  on  to  their  village, 
which  he  reached  in  two  days.  Ht;  explained  to  the  In- 
dians, as  well  as  he  could,  the  accident  which  had  befallen 
the  missionary,  and  he  induced  one,  by  a  present  of  pow- 
der and  ball,  to  go  in  search  of  him ;  but  this  man  came 
in  at  the  end  of  two  hours,  saying  that  he  had  seen  the 
enemy.' 
^''■T  vi  of'  '^^^^^  ^^^^  apparently  a  pretext ;  but  be  that  as  it  may, 
his  iimctity.  nothing  certain  was  ever  known  of  Father  Mesnard.  His 
bag  was  found,  s(jme  time  after,  in  the  hands  of  an  Indian, 
W'ho  would  not  tell  where  he  got  it ;'  and  after  a  liipse  of 
severid  years,  his  soutane  and  breviary  Avere  recognized 
in  a  Sioux  lodge,  ■'vhere  a  kind  of  worship  was  i)aid  them, 
the  Indians  ollering  them  all  the  dishes  served  up  at 
ilieir  feasts.'  This  resulted  from  the  high  reputation  of 
sanctity  which  that  religious  enjoyed  among  all  the  na- 
tions of  that  region.  Nor  was  it  less  among  the  French, 
and  indeed  New  France  had  not  at  the  time  a  more  accom- 
plished missionary.  Heaven  had  especially  eiuhjwed  him 
with  a  rare  talent  for  gaining  the;  Indian  mind :  this  had 
a2)peared  especially  iu  the  short  time  ho  spent  among  the 
Cayugas.* 


1 


'  Relation  de  la  N.  P.,  1003,  p.  23. 

3  Perrot,  Moeurs,  Coustuime,  ct 
Ri'litridii  (Us,  pauvajrcs,  p.  i)'i. 

■>  Kt;lation  do  la  N.  F.,  1003,  p.  23. 
Thwe  is  iin  uncortaiiity  ns  to  tlie 
))lac('  of  Father  Mriinid's  dentil. 
Bancrot't  siipjinsis  liiiii  to  imvc 
crossi'il  lli(^  ]iininsLiln  towiinis  Clic- 
goiiiiegon  l)y  way  of  Ki'wi'cna  Luke 
and   Portngo  (iii.,  1  IT) ;  but  as  wr 


know  that  the  Hurons  were  on 
Black  River  at  th((  time  (Perrot,  p. 
87 ;  Rel.,  KiOO,  pp.  12.  2T>.  not  liaving 
followed  tlie  Ottawas  to  Che^^oime- 
gon,  Menard  would  seem  to  have 
proceeded  to  Black  River  trom  Ke- 
'.veenaw,  and  to  have  iierished  at 
the  i':r|pld,  within  u<layV  journey  of 
a  bluti'  where  the  Huron  tort  is  still 
diseeruilile;  Historical  Magazine, 
viii.,  )),  175. 


i 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


61 


His  servant  rcnifiiiicd  but  a  very  sliort  time  with  the 
Hurons,  and  then  returned  to  the  French,  whom  he  had 
k^ft  at  St.  Teresa  Bay.  There  he  spent  the  winter,  bap- 
tizing' over  two  Inmdred  dying  cliikh'en,  the  most  of  them 
Ottawas  (Outoouais). 

The;  next  summer  he  made  several  excursions ;  and  one 
day,  wliea  the  rain  compelled  him  to  take  shelter  under  his 
canoe,  tlie  gun  of  one  of  his  eonu'ades  going  oft'  acci- 
dentally, killed  him  while  he  was  at  prayer.  He  merely 
had  time  to  pronounce  the  holy  name  of  Jesus.'  Such 
was  the  result  of  the  second  voyage  which  the  Ottawas 
made  with  missionaries.  After  this  they  had  none,  till 
they  settled  with  other  Indians  better  disposed  than  they 
to  receive  the  gospel ;  nor  did  they  derive  greater  profit 
from  the  advantages  which*  Heaven  afforded  them.  So 
that,  down  to  this  time,  they  have  had  no  part  scarcely  in 
the  kingdom  of  God,  except  by  the  children  whom  it  was 
possible  to  baptize  at  the  point  of  death." 

Meanwhile,  notwithstanding  the  last  hostilities  of  the 
Onondagas,  Father  le  Mojne  quite  freely  discharged  iu 
that  canton  all  the  functions  of  his  ministry.  It  did  not 
indeed  escape  him  from  the  first,  that  all  minds  were  not 
equally  disposed  to  peace  ;  but  he  thought  it  best  to  dis- 
semble, and  this  course  proved  successful.  Garakonthie 
returned  loaded  with  presents,  and  charmed  with  the  cor- 
dial manners  of  the  French.  He  was  gi'eatly  surprised  to 
find  a  part  of  his  nation  in  sentiments  so  diftereut  from 
those  in  which  he  had  left  them ;  and  what  he  heard  of 
the  defeat  of  the  major  of  Montreal,  touched  him  greatly. 
He  soon  became  aware  that  they  distrusted  him  ;  and  had 
not  his  firmness  been  proof  to  any  test,  there  would  have 


1662. 


Dentil  of 
Ills  survunt. 


^ 


'  Relation  dc  la  N.  F..  KiC.:!,  \>.  'i:i. 
John  (iui'rin  dii'd  in  Srpt..  Itili'J 
(Liilpmiint,  Jdunuil,  Auj/.  ."i,  l(i(i;!), 
when  till-  nt'ws  of  Uu'  driith  of 
Mi'nanl  and  (huTin  iuiivcd,  11  tlo- 
tillii  of  ;J5  canoL'H  and  loO  Indiuus, 


with  seven  Fnnclinicn.  having  corat) 
down. 

•  The  niiiisions  were  continued  by 
Father  Allouez  (1{.>1„  ICiOo,  p.  !)),  liy 
Miiniuelte.  who  took  them  to  Mack- 
inaw, und  hy  others. 


I* 


52 


I'  I 


J  I. 


•»?,■ 


I  4 


1662. 


FatluT  la 
JldVim  re- 

liiriis  to 


Willi  illl 

Ficiii-'li 
Iirii*"m-'i-s. 


HISTORY  OP  NEW   FRANCE, 

hocn  a  danger  of  his  being  disavoM-cd  l)y  tlio  very  men 
Avho  liad  deputed  to  the  governor-general.' 

In  tliis  crisiH,  ho  acted  with  a  i)rndencG  and  adroitness 
that  Avould  have  done  lionor  to  a  man  trained  in  the  man- 
'^'  '""i'l'iu  ligament  of  the  most  refined  poHey  ;  and  he  succeeded  in 
coni2)leting  his  work.  The  treaty  was  ratified  l)y  the  threo 
Coiuiiii'i  "f  c'juitons,  and  all  the  French  prisoners  were  oiven  up  to 
tii''^-  Father  lo  Moyne,  who  brought  them  all  to  Montreal,"  ex- 
cept one,  Avho  died  a  martyr  to  conjugal  chastity."  'J-'-^y 
had  endeavored  to  force  him  to  marry  in  the  cabin  where 
he  Avas  a  slave  :  ho  refused,  on  the  groi;nd  that  he  had  a 
wife,  and  that  his  religion  did  not  permit  him  to  have  two. 
This  reply  did  not  alter  his  master's  determination,  and  that 
Indian,  after  frequently  threatening  to  kill  him,  if  he  did 
not  comply  with  his  wish,  fulfilled  his  threat  by  tomahawk- 
uig  him. 

Mr.I'onclier 

conr'tVorep- gour   that   Garakontliie 

neacs-itius  1->iit  the  information  that  he  received  from  all  quarters 
Jbrance!  ^^  *'°  '^vliat  was  going  on  in  the  cantons,  gave  him  the 
deepest  concern.  By  the  last  vessels  that  sailed  from 
Quebec,  this  general,  and  all  the  persons  in  office  in  the 
country,  had  written  strongly  to  the  court,  to  implore  tjio 
king  to  take  under  his  protection  a  colony  which  was 
iitterly  abandoned  and  reduced  to  the  last  extremity. 
They  had  committed  their  memorials  to  the  Sieur  Bou- 
cher, who  commanded  at  Three  llivers ;  and  much  was 
hoped  from  the  zeal  of  that  ofHcer,  who  was  oetter  ac- 
quainted with  Canada  than  any  other,  and  whose  virtues 
fitted  him  in  the  highest  degree  to  obtain  a  favorable  hear- 
ing from  the  prince.* 


The  return  of  the  others  fully  convinced  Baron  d'Avau- 

had  negotiated   in   good   faith ; 


'  Relation  de  la  Nouvello  France,  In   Kifll  :   Relation  do   la  Nouv(!ne 

16(53,  p.  11.  Fiantv'.  l(l(i-',  \\  14. 

Mle  arrived  ;nst  Aug.,  lOiii  (l{il.,  '  noiK-licr,    llistoire  Vcntnblc   do 

16(i2,  ]>.  Vi).  and  at  Qudn'O  Sejit    l.') ;  la  Noiivdle  Fniiici',  l',>ni(),  Kifil ;  M. 

Journal  1)1'  KiiiIk  1-  Lul.-iiiaiil.  Marii'  dr  I'lucarnation,  Lettre  (il,  p. 

'^  Lttliberti',  tttkuu  at  Throe  Rivers  574. 


f 


UISTOKY  OF  NEW  FRANCE, 


68 


lie 
I;  M. 
l-l.  1'. 


Ho  WiiR  iiulood  vory  well  roceivcil  by  his  ninjosty,  who     1662. 
inaiiil'estod  f^'rniit  snrpviHo  on  loarninp;  tiiat  so  fine  a  coim-  ^~'^r—~^ 
try  had  met  with  such  ncf^lect.     Tho  king  then  ap])oiutecI  tiic  kimj 

-Kri-^ri  •  1  ''I'i  1  1'  1  SOUcIs  uid. 

Mr.  (le  3Ionts  eomnussarv,  to  visit  it,  and  convey  Jus  onlers. 
He  also  commanded  four  hundred  men  of  his  regular 
troops  to  be  S(;nt  over  to  re-enforeo  the  garrisons  of  the 
most  e^tposed  posts.  Mr.  do  Monts  embarked  at  llo- 
chelle  as  soon  as  navigation  was  open ;  and,  on  the  way, 
took  possession,  in  the  king's  name,  of  Plaeentia,  on  the 
island  of  Newfoundland.  His  arrival  at  (Jueboe  caused 
great  joy,  both  l)y  the  actual  aid  which  he  brought,  and 
by  tho  hope  it  inspired  that  still  greater  would  couio  the 
next  year  ;  but  Xew  Franco  needed  more  than  one  kind.' 

Till  tliis  time  the  governor-general  had  pretty  consist-   Abuse  of 
ently  enforced  the  laws  which  they  had  themselves  issued      trade. 
against  the  side  of  liquor  to  the  Indians ;  and  Baron  d'Avau-  oil  ooiuiuet 
gonr  had  ])roniulgated  very  severe  penalties  against  all  who  d'Avmi^'mi'r 
violated  his  ordinances  on  this  important  point.     A  woman     muuer. 
of  Quebec   happening   to   bo   caught  transgressing,  was 
at  once  thrown  into  prison.     Father  Lallemant,  at  the  -m- 
treaty  of  her  relatives  or  friends,  thought  that  he  might, 
without  ill  results,  intercede  in  her  belialf.    Ho  called  upon 
the  governor,  Avho  received  him  very  ill.    Without  reliocting 
that  there  was  nothing  inconsistent  in  the  ministers  of  a 
God  who  gave  his  life  to  destroy  sin  and  save  the  sinner 
acting  with  zeal  to  repress  vice,  and  yet  ask  mercy  for  the 
criminal,  the  governor  abruptly  told  him  that  inasmuch  as 
the  litjuor  trade  was  not  a  fault  punishable  in  that  woman, 
it  should  not  be  in  future  in  anybody. 

A  little  more  coolness  would  have  caused  him  to  tell 
the  superior  that  he  did  his  duty  in  interceding  for  the 
woman ;  but  that,  on  his  side,  his  duty  forced  him  to  do 
justice  :  but  d'Avaugour  consulted  only  his  ill-humor  and 


'  Df  Monts  sailed  with  t\vo  laix''  mi!,  Oct.  27,  IfUi'J.     An  extract  of  his 

vi'ssely,   ciirrvinp;   100   soklicrs    and  iiocnuni  is  pvrn  in  tlie  Hcliitidn  do 

200     otliiT     persons,     and     aiiionir  lu  Xouvelii'  Fnini'i',  l(l(l;i.  eli.  ix.,  p. 

tUuui  Mr,  liuuuliur  :  Luluuiaut,  Jour-  'io  ;  M,  Mttrie  du  I'lucuniutiun, 


i 


M 


51 


IIISTOKY   OF   NEW   FHAXCE. 


1662. 


Ciilumnies 

concocted 

on  tliU 

occasion 

nciiinst  tlio 

13islii'|i  1111(1 

mission- 

ariea. 


a  inistivkon  npriglitnoss ;  and,  what  was  worst  of  all,  luado 
it  a  i)oiiit  of  honor  not  to  retract  tho  indi«croot  expression 
that  had  escaped  him.  Tlio  people  were  soon  informed 
of  this,  and  the  disord(>r  became  extreme.  ]\Ien  bej^au  to 
declaim  aloud  against  the  confessors,  who,  with  truly  sacer- 
dotal firmness,  wished  to  oppose  a  barrier  to  this  torrent. 
Nor  did  they  siiare  the  Bishop  of  Petnea,  who  had  deemed 
the  evil  sufficiently  great  to  employ  in  its  euro  the  cen- 
sures of  the  Church.' 

As  these  clamors  did  not  induce  them  to  relax  their 
severity,  complaints  and  invectives  redoubled.  Some  irre- 
ligious young  men  just  arrived  from  France,  who  were 
greatl}'  hampered  I)}'  the  watchful  attention  of  the  pastors 
to  their  Hocks,  jouied  the  malcontents.  On  all  sides  the  cry 
was  raised  that  consciences  were  fettered ;  and  men  have 
been  surprised,  and  with  reason,  to  see  this  calumny  since 
renewed  in  a  book  printed  under  the  name  of  a  religious.' 
In  tine,  some  individuals  thought  themselves  authorized 
to  draw  up  memoirs  and  send  them  to  tho  king's  couiicil ; 
but  their  addresses  were  all  the  more  ill  leceived  from  the 
fact  that  not  only  were  the  motives  whi'ih  induced  them 
to  speak  easily  penetrated,  but  tho  calunniious  statements 
with  which  they  sought  to  support  their  complaints  were 
refuted  by  persons  in  office,  whose  testimony  could  not  bo 
suspected.' 
Scandals  Moreover,  the  bishop  of  Petriva,  and  all  the  ecclesi- 
iiidiitus.  astics  in  Camula,  had  a  reputation  too  Avell  established 
to  be  aflected  by  such  accusations.  But  if  the  caluni- 
iiiators  were  discountenanced  at  court,  the  evil  contiu- 
iied  its  rapid  progress  ;  and  the  disorder  went  so  far  that 
men  soon  gave  no  heed  to  bishop,  or  preacher,  or  con- 


^ 


'  Tlic>  ilocuments  ns  to  thci-i'  ul- 
fuirs  are  very  few.  Of  d'Aviui^our, 
only  two  disiimtches  are  given — 
N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  p.  Ui  ;  Ciiii.  Do.-., 
II.,  i.,  p.  ■\'i\ — anil    neither  lieur.s  cm 


Lettre  May  (i,  1602  ;  La  Tour,  Mem. 
de  Mr.  de  l.iivul,  p.  (iS-H". 

•  Tliis  iilludis  to  Lo  Clereii,  ]0(al> 
lisfienient  de  la  Foi,  ii.,  ji.  84. 

■  M.  ;  iarie  de   rincarniitinu,   Lot- 


thtju :   M.   Marie  de   I'lucuruuiiuu,    tre  lUth  Aug.,  HH),i,  p.  u 7^. 


IIISTOHY   OF  NKW  FRANCE. 


55 


tou- 

lll'lll. 

■Uiil.- 

Lut- 


'iX 


fessoi'.     Threats  of  Divino  wrath  and  the  thunders  of  tho     1662. 
Churcli  were  alike  iinav  lilinj^-  to  stem  a  torrent  w'lieh  liad  '— ^r^^' 
burst  its  bounds.     The  litpior  trade  boinj,'  opeidy  toh'rated 
by  tlie  very  man  who  alone  could  ellectuidly  check  it,  tho , 
Indians,  who  are  not  able  to  refrain  from  it  when  oU'ercd, 
and  in  whom  tho  least  eflect  of  this  drink  is  the  suspen- 
sion of   their  reason,  plunged  into  scandals  which  cost 
many  tears  to  those  who  had  at  such  cost  begotten  them 
to  Christ. 

In  vain  did  the  sachems  and  village  chiefs  use  cA'ery 
exertion  to  stay  the  furious  torrent ;  in  vain  did  they  im- 
l)lore  the  governor-general  to  interpose  all  his  authority 
to  iissist  them  in  enforcing  his  own  ordinances  :  they  could 
produce  no  impression  on  a  man  who  believed,  in  his  pre- 
judice, that  they  were  exaggerating  the  evil.'  Thus  the 
disorder  kept  constanth'  increasing,  and  gained  the  most 
fervent  neophytes ;  so  that,  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
who  voluntaril}'  r'ondemned  themselves  not  to  leave  jyl- 
leri,  so  as  to  shield  themselves  from  the  contagion,  and 
some  others  who,  with  tho  same  view,  retired  from  Three 
Ilivers  and  took  refuge  at  Cap  do  la  Magdeleine,  all  these 
new  Christians,  hitherto  so  exemplai-y,  and  the  admiration 
of  the  very  pagans,  became  the  opprobrium  of  Christianity, 
which  they  exposed  to  the  blasphemies  and  ridicule  of  the 
enemies  of  God." 

Then  the  holy  Bishop  of  Petr.T a,  seeing  his  zeal  unavail-  Tho  Bishop 
ing    and  his    authority  despised,   resolved   to   bear    his   ojmphTr's 
complaints  to  the  foot  of  the  throne,  and  passed  over  to  '" ' '"  '"'°' 
Trance."     He  was  listened  to,  and  obtained  from  the  king 
all  the  orders  that  ho  deemed  necessary  to  arrest  the  scan- 
dalous trade  which  committed  such  ravages  in  his  flock ; 
but  Heaven  had  already  anticipated  them,  and  by  one  of 
those  events  which  spread  terror  through  the  most  disso- 

'  M.  ^[aric  de  I'lucanuitioii,  Let-  Muiie   cU'  I'liicuriiation,  Lcttrcs,  p. 

trcs,  p.  5T1.  571  ;    Lulcinant,  Journal,   Aug.    Vi, 

'•'  UiUitiou  tk'  la  N.  F.,  100:!.  p.  8.  1003  ;   Boucher,   llistoire  Vuritabio, 

"  La  Tour,  Mem.  de  Mr.  de  Laval ;  p.  116. 


.  II 


cc 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


1662. 


Siirprisins; 
phunoiiienii 

1663. 


!  I 


Into  sonls,  Noav  Fmnco  had  already  had  tho  consolation  of 
beholding  most  of  tho  ening  already  return  to  the  path 
of  duty. 

Tho  fact  which  I  am  going  to  relate  is  so  extraordinary, 
that  I  should  not  have  hesitated  to  suppress  it,  or  pass  it 
lightly  over,  if  tho  unanimous  and  constant  testimony  of  a 
whole  colony  amid  which  it  happened,  and  the  prodigious 
eflfects  which  it  caused,  some  of  which  still  subsist,  had 
not  given  it  a  notoriety  which  i-nables  it  to  defy  tho  most 
hardened  sko])ticism.  Not  that  I  pretend  to  guarantee  a'l 
the  details  which  fill  some  Relations  :  people  nowhere  in- 
dulge iu  greater  exaggeration  than  in  well-authenticated 
wonders.  I  shall,  therefore,  confine  myself  to  the  surest 
memoirs,  in  Avhich  I  remark  nothing  that  is  not  confirmed 
by  tradition,  derived  from  several  most  irreproachable 
witnesses. 

During  the  fall  of  1002,  a  few  days  after  the  departure 
of  the  Bishop  of  Petra'a,  a  number  of  fires,  of  various  and 
quite  eccentric  shapes,  were  seen  flying  through  the  air. 
Over  Quebec  and  Montreal  there  appeared  one  night  a 
globo  of  tire,  ditl'using  a  great  light, — with  this  diU'crcuce, 
that  at  Montreal  it  seemed  to  detach  itself  from  the  moon, 
and  was  accompanied  by  a  noise  resembling  a  volley  of 
artillery,  and  after  traversing  the  air  for  about  three 
leagues,  it  disappeared  behind  tho  mountain  which  gives 
name  to  tho  island ;  while  at  Quebec  it  merely  passed 
without  any  thing  special.' 

On  the  7th  of  January,  in  the  following  year,  an  almost 
imperceptible  vapor  rose  fi'om  the  river,  and  when  struck 
by  the  tirst  rays  of  tho  sup,  became  transparent,  so  that 
it  had  sufiicieut  substance  to  supjiort  two  parhelions  which 
ai^peared  on  either  side  of  that  orb,  so  that  three  appa- 
rent suns  were  seen  at  once  on  a  line  parallel  with  the 
horizon,  apparently  some  fathoms  apart,  each  with  an  iris 
whose  momentarily  varying  hues  sometimes  resembled  a 


-^ 


'  Relation  du  la  Nouvello  France,  1603,  p.  2. 


niSTORY   OF   NEW   FRANCE. 


87 


I 


.1 


rainbow  and  sonietinios  wovo  a  luminous  white,  an  tlioupli      166^. 
a  great  firo  wore  behind.     This  Hpectach*  laf.tcd  for  two  '^"^(^—^ 
whoU>  liours,  and  bi'<,'an  anew  on  tlio  I'ltli,  although  on 
tliat  day  it  was  less  striking.' 

What  I  am  going  to  add  has  not  been  as  ])ub]ic,  and  rredicti.nm 
each  one  will  believe  what  he  thinks  fit ;  but  I  must  ob-  cartiicniMke. 
S(U've,  that  th(>  predictions  about  to  bo  related  were  not 
inv(>nted  after  the  fact,  but  were  known  before  the  event ; 
that  the  event,  to  judge  by  the  eileet  which  it  had  pro- 
duced, has  all  the  appearance  of  a  warning  fr  ,m  heaven, 
and  that  the  ordinary  conduct  of  Providence,  on  such  oc- 
casions, is  to  wai-n  the  guilty  that  divine  Justice  is  ready 
to  launch  the  lliunderbolts.  Thus  did  the  Almighty  act  in 
regard  to  the  Ninevites,  who  averted  the  threatened  blow 
by  cxemi)lary  penance  ;  and  in  this  case,  as  we  shall  soon 
see,  there  is  something  still  more  marked. 

Be  that  as  it  may,  in  the  beginning  of  Tebruary,  in  the 
same  year,  a  vague  rumor  spread  that  there  would  soon 
be  an  earthciuake,  unexampled  in  history,  and  this  rumor 
was  basetl  on  the  words  of  a  person  of  eminent  piety,  who 
had  discoursed  on  the  matter  to  a  small  nundjcr  of  friends, 
and  who  used  great  exertions  to  induce  all  t(j  make  their 
peace  with  God,  and  labor  with  all  their  might  to  appease 
the  Avrath  of  Heaven,  justly  incensed  against  New  France. 

On  the  third  of  the  same  month  an  Algoncpiin  squaw, 
a  fervent  Christian,  while  in  her  cabin  at  night  awake,  and 
sitting  up  in  her  bed,  thought  that  she  heard  a  voice,  which 
told  her  that  in  two  days  things  unheard  of  woiild  occur ; 
and  the  next  day,  as  she  was  in  the  woods  with  her  sister, 
getting  her  supply  of  wood,  she  again  heard  the  same  voice 
very  distinctly,  telling  her  that  the  next  day,  between  five 
and  six  o'clock  in  the  evening,  the  earth  woxdd  tremble  at 
a  fearful  rate.  Her  sister  did  not  hear  the  voice,  and  per- 
ceived nothing.' 

'  Relation  de  la  N.  P.,  1663,  p.  3  ;  ''  M.  Marie  de  I'Incnrniition,  C'lioix 
M.  Murk'  de  Iliicarnntion,  Lettres,  de  Lettre.s  HistoiiijUcH,  p.  270;  Kel. 
p.  575  ;  Choix  uc  Lettres,  p.  28-1.  de  hi  N.  F.,  HiU3,  p.  6. 


88 


JI18T0IIY  OF   NKW   FHANCE. 


'    ^ 


iCif>].  A  yoiiu;^'  ^'irl  i)f  tlie  siiiiu'  nutioii,  who  led  a  pi'ifcctly  nn- 
g«'li((  lifts  and  whoso  pii'ty  and  confidenco  in  tho  powor  of 
tbo  Haviouv's  cross  had  boon  rowardod  Ity  a  sudden  cure  of 
a  disease  deemed  iiieuiaiile  by  nitdieal  men,  also  thouf^ht 
that,  in  a  dream  durin;,'  the  night  Vietween  tho.  fourth  and 
fifth,  sho  beheld  the  IMctlier  of  God,  tolling  her  tho  hour, 
and  all  tho  circumstaucos  of  the  enrtlujuako.  On  tho 
evening  of  the  fifth,  a  short  tinu>  before  it  began,  sho 
seemed  beside  herself,  and  twice  cried  aloud  at  flu^  top  of 
her  voice,  "It  will  soon  l)e  here;"  producing  in  all  who 
heard  her  a  great  sensation.' 

Finally,  tho  same  day,  Molher  INIary  of  thc^  Incarnation, 
the  illustrious  foundress  of  the  rrsulines  of  New  Franto, 
Avhoso  generally  esteemed  works  show  that  sho  was  any 
thing  but  weak-minded,  after  receiving  from  heaven  sev- 
eral warnings  of  Avhat  was  about  to  hu])pon  (as  sho  im- 
parted to  her  director.  Father  Lalli'inant),  while  in  prayer," 
about  hiiU'-past  five  thought  that  she  beheld  our  Lord 
incensed  against  Canada,  and  at  the  same  time  felt  herself 
borne  by  an  irresistible  power  to  implore  his  justice  on 
tho  crimes  committed  there.  All  that  sho  c  d  do  to 
mitigate  the  rigor  of  this  order,  on  submitting  iu  it,  was  to 
add  fervent  pr'iyers  to  obtain  from  heaven  that  the  aouls 
should  not  per:sh  with  the  bodies. 

A  moment  after,  sho  felt  assured  that  tho  Divine  ven- 
geance was  about  to  burst  forth,  and  that  the  contempt 
shown  for  tho  ordir.ances  of  tho  Church  especially  enkin- 
dled tho  wrath  of  God.  Almost  at  the  same  time,  she 
perceived  "our  demons  at  tho  four  corners  of  tho  city  of 
(Quebec,  shaking  tho  earth  with  tho  utmost  violence,  and  a 
person  of  majestic  mien,  who,  from  time  to  time,  gave  reins 


'  Hclation  de  la  Nouvelle  France,  tor,  CLoix  de  Lettres  Ilistoriquos,  p. 

1CG3,  p.  0.  279.     It  is  not  iirobable  tlmt  hIic  nl- 

'  She  relate.')  all  this  in  her  letters  luileg  to  hersilt',  as  she  ascribes  it  to 

in    the   tliird    person,   liiit   there  is  n   "per.son   of  tried    virtue,"   teririH 

every  leiiMm  to  inter  that  .-h<-  spoke  she  would  not  use  to  designate  her- 

of'hersell'. — C/i'.u/i  rui.i;     8eeherlet-  nelf. 


t*.s 


I 


) 


IIISTOUY  OF    NK*V  FHANCi:. 

to  tlifir  fury,  tlu'ii  drew  tliciu  in.'  At  tlio  sivmo  iiiHtant, 
tlio  111  iivtiis  Ijciii^  perfectly  Hereiie,  a  noise  was  Iieaiil 
fhroii^'iiout  the  I'ity  like  timt  cunsod  liy  a  f<reat  tire.  This 
caused  all  the  ))eoi)le  to  run  out  of  their  houses.' 

riiey  were  then  extremely  surprised  to  see  all  tlio  build- 
ing's shaken  uith  such  violence,  that  (he  roofs  almost 
touched  the  f,'round,  first  on  one  Hide,  then  on  the  other; 
doors  opened  of  themselves,  and  shut  with  {,'reatcst  vio- 
lence ;  all  the  lulls  sounded,  thon;^di  no  one  ran^'  them; 
the  posts  in  the  palisade  wore  fairly  dancinj,' ;  walls  split 
open  ;  hoards  started  oil'  and  fell ;  animals  uttered  ftuirful 
cries  and  lu)wls  ;  tht!  surface  of  the  earth  assumed  a  niovo- 
nient  like  that  of  a  stormy  sea;  trees  were  twisted  to- 
gether, and  many  torn  up  by  tho  roots  and  Hung  to  a 
distanco.' 

Then  n()is(>s  of  all  kinds  were  heard  :  now,  as  of  a  soa  in 
fury  bursting  over  its  bounds  ;  tlu'U  like  that  oi  a  number 
of  carriages  rolling  over  a  pavement ;  and  again,  tho  crash 
that  mountains  of  rocks  and  unublo  would  make  as  thoy 
burst  ojjcn  and  came  crashing  together.  A  thick  dust,  which 
rose  sixnitauoonsl}-,  was  taken  for  smoke,  and  spread  T.'ara 
of  a  general  conflagration.  Finally,  some  imagiiu'd  that 
they  heard  Indian  yells,  and  were  convinced  that  tho  Iro- 
tpiois  were  about  to  swoop  down  on  tho  colony  ii.  all 
diriictions." 

80  great  and  general  was  tho  panic,  that  not  only  men 
but  tho  very  animals  seemed  thunderstruck  :  nothing  was 
heard  but  cries  and  lamentations :  men  ran  about  in  all 
directions,  without  knowing  whither  they  wished  to  go, 
and  wherever  they  went  they  met  what  thoy  sought  to 
escape.  The  fields  presented  only  yawning  chasms,  and 
they  expected  to  see  tho  ground  eveiy  moment  open  agaiu 


60 


1(^,63. 


It  IickIih. 
lU  uUoctn. 


'  Ki'lfttion  do  la  N.  F.,  KUJIi,  p.  0 :  100:5,  gives  a  very  moderate  state- 

M.   Maiii'   ill'   riiR'iiriiatidii,    l.itti'r  iiicnt,  iind   siiys   tlic  shocks  lii>ti'(l 

cited.  tVoiii  Fell.  ">  to  Miiroli  M. 

'-'  licliitiou  dr  111  Nmivillc  Fnuic,         '  M.  Marie  di'  I'lnuarnution,  C'hois 

1000,  |).  ;J,    Laluiuant,  Journal,  Ft- 1*.,  di'»  lA'ttri's,  p.  aSl. 


'  V 


00 


IIIHTOUV  OK    NEW   FIIANCK. 


i'       ( 


i('f>^•  at  tlit'ir  U'il.  Wliolo  luouiitiiiim were uprootod  ftiul  ninv<>(l 
from  tlmir  ImHo ;  hoiuo  wcro  thrown  iimul  rivrrH,  lilockiiij,' 
up  tlii'ir  courso  ;  otlicrH  Hiiiik  ho  (l('»'[),  that  tlio  v»Ty  tops  of 
tlu'  decs  (Imt  covtMcd  tliiiii  wtMo  iio  longer  viMil)lt'.' 

TrooH  \v(!ri>  liuilrd  tlimuj^h  Hit'  iiir  iis  stark  as  tliougli 
a  mini)  had  oxplodoil  under  their  roots ;  and  Homo  were 
found  phuited  rootH  up.  Men  deemed  themseivoH  no  Hafer 
on  water  than  on  hmd  :  tiie  iee,  wliich  covered  th((  Saint 
Lawrence)  and  the  rivers,  erashed  hh  tlie  ])ieeeH  eanie  to- 
gether;  vast  HpUnterH  of  iee  th^w  uj)  into  the  air,  and  from 
the  spot  thoy  left,  sand  and  nnid  in  ahundaneo  sjiirted 
forth.  Many  Hjirin^H  and  Hinali  streams  dried  up  ;  otiiers 
wore  impregnated  witii  sulphur :  in  some  eases,  tho  hed 
wiiero  tlie  water  iiad  run  eoidd  no  huiger  be  discerned." 

Hero  tho  waters  became  rod,  there  yoUow  :  tho  water  of 
tho  Saint  Lawrence  from  (Quebec  to  Tadoussac,  that  is  to 
Bay,  a  distance  of  thirty  hiaguos,  became  ])erfectly  wliite. 
Tlie  air,  too,  had  its  phenomena.  A  constant  hum  was 
heard ;  men  saw  or  imagined  spectres  and  tiery  phantt)mH 
bearing  tt^rches.  Flames  appeared,  taking  every  kind  of 
form,  some  of  pikes,  others  of  lances,  and  wisps  of  fire  fell 
on  rool's  without  setting  them  on  fire.  From  time  to  time, 
plaintive  voices  increased  tho  terror.  Porpoises,  or  oea- 
cowH,  were  heard  moaning  in  front  of  Three  lUvors,  where 
none  of  those  creatures  had  ever  been  seen  ;  and  these 
boUowings  in  no  wise  resembled  tho  noise  of  any  known 
animal.' 

Li  a  word,  throughout  an  extent  of  three  hundred 
leagues  from  east  to  west,  and  of  more  than  one  hundred 
and  fifty  from  south  to  north,  tho  earth,  tho  rivers,  and 
tho  shores  of  the  sea  were  for  (pxito  a  time,  but  at  inter- 
vals, in  that  agitation  which  the  Royal  Prophet  portrays 
to  us,  when  relating  the  wo;idors  which  attended  tho  do- 


4 


'  Hcliitu-..  (Ic  In  N.  F.,  KiC:!,  v-  4.  '  H  'Intion  (!:■  In  Jwmvflli'  Finnce, 

•  M.  Miiiir  (Ic  .'Iiuunialidii, Clioix     l(iii;>,  ,i.  I  ;  M.  .Mmicili'l'Iuiuinutioii, 


IIISTOHY  (iK    NKW  KHANCR. 


61 


partnro  i)f  tlio  \)Po\)h  of  (IimI  from  EKy|»t.    Tim  ofVoctH  of     if'63. 
tliiH  oiiilluumko  wciu  iiifmitfly  varit'il ;  iiinl  uovov,  |)orhii])H,  ^""""^  "^ 
WHS  tlnrc  urnittir  ri'iisoii  to  lii'licvc  tliiit  niiturd  was  tli.s-  Kiirtli.vinko 
Holviii^  uhtl  till'  world  iil)oiit  to  ciiil. 

The  lirst  sliork  hiHtcd  liiilf  till  hour,  uliiiost  without  iu- 
toiTuptioii ;  l)iit  lit  tlio  011(1  of  II  (luiii'tor  of  1111  iiniir  it 
lu'^^'im  to  (liiiiiiiisli.  Alioiit  ci^'iit  o'clock  in  tlm  csciiiiij,'  of 
till)  Kiimc  (liiy  tluTo  WHS  11  sci-otid  shock,  ci|Uid  in  viohsiico 
to  tho  first ;  iiud  in  tlio  space  of  half  iin  lioiu'  two  othoiH. 
During'  the  Huccoodin^  night  hoiuo  reckoned  thirty-two 
nhoeks,  several  of  them  very  violent.'  The  horror  of  night 
and  tho  general  constitrniition  may  havt)  made  them  appear 
greater  than  they  wero.  Even  in  t!i(^  intervals  hetween 
tho  shocks,  men  felt  on  shore  as  if  in  a  ship  riding  at 
tiuchor ;  but  this,  too,  was  perhaps  11  result  of  u  torror- 
Htricken  imagination.  Yet  it  is  certain  that  many  oxpo- 
rienced  the  sickness  at  the  stomach  and  dizzinoHS  folt  ut 
8oa,  by  these  umiccustomed  to  that  olemont.'' 

The  next  day,  tho  fitli,  about  three  o'clock  in  the  morn- 
ing, thert!  was  a  stroiig  shock  which  lasted  for  a  long 
time,''  At  TadouHsac  it  rained  ashes  for  six  hours.'  lu 
iiuothor  place,  some  Indians  who  had  left  *lioir  cabins  at 
the  tirst  shockH  found,  when  they  endeavored  to  return,  a 
large  i)ond  of  water  where  their  cabins  had  stocKl.'  Half 
way  bctwiien  Tadoussuo  and  (Quebec  two  mountains  were 
levelled  ilown,  and  tho  earth  which  slid  from  them  formed 
a  point  which  ran  out  a  quarter  of  a  league  into  the  river." 
Two  Frencliiuen,  on  their  way  fiom  Gaspe  in  a  sloop, 
perceived  nothing  tiJl  they  wero  opposite  tho  Siigneuay. 


'  M.  Miiru)  di)  riiK'iiniution  nays  Ah  to  thi'orij,'"!  "ifthcHiMiHli  showers, 
two  in  an  hour  utter  eif;ht  o'clotk.  sec  ScwcU,  Dark  Days  of  Canada, 
S)i(!  says  kIk!  coiinti'd  only  six  sIichUm    i"  the  QucIjcc  I^it.  and  Hist.  Soc,  ii., 


that  nit,rlit.  thoUf;h  nonic  (MHintrd  :i'i, 
rrckouiiii;  sonii'  very  sli<:lil  siliockt". 

■■'  Hi  lalion  di'  la  N.  K.,  Kill:!,  ]).  4. 

■•  M.  >hirir  dc  rincarnation,  Choix 
do  Lett  res,  p.  -JS:!. 


]t.  'J:;.");  Haddclcy,  II).,  i„  p.  IW; 
llinil's  Lalnador,  i.,  p.  'S>1. 

■'  M.  Marii-  dc  I'liuai'nation,  Choix 
di'  l.ctlivs.  p.  -JsT. 

"  Kclatiomlfla  N.  1'..  Kid:!,  p. ,") ;  M, 


••  Uflution  dc  lu  >'.  v.,  ]Uti;j,  p.  .J.     iMurif  du  I'luc,  (.'huix  do  Lit.,  p.  28^. 


It   : 


f^l 


|h', . 


f « .: 


62 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


1663.     Tlieu,  however,  altliotigli  there  was  no  wind,  their  sloop 

-<-~ — '  l)egan  to  toss  as  thonf,'h  it  Avere  ou  a  most  stormy  sea. 

Eiirthqnake  Uiiablo  to  xtnderstaiul  wliat  could  produce  so  singular 
a  result,  they  looked  towards  the  shore,  and  perceived 
a  nioimtaiu  which,  according  to  the  expression  of  the 
prophet,  bounded  like  a  ram,  then  turned  around  iov  a 
time  as  if  by  a  Avhirlwind,  then  sunk  down  and  disap- 
peared altogether.  A  shii)  in  the  wake  of  this  sloop 
was  not  less  tossed ;  the  stoutest  sailors  could  not  keep 
their  feet  without  laying  hold  of  something,  as  happens 
in  a  very  heavy  swell ;  and  v.  hen  the  captain  cast  anchor, 
bis  cable  snapped.' 

Qiiite  near  Quebec  a  fire,  a  full  league  in  extent,  ap- 
peared in  broad  day,  coming  from  the  north,  crossed  the 
river,  and  disappeared  over  Isle  Orleans.  Opposite  Cape 
Tourmoute,  there  were  such  torrents  of  wild  waters  de- 
scending from  the  tops  of  the  mountains  as  to  carry  away 
every  thing  they  met.  There,  too,  and  above  Quebec,  the 
river  was  diverted,  a  part  of  its  bed  was  left  dry,  and  its 
loftiest  banks  sank  down  in  some  places  to  the  level  of  the 
water,  which  for  more  than  three  u:onths  remained  miiddy 
and  of  the  color  of  sulplmr." 

New  England  and  New  Netherland  were  not  spared 
more  than  the  French  territory ;"  and  throughout  this 
vast  extent  of  laud  and  rivers,  during  the  period  between 
the  great  shocks,  a  pulsation  was  felt,  quickening  un- 
equally, Imt  commencing  everywhere  at  the  same  hour. 
The  shocks  were  sometimes  headlong  plunges,  at  others 
only  a  kind  of  swaying,  more  or  less  violent ;  sometimes 
they  were  very  abru})t,  at  <.)ther  times  they  increased  grad- 
ually, and  not  a  shock  ended  without  producing  some  evi- 
dent result.'     Where  a  rapid  had  existed,  the  river  now 


'  lA'spiniiy's    sloop    ^Titll    Mr.  do  100:1  p.  5  ;  Morton,  Ncnv  Englniid's 

Miizu  ;    M.    Miu-ic   cU>   I'liioanmtitm,  M,iM.iniil..Iiin.^O,  l(i(i:!iO.S.),  p.'JSO; 

CLoix  di"  l.cttrcs.  p.  ;>S9.  .lossrlyu.  p.  .W  ;  O'C'allat^liau's  Xl-w 

2  II).,  '  .  -iW,.  XctlicrliiinI,  ii..  ji.  -lS;i. 

»  11  .,  p.  'JDT  ;  Relation  di;  la  N.  F.,        ■*  Rfhuioii  Uf  lu  N.  F.,  lOOli,  p.  "1. 


1 663. 


Ni>  one  Im 
killfd,  aiul 

i\\l  lire 
oonvcrlcd. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE,  03 

flowed  calmly  on  without  obstruction,  Elscwlioro  the  case 
was  I'cverset'l  :  rocks  rose  amid  a  river,  whose  iicaeeful 
course  was  previously  retarded  by  no  obstacle.  A  man 
Avalking  in  the  fields  suddenly  perceived  the  earth  yawn 
open  near  him  :  he  fled,  and  the  fissures  seemed  to  follow 
him.  There  Avas  generally  less  motion  on  the  mountains, 
but  there  an  incessant  din  was  heard.' 

The  wonder  was,  that  in  such  a  strange  convulsion, 
lasting  more  than  six  montl'S,  no  one  perished.  God 
doubtless  Avished  to  convert  sinners,  not  destroy  them. 
A('C(n'dingly..  great  conversions  occurred  everywhere.  All 
made  general  reviews  of  conscience,  in  many  cases  with 
streaming  eyes  and  contrite  hearts.  Scandalous  sinners 
pul>licly  avowed  the  abominations  of  their  past  life ;  ene- 
mies were  reconciled ;  evil  associations  ceased,  and  for  a 
time  there  was  nothing  said  of  that  odious  traflie  which 
had  been  the  primary  source  of  all  the  evil.  Fasting, 
alms,  ])iigriniages,  the  frequentatiou  of  the  sacramoits, 
nothing  was  forgotten  to  disarm  the  wrath  of  Heaven, 
which  was  at  last  appeased." 

But  although  the  earth  recovered  its  pristine  tranquilli-      Coiiso- 

I  T  -I  ,       -I  11    11       ■  -1  1      1  Tir  !•  -I     qllU'l^^O"  of 

ty,  men  (Uil  not  deem  all  tlieu-  evils  entleil.  Many  reared  tiiceurtu- 
tliat  the  subterranean  fires  which  had  caused  such  great  '^'"'•^'" 
shocks  would  burn  up  the  earth  and  long  prevent  its  pro- 
ducing any  crop.  Besides  this,  the  planting  season  was 
followed  by  such  heavy  rains,  that  there  was  every  reason 
to  suppose  that  the  grain  had  rotted  ;  but  to  their  agree- 
able siirprise  the  harvest  was  abundant.'' 

It  was  also  feared  that  so  much  moving  of  the  earth, 
such  revolutions  in  the  waters  and  exhalations  in  the  air, 


1*1 


'  M.  Marie  de  I'lncnrnatiop,  Clioix  ^  M.  Marie  i[p  I'lncnrniituin,  Loltre 

Uc  LcttrcH,  ]).  2!)4  ;  Ki'lation  dc  la  N.  18th  Aug.,  Kit!;!.     The  sUocUh  lusted 

F.,  It'(il5,  l>.  5.    'I'lu'suiUf  olisci-viition  till    Into  in  tlio  ycir  :  Iti.,  An;,'.  50  ; 

was  iiiudi'  in  the  I'iutluumki'  ol'  1800  ;  FiiillDii.  llistoirc  de  hi  < 'dUmic  Fniii- 

FciliiiKl.  p  488.  (.aisc,  iii.,  p.  Tr,' ;  Hclution.  l(i(i:i,  \K'2ii. 

'•'  l\('i,  (Ic  la  N.  F.,  in();5,  ]).  7  :  M.  For  tin'  seven  known  caitlicnuikes 

Marie  dr  line.,  t'lioix  di'  I.I  t..  ]i. '.2!ii) ;  in  (■aniida,  Mr    Dawson,   Nott'S  ou 

liouclu'i-,  Hist.  Verit.,  Avant  Projios.  thu  Earthquake  of  18U0. 


64 


1^1 


/ 


!■   1   ■ 


<      ;'l 


«     « 


?       '* 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 

■would   cause    dangerous    diseases ;   yet,  notwithstanding, 
there  never  had  been  less  sickness.     Gradually  the  coun- 
\  try  resumed  its  original  form  in  places  where  it  did  not 

need  a  second  earthquake  like  the  first  to  restore  it ;  for 
the  mountains  remained  where  they  had  been  transjwrted  ; 
some  rivers  did  not  return  to  their  former  beds ;  and  of 
the  newlj'-formed  islands,  some  remained,  and  even  in- 
creased in  -iime  by  means  of  the  mud  washed  on  them, 
and  the  trees  which  stopped  there  :  other  islands,  however, 
were  soon  swept  away  by  the  current. 

I  have  remarked,  in  my  Journal,  that  He  aux  Coudres, 
which  is  half-way  between  Tadoussac  and  Quebec,  then 
became  much  larger  than  it  was  before  :  but  it  is  not  true, 
as  some  have  asserted,  that  it  was  entirely  formed  by  a 
mountain  which  leaped  into  the  river,  and  in  the  site  of 
which,  for  the  first  time,  appeared  the  whirlpool  which 
renders  that  passage  so  dangerous ;  for  it  is  certain  that 
the  island  obtiiiiied  the  name  it  bears  fvom  Jacques  Car- 
tier.'  As  for  the  whirlpool,  inasmuch  as  it  is  not  men- 
tioned either  in  tlie  memoirs  of  that  navigator  or  in  those 
of  Mr,  do  Chauqilain,  both  merely  mentioning  a  strong 
current  in  this  channel,  it  may  indeed  be  at  least  in  part  a 
result  of  the  earthquake.'^ 
New  pr.ipo-  It  is  easy  to  conceive  that  while  all  the  elements  wei*e 
tlie  iro<iiiois  in  tlic  agitation  just  described,  the  Iroquois  did  not  think 
much  of  war.  Some,  however,  made  their  ,i.ppearauce  in 
the  direction  of  Montreal ;  but  without  committing  any 
considerable  ravages :  they  were  even  defeated  in  some 
slight  actions."  Moreover,  the  Mohawks  and  Oneidas  re- 
ceived quite  a  check  from  the  Chiiipeways,'  and  the  three 


'  Charlevoix's  Journal,  p.  60.  A» 
to  Isle  mix  Coudres,  see  vol.  i.  of  this 
work,  )).  IKi;  La  I'otherie,  Histoiro 
de  rAmeruiuc  Septent.,  i.,  p.  200. 

'  La  Pothcrie,  Histoire  de  I'Ame- 
rlqin'  Septentrionale,  i.,  p.  '^0!). 

» Hel.  de  111  N.  R.  1  li(;:i,  II.  211 ;  1  )oHier 
de  CaH.«on,  Hist,  de  Montreal,  1003-4. 


*  The  Chippeways  defeated  them 
near  Lake  Huron  :  Relation  de  la 
N.  P.,  1063,  p.  10.  The  Algonquius 
of  Sillery,  under  (iahronho,  to  the 
number  of  42,  also  defeated  a  Mo- 
hawk Oneida  jmrty  under  Oaristar- 
sia,  or  Iron,  a  eelebrated  chief,  who 
was  killed,  with  tuu  of  his  party 


P 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


66 


otbor  cantons  were  a^ain  straitened  to  defend  tliemsclvos  1663 
aj^aiiist  the  Audastes.'  Finall}',  tlio  sniull-pox  broke  out  ""'■"'^'' 
in  almost  all  their  towns,  and  coiumitted  great  ravages." 
Hence  they  wei'e  more  disposed  than  i^ver  to  live  well  with 
us :  the  Onondagas  even  requested  the  French  to  como 
and  restore  their  former  establishment  in  their  canton, 
offering  to  send  as  many  of  their  own  daughters  as  should 
be  desired,  to  be  educated  by  the  Ursuliues,  and  serve  as 
hostages." 

But  at  the  time  that  they  were  preparing  to  dispatch 
deputies  to  conclude  this  arrangement,  a  Huron,  natural- 
ized among  the  Iroquois,  spread  rumors  through  all  the 
towns,  which  broke  off  the  negotiations.  Ho  arrived  from 
Three  Rivers,  where  he  had  learned,  he  said,  that  tliou- 
sand.s  of  men  had  just  landed  at  Quebec,  and  that  the 
French  were  on  the  jioiut  of  pouring  dov.u  in  full  force  on 
the  Iroquois  country,  resolved  not  to  leave  a  cabin  stand- 
ing, and  to  exterminate  the  whole  nation.^ 

The  only  truth  hi  this  Avas,  that  the  Bishop  of  Petrica  Arrival  of 
and  Mr.  de  Mesy,  whom  the  king  sent  to  relieve  the  Baron 
d'Avaugour,  had  just  arrived  at  Quebec  with  troojis." 
They  were  also  accompanied  by  the  Sieur  Gaudais,  whom 
the  king  had  appointed  Commissary  to  take  possession, 
in  his  majesty's  name,  of  all  New  France,  the  Canada 
Company  having  restored  the  domain  to  the  king  on  the 


I  new 

(ioveriior 

iiml  (,'0111- 

iiiissiiry  ut 

Qiieboo. 


thcra 

de  la 

hKluius 

Ito  the 

a  M<v 

Iristar- 

|f,  who 

party 


I 


and  several  taken,  near  the  Riche- 
lieu IbUs  :  Relation  de  la  Nouvelle 
France,  lOO:!,  p.  l."j ;  Lalemant,  Jour- 
nal, May,  l()(i3.  They  also  rescued 
a  settler  (if  Montreal,  who  had  just 
been  ei  rolled  in  the  Militia  of  the 
Holy  Family,  recently  established  liy 
M.de  Maisonneuve;  Mem.  Hist.  Soc. 
Montreal,  p.  lo4. 

'  SusepiehannaB :  Relation  do  la 
Nouvelle  France,  ItiO;!,  p.  10. 

•  Relation  de  la  Nouvelle  France, 
KiiW,  p.  11. 

Mb. 

Vol,.  III.— 5 


Mb. 

^  They  arrived  Sept.  1,5,  1063 : 
Lalemant,  .Journal ;  M.  Marie  de 
riucarnation,  Letlres.  De  Mesy's 
coniiiilssion  Ih  in  the  Edits  et  Or- 
donnances,  ill.,  p.  21.  D'.Xvaiigour 
did  not  await  the  arrival  of  his  suc- 
cessor, but  left  on  the  2'M  of  July 
(Lalenuint,  Journal),  after  having 
submitted  to  the  king  an  able  nu:- 
moir  on  the  means  to  be  adopted  to 
give  France  the  mastery  of  North 
America :  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc.,  ix.,  pp. 
13,  20. 


60 


IlISTOUY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


i|  f  p  \i 

i  '■ 

VI  ■■ 


1663.     14tli  of  February,   in  the   same  year.'     Tlicy  wore  also 

' r — '  aecoinpauiril  by  a  Innulred  families,  cu...:'ii^  to  settle  the 

country,  and  by  several  officers,  civil  ami  military. 
How  jiistico  The  Commissary  be}j;aii  by  administering  the  oath  of 
iu'evicmsiy  fidelity  to  all  the  settlers  :  then  he  regulated  police  af- 
'tL'r'e'.Vin  fairs,  and  issued  several  ordinances  concerning  the  mode 
Cmuula.  ^ij-  .;,]jiijuiytt>i.;iig  justice.  Hitherto  there  had  properly 
been  no  courts  of  justice  in  Canada.  The  goA'ernors-general 
judged  matters  in  quite  a  sovereign  style  :  there  Avas  no 
thought  of  appeal  from  their  sentence ;  but  they  usually 
gave  no  judgment  until  after  all  ways  of  arbitration  Avero 
ineffectually  tried,  and  it  is  admitted  that  their  decisions 
Avere  almost  always  dictated  by  good  sense  and  the  rules 
of  natural  law,  which  rises  above  all  others.  Baron 
d'Avaui,  nn-  had  especially  acijuired  a  high  reputation  by 
the  manner  in  wliich  he  settled  ditl'erences.  Moreover,  the 
Canadian  settlers,  altli(nigli  generally  of  Norman''  origin, 
had  nothing  of  the  litigious  spirit,  and  ordinarily-  preferred 
to  yield  something  of  their  just  rights  rather  than  lose 
time  at  law.  Indeed,  there  seemed  to  he  a  community  of 
property  in  that  colony  ;  at  all  events,  they  lived  for  quite 
a  long  time  without  keeping  any  thing  under  lock  and  key, 
and  it  Mas  unheard-of  that  any  advantage  Avas  taken  of 
this  confidence.  It  is  very  strange  and  very  humiliating 
for  man,  that  the  precautions  adopted  by  a  Avise  prince  to 
banish  chicanery  and  establish  justice  almost  mark  the 
epoch  Avhen  the  former  arose  and  the  latter  declined. 

There  had  indeed  been  a  Grand  Seneschal  of  NeAV 
France  in  1(540,''  and  a  jurisdiction  at  Three  EiA'ers,  de- 
pendent on  the  tribunal  of  that  magistrate  ;  but  he  Avas  in 
turn  apparently  subject  in  his  functions  to  the  governors- 


'  See  Giuidais'  Instructions,  Edits  '  Tho  Normans  are  proverbially 

et  OrdiinnancL's,  iii.,  2;J ;  N.  Y.  C'lil.  litigious. 

Doc.  ix.,  9.     Tlio  surrondtT  of  the  ■'  The  Chevnlier  .lolin  <!('  I.auson, 

colony    liy   tlii'    comiiany,   and    the  Avlio  arrived    in   Ki.")!,   is   the   first 

Uiiifr's  uoceiitaiice,  iir:'   in  vol.  i.,  p.  Senrcliid   wliom    1   liiid   uientinued. 

31  ;   but  C'hiulevoix  gives  the  date  He  was  killed,  as  we  liave  seen,  in 

ineorreclly — it  should  be  Fel).  2  tth.  1000 :  Mem.  Soc.  Hist.  Montreal,  p.G7. 


1:3 


I 


4 


IIISTOIJY  OV  NEW  FKANCE. 

general,  wh.)  liad  always  reserved  the  right  of  administer- 
i"H-  jnst.ee  i„  pc.rson,  ou  reco.irse  hud  to  tlumi,  and  tliis 
was    re.iuently  the   ease.      In  important  affairs,  ],e  con- 
venc^l  a  land  oi  eouueil,  eoniposed  of  the  Great  Senesehal, 
H3  Snpermr  of  the  Jesuits  (who,  previous  to  the  arrival  of 
1.0  bishop,  was   the   only  eeelesiastieal  Superior  in  the 
countiy),  and  some  of  the  most  notable  inhabitants,  who 
were  nnvst.Hl  with  the  title  of  couneillors 
Th„s  when  in  1G51,  the  Sieur  Godefroy  was  sent  with 

d  Xls^'r™  t  two  colonies,  ^.  was  styled  in  his  cro- 
cntuds,  Counedlor  m  the  Council  of  New  France."  '  But 
tins  council  was  not  permanent:  the  Governor-Genera 
c.h.bhshed  .  by  virtue  of  the  power  conferred  on  hi^^ 
the  lung,  an.l  changed  it  as  he  saw  fit.'  It  was  not  till 
«-  year  10(;3,and  after  the  Icing  took  Canari::^^ 

cstal  1  shed  by  the  prince.  The  edict  for  its  creation 
^ed  in  Mai.h  of  this  year,  enacts  that  it  shaU  c!^  Hj 
Monsieur  deMesy,  Governor-General;  Monsieur  de  Laval 
Lishop  o  Petnea  Viear-ApostoUc  in  New  France;  Mr' 
Wx.r  the  Intendant ;  of  four  councillors  to  be  nam^d  by 
these  hree,  subject  to  removal  or  continuance  in  office  at 
tl^eir  pleasure;  of  a  Procurator- CJeneral,  and  a  GrefHerin- 

Mr.  Eobert,  Councillor  of  State,  had  been  this  year  hd 
l->^ed  Intendant  of  Justice,  Police,  Finance,  am^Z- 
neiee  for  ^ew  France,  and  his  commission  is  dated  the 

W^^first  day  of  March;  but  he  never  came  to  clnat 
and  M  .  Talon  who  arrived  in  1GG5,  is  the  first  who  ^lled 
t  .0  ofhce.'     Mr.  Dnehesneau,  who  succeeded  him  in  J^5 
brought  over  a  royal  order,  by  which  the  Intendant  vs 


67 


'  Si-e  vol.  ii.,  J).  314  \     -i      w  -,- 

■'  Stv  k.tt..r  of  d'Arge.Kson,  Sent  it    '!   ^^  .,    \  ^'"'"'"'ll  ^^ocuu.ents, 

10r,S,  Can.  i)„e.,  n,,  i    ,,  ,.,j-'      ' ''  ''■•;•  '•  "'"^'l'  M'vr.  .Mard., 

nance,  i.,  ,,  ,,,  .^e  it  bear^tlo  ZT^^"''  "•  -' '  ^^  '■  ^"^-  ^-. 


1663. 


The 
Superior 
Coiiiieil, 


In* 


1 


G8 


HISTOUY  OF  NEW   FRANCE. 


Mi- 
ps 


1663. 


Prcsont 

form  of  the 

Superior 

Comicil. 


.( 


Priiieiplns 

rc(;iilatiiig 

its  (le- 

ciaioU9. 


to  Jisc]iarp;o,  in  council,  tho  function  of  First  Prosidont, 
giving',  uiivortliolcsH,  tlio  first  place  to  thu  Goveruor-Gcnerii) 
uud  tho  KOCOU.I  to  tho  bishop.  The  number  of  councillors 
Avas  at  tho  same  time  increased  by  two,  and  all  tho  mem- 
bers of  tho  council  received  commissions  from  the  court.' 

This  investing  of  tho  Intendant  with  the  functions  of 
First  President,  gave  great  umbrage  to  the  Governor-Gen- 
eral. He  remonstrated,  but  was  not  heard.  It  was,  how- 
ever, enacted  by  an  edict  of  the  Council  of  State,  on  tho 
29th  of  May,  KiSO,  that  in  all  tho  acts  and  minutes  of  tho 
council,  the  Governor  and  Intcndiiut  should  take  no  title 
but  that  of  their  office  or  rtink."  In  1701  four  new  coi;n- 
cillors  were  created,  one  ecclesiasticiil  and  three  laymen : 
the  number  is  accordingly  twelve  at  present,"  including  the 
bishop.  One,  styled  First  Councillor,  has  a  double  salary. 
He  is  appointed  by  the  court,  but  tho  grade  is  only  an 
honorary  one,  without  any  special  functions.  He  has 
eight  hundred  livres  a  year :  five  senior  councillors  have 
four  hundred,  the  rest  nothing,  and  there  are  no  fees.  Tho 
Procurator-General  and  Greffier-en-Chef  also  have  salaries, 
but  very  moderate  ones.* 

The  council  meets  regularly  every  Monday  in  the  palace 
where  the  Intendant  resides  ;  and  when  an  extrtiordinary 
meeting  is  necessary,  the  diiy  and  hour  are  lixinl  by  the 
Intendant,  who  notifies  the  Governor-General  by  the  fir.st 
Huissier.  Justice  is  administered  according  to  the  ordi- 
nances of  the  kingdom  and  the  custom  of  Paris.  In  the 
mouth  of  June,  1G79,  the  king,  by  edict,  authorized  some 
reguhitious  of  this  council,  and  this  is  called,  in  Canada, 
"La  Unhui'iuiL  (In  Cotk'."''  Difficulties  then  arose  as  to 
the  hearing  of  appetds,  and  these  were  explained  by 
another  edict  in  March,  1G85,  which  further  declared  that 
actions,  in  which  members  of  the  council  were  interested, 


'  Edits  ft  Ordonniinces,  iii.,  p.  81. 

■'  lb.,  i.,  p.  2JS. 

'  iri;!. 

*  UUitB  ut  OrduuuauceB,  i.,  p.  200. 


'  Tlic  oidouuancf  of  KI07,  as  modi- 
flfd,  in  ffiwAi  iu  tlu'  Kdits  i>t  Ordiiu- 
lumcfs,  iii.,]))).  IOO--0U;  the  king's 
edict,  lb,,  p,  'iiM. 


\ 


HISTORY  OP  NEW  FRANCE. 

should,  ou  tlie  (lemmid  of  ono  of  tlio  parties,  bo  tmnsferrod 
to  the  Intendiint,  who  wliould  deeido  tlieni,  aided  by  judges 
whom  he  was  to  snnimou  for  the  purpose.  Those,  also, 
who  Avishod  to  return  by  civil  petitions,  wore  authorized  to 
prest'iit  them  on  a  simple  pi^tition,  and  the  council  was 
em]u)wered  to  pronounce,  judging  both  reseindant  and 
rescisoire  at  the  same  time.  Finally,  the  same  edict  em- 
powered the  council,  to  the  number  of  five  judges,  to  try 
criiniual  actions.' 

There  are  also  in  this  colony  threii  subaltern  tribunals — 
those  of  Quebec,  Three  Elvers,  and  Montreal.  They  are 
composed  of  a  Lieutenant-General,  a  Particular-Lieuten- 
ant, and  a  King's  Attorney.  Their  salaries  are  regulated 
by  a  Declaration  of  his  majesty,  dated  May  l'2th,  1G78.'^ 
The  notaries,  huissiers,  and  sergeants  have  also  salaries, 
without  which  they  could  not  live,  fees  being  reduced 
almost  to  nothing  in  so  poor  and  thinly-peopled  a  colony." 

Till  the  year  1G92  the  local  tribunal  of  Montreal  lie- 
longed  to  the  Cientlemen  of  the  Seminary  of  Saint  Hulpico, 
in  their  character  of  Seigneurs.  They  then  resigned  it 
to  the  king,  on  condition  of  reserving  the  exercise  of  tke 
right  within  the  enclosure  of  their  seminary,  and  on  their 
farm  of  Saint  Gabriel,  with  the  perpetual  and  incommut- 
able right  to  the  Greft'e  of  the  Koyal  Justice,  to  be  estab- 
lished in  the  island,  and  the  nomination  of  the  First  Judge. 
This  was  granted  in  the  edict  creating  the  new  triJMinal, 
dated  in  March  of  the  following  year,  lG!)i5 ;  but  as  to  the 
last  article,  only  for  that  occasion.'  Such  were  the  provi- 
sions of  the  late  king  to  afford  his  subjects  in  New  Franco 
prompt  and  easy  justice  ;  and  on  the  model  of  this  Supe- 
rior Council  of  Quebec,  others  were  subse(|uently  estab- 
lished in  Marthiicpie,  Saint  Doming(j,  and  Louisiana.  All 
these  councils  are  d'epee. 

Sieur  Gaiidais  was  not  to  remain  in  the  colony.      Ho 


60 


1663. 


Siilialfcrn 

.jiirisilio- 

tiona. 


■'  Edits  ct  Ord  jimanccs,  iii.,  p.  253 
"  lb.,  i.,  p.  «9. 


^  Edits  (T  Ordonnances,  i.,p.  P9. 

*  iij.,  p.  aro. 


i'il  ■  1 


70 


HISTOHY   OP   NEW   FHANCE. 


.663. 


New  rii'kla 

of  till! 

Iroiiiii'iH  in 

tliu  imrtli. 

1664. 


had  oxproHS  ovtlors  to  return  to  Franco  by  tho  samo  ves- 
sel that  took  liini  to  Quebec,  in  order  to  render  the  kiw/, 
an  exact  account  of  tlie  country,  and  inform  him  as  to 
the  conduct  of  IIm!  l)ishop  and  ecck'siastii's,  tlu!  efli'tt 
produced  by  tho  cstal)lishment  of  tho  council,  what 
ground  there  -was  for  tho  complaints  made  against  tiie 
IJavon  d'Avaugoi;  ,  an  1  the  manner  in  wliich  Mr.  do  Mesy 
was  re.  ..^;d.'  x.Ah  Commissary  fultilled  his  mission  as 
an  upri.  r '.  iviii,,  <ind  everything  passed  satisfactorily  to 
tho  partie-  *  J^  •  ;  rrible  scourge  Avith  -which  Canada  had 
been  afllictv  !  nad  r  I'od  all  things  to  order,  and  recon- 
ciled all.  Tho  Baron  ci  A\  lugtnir,  mIio  could  be  reproached 
only  with  excessive  harshness,  and  a  disinclination  to  lay 
aside  his  prejudices,  seemed  well  pleased  Avith  a  recall 
which  he  had  himself  re(]uested.  Ho  soon  after,  with  tho 
permission  of  his  royal  master,  re-entered  tho  service  of 
the  emperor  against  tho  Turks,  and  was  killed  tho  next 
year,  while  most  gloriously  defending  Fort  Serin,"  on  tho 
frontiers  of  Croatia. 

The  Iroquois,  nevertheless,  kept  constantly  in  arms  ;  but 
they  did  not  ap[)ear  in  tho  colony.  They  wished,  appar- 
ently, to  observe  what  effect,  so  far  as  they  were  concerned, 
Mould  be  produced  by  tho  changes  made  and  the  re-enforce- 
ments received.  Tho  next  winter  they  resumed  their 
forays  in  the  north,  and  committed  groat  cruelties.  Still 
Garakonthie  did  not  cease  to  labor  for  peace ;  and  his 
ever  consistent  conduct  gave  reason  to  hope  that  Canada 
would  always  find  in  him  a  resource  against  tho  caprices 
and  levit}'  of  his  nation.  Ho  had  again  assembled  the 
French  caj^tives  to  be  found  in  tho  cantons,  and  sent  them 
to  Quebec  escorted  by  thirty  Onoudagas." 

As  they  were  advancing  on  their  way,  in  all  the  security 
that  such  a  commission  seemed  to  pevniit,  they  were  sur- 
prised by  a  party  of  Algonquins,  who  took  thena  for  enc- 


'  See  instructions,  Arrets  et  Or-        '■'  Zrin,  on  the  Unna  or  Sunnn,  a, 
(lonnanci'S,   iii.,    j).   2o  ;   N.  Y.    Col.     trihiitiirv  of  tlir  River  Siiv.'. 
Doc,  ix.,  p.  y.  '  Kel.  de  la  N.  F.,  Ili(j4,  i)i),  •H>-oi. 


I1IST0|{V  OF  NEW   FHANCE. 


71 


\ 


iiiios,  and  nttackod  them  without  liositntion.     This  thoy  did      i^)^4- 
with  siu'li  iiupctuDsity,  that  si-vrral  Tro(|iiois  were  kiMcd  '■''^r~~^ 
oil  tlu'  spot,  and  tho  rest  i)ut  to  thglit.     Even  tiu!  I'lcufii  Ujifurtuimie 
liartly  cscaiHid  the  disorder.     Not  ono  of  thuni,  liowovur,       mro. 
was  wounded.     Tliero  was  every  reason  to  fear  that  tliis     'nurs 
luisadventure  Avould  have  still  more   fatal  conseiiuenees ; 
but  (iarakonthie  prevented  them,  and  made  the  Ononda- 
gas  listen  to  reason.' 

At  the  end  of  some  months,  the  French  were  agreealjly  Now  pmpo- 
surprised   to   see   arriving  at  (Quebec   the  Cayuga  ehiof,      j.imku. 
mentioned  several  times  already,  who,  without  alluding  t(-     '    '.jo 
the  affair  with  the  Algonquuis,  i)resented  to  Mr.  de  Me.-v 
belts  from  all  the  cantons  except  the  Onei(hi,  and  protcsi    ;, 
their  sincere  disposition  to  live  in  peace  with  him.'^     'i'lc 
general  gave  him  a  cordial  welcome,  and  ho  deserve,    u  • 
but  Mr.  de  Mesy  told  him  tluit  his  predecessors  had  .jeou 
so  often  deceived  by  similar  propositions,  it  woidd  '      'in 
imprudence  on  his  part  to  put  any  trust  iu  the  nation  ,  iu>t 
he  let  him  see  that  a  design  was  adopted  to  rid  themselves 
once  for  all  of  an  enemy  so  often  reconciled  iu  appearance 
and  so  irreconcilable  iu  fact.' 

Mr.  de  Mi'sy  thought  he  might  assume  this  tone,  because  The  Enjrlisii 
he  felt  his  strength,  and  was  sure  of  receiving  speedily  a  Nctheriund. 
})owerful  rc-enforccment :  but,  this  very  year,  a  change  took 
place  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Iro(piois,  changing  en- 
tirely the  position  in  which  that  nation  stood,  and  to  which 
must  be  ascriljcd  a  good  part  of  all  that  we  have  since 
theu  had  to  sutler  from  the  insolence  of  the  Iroquois.  To 
understand  this  clearly  we  must  resume  matters,  and  ex- 
.  plain  somewhat  at  length  matters  oidy  alluded  to  iuci- 
dentallj'. 

Hem-y  Hudson,  as  already  mentioned,  discovered  the 


'  Relation  de  la  NouvcUc  Friinco,  l(i()4,  p.  ii.'j.     They  iinived  at  Quebec 

1004,  p.  B4  ;  Laleniant,.Ioumal,  May,  Sept.  IS,  1004:   Lalemant,  Journal. 

1004  ;     M.    .M:irie   ili'    riiicuniat.on,  lie  did   nut   regard   it   as  a  sincere 

Letlre  Au{,'.  ly,  10()4.  peace. 

''  Kelatiou  de  la  Nouvelle  France,  '  Relation  de  la  N.  F.,  1G04,  p.  35. 


■'4': 


1 


72 


UISTOIIY  OP  NKW  FRANCE. 


I)** 


1664.  livor  Mdiilititto  ill  1(500.  I  do  not  kiioAv  on  wind  princi- 
l)loH  ho  doomed  himself  iiuthoiizi'd  to  disposo  of  liis  dis- 
covory  as  owner ;  but  it  is  certiiin  tliiit  ho  sold  it  tho  sumo 
year  to  tho  )St!it('s-(lonoi'al,  who,  in  l(il4,  Ix-^an  to  clear 
tho  country,  and  sent  over  Hottlors  in  considerabh'  num- 
borH.  Several  years  after,  Sir  Samuel  Argall,  tho  samo 
who  had  expelled  the  Freiieh  from  Pentai^'oet  and  Acadia, 
having  been  invested  with  the  f,'eneral  govi'rnment  of  Yir- 
fj;inia,  resolved  to  reclaim  the  territory  discovered  by  Hud- 
son, protendiiif,'  that  that  navij^ator  could  not  sell,  nor  the 
States-(Jenei'al  buy  it,  without  the  ]>ermission  of  the  king 
of  Clreat  J'litain,  wliose  subject  he  was. 

Ho  accordingly  .sent  troops  and  inhabitants  to  Man- 
hatto,  and  tho  Dutch,  taken  by  surprise,  could  not  prevent 
tho  English  from  taking  a  part  of  New  Netherland ;  but 
they  held  their  ground  in  the  rest,  and  remained  masters, 
especially  of  the  cajjital,  which  they  liad  cidled  New  Am- 
sterdam, of  tilt!  city  of  Orange,  and  of  two  other  forts.' 
The  Swedes  also,  at  this  time,  settled  in  the  southern  part 
lu^arest  to  Virginia.'  Now  it  appears  that  down  to  this 
year,  IHlil,  these  three  nations  lived  quite  haniioniously. 
But  in  this  year  the  king  of  England,  Charles  II.,  having 
been  informed  that  tho  Dutch  were  beginning  to  encroach 
on  the  English,  sent  four  commissaries  with  good  troops, 
who,  without  resistance',  took  possession  of  Mauhatto,  or 
New  Amsterdam,  which  they  called  New  York,  of  Orange, 
which  they  styled  Albany,  of  tho  city  of  Ai'asapha,  and  of 
tho  Castle  of  Lavare." 


'  It  sctnia  scni'ci'ly  necessary,  (or 
AiiiiTinui  leiiilcrM,  to  i-xiiofc  tlit-  it- 
rors  luTc.  As  to  lliulson,  sec  unto, 
vol.  ii.,  p.  to.  Ihidson  was  in  Dutch 
ciuiiloy  iiiul  i-i  a  I>utch  vcssil  wlien 
111' ilisiiivcrcd  tlic  ciHiMtiy,  luul  made 
no  sale.  Arirall's  visit  is.  beyond 
doubt,  a  lati.'  invention;  and  was 
nsHignod,  not  to  tlic  period  wlicn  he 
was  Ooveruor  of  Virginia,   but   to 


tlint  when  he  was  returning  from 
Acadia:  Ante,  vol.  i,,  p.  2S;i. 

■-'  The  Swedish  settlement  was 
wade  in  lOyS.  As  to  it,  seeCamiia- 
uius,  Nye  Sverige  ;  StoclUiolni,  1T02. 

•'New  Amsterdam  ciiiiitiilattd 
Se|iteinber  (i,  1(104.  See  ('onimeiu. 
of  ('oM(|.  of  Nc-w  Netlierlund,  p.  til. 
Arasapha  is  proliably  Kscjpiis.  'I'lio 
C'hatetu  do  Lavare  is  Do  La  Warro. 


IIISTOIIY   OF  MiW   KIIANCK. 


78 


a  of 


Tlioro  wns  Hul)Hoqii(>ntly  an  nnanf^'cinont  between  tlio 
Eii^'lisli  iiiid  Diitcli  ;  si'Vcral  of  tlic  latter  (•oiisciit.d  to  lui- 
kiiowlt'df,'!'  tilt!  kiii;^' of  (ii'i'iit  Britiiiu  us  tlicir  Hovcrci},'!!, 
iiml  on  this  condition  wcro  miiintainiHl  in  posHcsHion  of  nil 
tluir  i)i()[)i'ity.  His  Ihitannic;  Majt'sty,  to  oonipensato  tho 
Statfs-dfMcral,  ocdod  to  tlieni  tlit?  scttlcnicnt  of  Surinam, 
in  tho  vicinity  of  (hiiana  ;  and  tho  Swi'dos  also  retained 
Honio  of  their  forts.'  Sinec!  tliat  time  Now  Netherlands  has 
borno  tho  iiamo  of  Now  York,  and  the  French  in  Canada 
Avert!  not  lon;^  in  pt^rceivinf^  that  the  Irotinois,  l)y  chanj^inf^ 
nei^'hbors,  had  bticonio  less  tractable,  havin<,'  snon  discov- 
ered that  tho  antipathy  of  tho  two  European  nations  be- 
tween whom  they  lay,  would  always  enable  them  to  find 
in  one  of  them  sutlicient  aid  to  save  thom  from  all  oppres- 
sion at  tho  hands  of  tho  other." 

The  French  in  Canada  had  not  h"u  time  to  note  what 
was  occnrrinj,'  in  New  York  :  moreover,  tho  re-enforcements 
wliich  tho  kinj^  had  alreaily  sent  to  New  France,  and 
still  more  tho  ste])s  taken  to  follow  up  these  first  advances, 
gave  l.'opes  that  wt;  should  soon  be  in  a  posititm  to  dictate 
terms  to  tho  Iroquois.  l>ut,  unft)rtunately,  the  harmony 
which  the  gov(!rnment  flattered  itself  on  establishing  be- 
tween all  tht)so  who  hail  most  tt)  do  with  tho  management 
of  all'airs,  was  but  short-lived.  "When  it  was  least  antici- 
patetl,  tho  new  Governor-General  fell  out  with  the  Bishop 
of  Petriua,  and  with  all  those  in  office  in  tho  colony. 

Tliat  prelate  had,  as  we  have  noted,  gone  to  France  to 
complain  <A  the  Baron  d'Avaxigour.  He  not  only  t)btaintHl 
the  recall  of  that  general,  but  the  king  even  carried  Lis 
condosconsiou  so  far  as  to  leave  to  the  bishop  the  choice 


\6f^. 


Fri'uli 

Iniiilili-"  in 
Ciiiiiulii. 


was 
pn|iii- 
Il702. 
IhUvil 

tlK'lU. 

'I'ho 
farro. 


'  The  Dutch  rcciiiifurcd  New  Nctlii-rliind,  to  insure  tin-  biifcty  of 
Ncthci-land.  Auj;.  Vi,  l(iT:i,  and  gave  Canada,  is  notfd  hy  M.  .A[nry  (if  tlu! 
it  up  tor  Surinam,  in  Ui74.  Tlio  luciirnation;  and  as  Louiw  XIV.  dis- 
Swidish  jKiHts  had  already  houn  re-  liked  tho  Diitrh,  it  is  reniarkahk' 
dueed  by  the  Duteh,  and  tlio  whole  that  he  did  not  seize  New  Nether- 
country  beeanie  Kn^dish.  land,     esiiecially    after    Cruniwcll's 

'•'  Tho   necessity   of    taking    Now  avowed  iiiloutiou  to  do  so. 


*s»* 


74 


inSTOUY  OF  NEW   FllANCE. 


1664.  of  his  Miu'cf'ssor.  I\Ir.  cli>  Mi'sy,  iiiiijor  of  the  Citiulcl  of 
^-""y"^  Cni'ii,  j)rofi>sst>(l  oxaltcd  piety.  Tlin  JJislioj)  of  I'otrii^a, 
wlio  liiul  known  liini  intinmtcly,  ciiHt  his  oyos  on  him,  pro- 
posi'd  him  to  tlic  kinj^,  and  liis  iniij'Mty  iict'cptcd  th«  nom- 
ination. Jhit  he  was  scaii't'ly  in  olVit'c  l)i>l'ort)  iu^  soomod 
a  totally  dillcrcnt  man,  or  cIho  tliosts  who  aliusi'd  his  pro- 
dccHmHoi's  woaknoHs  profited  by  his  (for  Avhoro  is  tho  man 
who  has  not  sonu*'!')  to  urgo  him  to  still  j^Tcati-r  cxhoshos 
against  tho  liishop  and  against  thosi)  who  thought  liku  tho 
])rc'lat(;.' 
Vloiont  Th(i  motamorphosis  was  so  widdon,  and  tho  Uamcs  of 
Mr.do.Mt«y  discord  Wi-ro  kindU'd  to  that  (extent,  that  it  was  uocesHiiry 
to  api)ly  n  prompt  remedy.  The  king's  eouneil  had  no 
doul)t  of  the  eulpaliility  of  Mr.  do  Mesy,  (^s[)eeially  when 
they  lieheld  at  the  head  of  his  accusers  two  of  the  chief 
members  of  tho  council,  namely,  the  Sieur  Villeruy,  Coun- 
cillor, and  th(!  Sieur  T$ourdon,  Procurator-CJeneral,  both 
men  of  known  probity  and  wisdom,  whom  the  new  gov- 
ernor had,  without  any  form  of  trial,  compelled  to  ond)ark 
for  France.  Yet,  thi'y  did  not  disregard  tho  memorials 
which  he  had  transmitted  to  tlio  ministry  iu  his  own  do- 


'  AiiffUHtlno  dc  SiilVrii.v  Mi'fy  wuh 
orinimilly  a  Calvinint.  Imt  licciiiiit' 
a  iliwipli'  lit'  the  ci'lrliniti'd  Mr.  dc 
Bcrnirriw,  and  liad  [lanscd  some 
time  at  the  Ilfniiitajtc  with  Mr.  dc 
IjUVoI  :  M.  Marie  dc  I'liKainalicin  ; 
Juflicrcau,  IliHtoirc  dc  rildlcl-Dicu 
do  (iiiclMM',  p.  lis.  Dc  Mrny'.s  colli 
inissicm  wiiH  dated  May  1,  Hi(14 : 
KditH  ct  Onlouiiaiiccs,  iii.,  \).  'Jl  ; 
Can.  Doc,  II.,  ii.,  p.  170.  On  liis 
arrival  tlic  Cduncil  was  noiyaiii/ud, 
under  edict  i>l'  April,  Kililf  (Kilits  ct 
Ord.,  iii.,  p.  UT),  (iiidicr  made  n  city 
with  a  mayor  and  cchcvlnH  (Edits  ct 
Ordon.,  ii.,  p.  10),  and  t-cvcrc  laws 
against  liciuor-dcalcrs  promulpitcd. 
licss  Justifiiililc  were  Iii-*  acts  in  rela- 
tion to  Montreal,  and  cspeelully  Ids 
removal    of    the    veteran     Maison- 


nciive,  in  .June,  l(i(14.  Onrncau, 
Ilisioirc  (111  Canada,  i.,  ]>.  ISd,  pvcs 
u  detail  ot  llic  whole  striiffjrle  l)c- 
twceii  dc  Mi'sy  and  tlie  hisliop,  from 
tin'  Kc);istris  of  tiic  .""overcign  Coun- 
cil. The  breach  arose  from  tin;  elec- 
tion of  a  syndic,  in  1(1(14,  to  replnco 
tlic  mayor  and  cclievins.  Dc  Mesy 
removed  the  first  one  elected,  and 
called  a  new  election  against  llic  ad- 
vice of  his  council.  Dc  Mesy  re- 
moved threes  of  the  council  and  Mr. 
Honrdon,  Procurcur-ticncial ;  and 
finally,  Sc|it.  IH,  1(104,  diss<ilvcd  thu 
council  entirely,  and  formed  a  new 
one:  Lidcmant,  .loiirnal.  ThehiBhop 
]irotcslcd  against  these  nets  as  ille- 
gal :  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  is.,  pp.  lit,  2:.', 
etc.  See  as  to  dc  Mi'sy,  IJagucucau, 
Vie  dc  la  Mere  Catberino,  p.  364,  etc 


pl 


IIISTOIIY  OK  NKW   FllANCK, 


76 


■w 


fonco  ;  (viul  iiltliouf;Ii  tlicHc  did  not  juHtify  his  coui'ho,  thoy  i6^'4 
oxcitoil  suHpifions  wliiili  it  was  subHoquoutly  very  ililVKiult  ^■^"v^ 
for  Homo  to  lay  usido. 

I  ft)  Imd  insisted  ospccially  and  Htron^ly  on  tho  (^voat 
inllurncc  wliii-li  tho  JcsiiitH  had  in  tli»>  i-olony ;  and  as  tho 
court  had  iiitluTto  Kcarccly  intcrtV'rcd  in  tiio  alVair.s  of  Nt'W 
France,  '.viiu'li  it  iiad  in  some  sort  aliamhtncd  to  tlu'  ("an- 
adu  C'onipuny,  and  as  tlir  iidations  ahnnaiiy  icctivt'd  IVoni 
that  conntry  and  widely  circulated,  spoko  nuieli  of  tlioso 
nuHsionaries,  whose;  fiuietions  ol»li<^'ed  tluni  to  enter  into 
nil  matters  that  cone,  led  the  Indians,  iminy  i)ersonH 
\\\H'  convinced  that  the  (governor's  conii  laints  were  not 
iinfcmnded ;  they  judj^'ed  of  what  was  hy  what  nii^jht  ho, 
and  concluded  that  men  wlio  enjoyed  so  j,'reat  an  inilucnco 
would,  naturally  sp(>aking,  uso  overy  endeavor  to  presorvo 
it,  and  nii;,'ht  at  times  abuse  it.' 

Ou  tho  other  hand,  tho  council  was  convinced,  and  uii- 
hesitatini,'ly  avowed,  that  New  Franco  was  under  oi)liga- 
tion  to  them  for  beinj^  upheld  in  the  critical  circumstanct^s 
throuf^h  wiiich  it  had  passed ;  they  were  esteemed  neces- 
sary in  connection  with  the  natives  of  tho  country-,  who 
know  them  only,  and  who  could  l)e  secured  only  l»y  their 
means;  tlnally,  ^Ir.  de  ^lesy,  whih^  recriminating',  had  not 
cleared  himself,  the  IJishop  of  I'etra'u  mukinf,'  charges  of 
which  he  could  not  purge  himself. 

Mr.  Colbert,  accordingl}-,  deemed  it  necessary  to  recall 
him,  reserving  to  himseU'  to  take  precautiims  to  limit  the 
power  of  the  ticclesiastics  and  missionarit'S  in  case  it  was 
shown  that  it  went  too  far ;  nud,  in  this  view,  he  prepared 
to  select  for  tho  colony  officers  of  a  character  not  to  give 
any  ground  of  excerption  in  tlieir  conduct,  and  who  would 
not  suiter  any  to  share  with  them  an  authority  which  it 
behooved  them  to  bo  invested  with  exclusive'y.     Mr.  do 


IIO  in 

reculluJ. 


'  ;Se( .  Hs  to  tliis  atlUir,  I.ii  Tour,  ApDHtoliijiics  do  sa  (irandcur  Mr.  F. 
Mem.  di-  Mr.  dc  I.aviil,  Alilc  Mtii-i,  X.  lu  l.avalMoutuiiirwK'y,  jili.  '^'J, 
EiiquiHHv    lu  lu  Vlo  ut  (iuij  i'nivuux     SJO. 


''l1 


76 


HISTORY  OP  NEW  FRANCE. 


1 664.  Mi'sy  was  accordingly  rccallciT ;'  bi;t  before  speaking  of  tlio 
successor  appointed  in  his  stead,  it  is  well  to  continue  our 
xomurks  on  the  change  made  in  the  government  of  Canada 
by  the  suppression  of  the  Company  Avhicli  had  enjoyed 
the  domain  of  Canada  for  thirty-five  years,  and  this  wo 
shall  do  in  the  following  book. 


'  On  the  27th  April,  lGfi5,  Mr.  do  and  died  May  5-G,  IfifiS:  Lalcmnnt, 

Mrsy.  then  (|iiiti'  ill,  coniiiiitisioiifd  Jimnial.     The  council  did  iidt,  linw- 

Jamos  Lcneuf  d(^  la  Pothcrie  to  ad-  >'.or,  rccojinize  do  la  I'otht'riu  :  Edits 

niiniHter  tho  colony  after  Lib  death,  ei.  Oi-donuauces,  ii.,  35. 


the 
our 
ada 

wo 


nnt, 

lOW- 

Idits 


BOOK   IX 


1 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


79 


BOOK    TX. 


We  havo  seen  in  what  a  state  of  weakness  and  lanfr^xor  ,  c,6, 
the  Company  of  a  Hundred  Associates,  erected  in  1028  for  — ^ 
the  settlenieut  of  Canada,  although  one  of  the  most  pow- 
erful ever  formed,  either  in  the  number  or  rank  of  the 
members,  or  tlio  privileges  conferred  on  it,'  liad  nevertlio- 
less  left  that  colony.  It  even  wearied  soon  of  the  sliglit 
expense  it  mcurrcd,  and,  after  tlie  year  1644,  abandoned 
the  iur-trado  to  the  settlers,  although  it  was  almost  tlie 
only  advantage  it  derived,  reserving  only  for  its  right  of 
seigneury  an  annual  quit-rent  of  one  thousand  beaver- 
sknis.'' 

At  last,  in  1GG2,  having  been  reduced  to  forty-five  asso-  Ti,e  ki„^ 
ciates.  It  purely  and  simply  surrendered  all  its  riglits  to  his    ts™,' it 
majesty,'  who  soon  after  included  New  France  in  the  grant  "Tv'i'i'r^ 
made  of  the  French  colonies  in  America  in  favor  of  the  '^"'"''""'y  "<■ 
West  India  Company,  with  the  riglit  of  appointing  gov-  '^'^- 
ernors  and  all  officers.'     It  is  true,  that  as  this  new  com-   "''^^.r' 
pany  (says  Mr.  Colbert,  in  a  memoir  that  I  have  had  in 
my  hand)  had  not  yet  sufficient  knowledge  of  the  persons 
proper  to  fiU  the  first  posts,  it  besought  the  king  to  fiU 


'  Sec  vol.  ii.,  ante,  p.  30. 

^  Article.s  accordes  cntre  les  diroc- 
teurs  ct  ussocit's  eu  la('i)mpiigni.'di>, 
la  Ndiivclh.  FraiKV,  .'t  le.s  deput.'s  dcs 
iKibitants  du  dit  pays,  Can.  Doc,  11., 
p.  I.W.  Tlicy  wcro  dati>d  .Jniuiary 
14,  Kill,  and  were  a|)prov('d  by  tlie 
king  March  0.  l(i4.T  :  Edits  i;t  Ord., 
i.,  '^'-^ ;  MfHioiivs  sui'  k-s  Pot^sost^ionH' 
ii.,  p.  497. 


^  See  dolibcration  held  Feb.  24 
lOO;!,  Edits  et  Ordonnanws,  i.,  p.liO; 
Aban<lon  ,t  Deiiiis.-ion  du  ('anuda 
uu  Roi  par  la  Conipagnie  du  la  N. 
F.,  11).,  yi ;  Acciptation  du  Roi  di>  la 
Demission,  lIi. 

■*  See  ])at('nt,  Etablisseinent  de  In 
Compagnie  di's  hides  Occidentales, 
_^hi.VJS,  KiOl,  K.iiis,.!  Ordunnanees,' 
i.,  p.  40 ;  Mem.  des  Comm.,  ii.,  p.  537.' 


80 


HISTORY  OP  NEW  FRANCE. 


1 664. 


The 
Mar<|iiis 
lie  Tiiiev 


them,  till  it  was  able  to  use  the  privilogo  which  his  majesty 
had  had  the  goodness  to  grant  it ;'  aud  it  was  in  couse- 
qneuoe  of  this  request  that  Mr.  do  Mi'sy  was  appointed 
Goveruor-Gcueral,  aud  Mr.  liobert  luteudaut  of  Now 
France. 

On  the  19th  of  November,  in  the  same  year,  1G63,  the 

king  issued  a  patent  of  Lieut(^nant-General,  with  the  power 

VicLri.y     i^iHl  commission  ot   Viceroy  in  Aiuericu,  111  ia^or  01  Alex- 

by'^oi'nmu'-  antler  do  Prouville,  Marquis  de  Tracy,  Lieutenant-Geueral 

*"""■      of  his  armies,  ordering  him  to  proceed  to  the  Windward 

Isles,  thence  to  St.  Domingo,  and  thence  to  New  France, 

there  to  remain  as  long  as  should  be  necessary  to  settle 

all  matters  in  that  colony,  to  establish  it  solidly  within  aud 

secure  it  without,  by  bringing  the  Iroquois  to  reason." 

De  Tracy  set  out  early  in  the  ensuing  year  ;'  and  soon 
after  his  dejiartu.i',  tin*  c(mrt  received  the  complaints  of 
the  Bishop  of  Petra'a  and  the  Superior  Council  of  Quebec 
against  Mr.  de  ]Mi'sy.  His  majesty  was  at  the  same  time 
petitioned  to  send  over  to  New  France  families  to  settle 


'  Instructiona  to  Talon,  N.  Y.  ("ol. 
Doc,  ix.,  !i.5.  Ii.  this  (Idciinii'iit  of 
Colbert  wo  sou  a  now  cU'incut  outiT- 
iiig  into  till'  goveinuicut  idoas — the 
anti-Josuit  nntl  anticlerical.  Tho 
influence  of  Colbert  was  to  exclude 
the  clergy  from  tho  important  part 
hitherto  exercised  by  them,  ana  to 
restrict  tlLem  in  miiny  eintti'rs  with- 
in tlicir  h'Lritinmte  coiiii  icnce.  The 
strugjfle  belween  tln' civil  and  eccl" 
siastical  authoritii's,  which  bef,;.n 
Tinder  d'Avaugour,  laBted  for  many 
years. 

'■'  CommiBsion  of  the  Marquis  de 
Tracy,  Nov.  19.  10fi3,  Edits  et  Ord., 
i..  p.  il.  lie  is  often  styled  Viceroy, 
but  incorrc'ctly ;  the  Viceroy  at  tlie 
time  was  <i(Klfrey,  Count  d'Kstnic'u's, 
Marshal  of  France,  a|i|iointe(l  appa- 
rently in  Kid'i.  He  was  at  this  time 
auibnssa<lorin  Holland.  After  Hiche- 
lieu  (1028-43)    and    tho    Duke   de 


Maille-Bn'/.e  (1642-4)  had  acted  as 
such  under  tlie  title  of  ■•  <irand  Mas- 
tiT,  C  liie',  anil  Superintendent-*  ieno- 
ral  of  the  Navigation  and  ('(■  'nierce 
of  France,"  there  was  a  serit  ot  ('ice- 
roys — 1.  Francis  Christopher  de  Le- 
vis, Duke  de  Damville,  1044-GO  ; 
3  )-'.'.  de  Pas,  Manpiis  de  Feu- 
iuicrL-i.  l'i(50-2;  3.  tiodfrey,  Count 
iisJTiKl.-.-  10()2-S(i;  4.  John,  Count 
i!'I'-:'.ri'-(.„  et  de  Tourpes,  UiSO-lTOT; 
5.  Mary  Victor,  Count  d'Estrees, 
Marshal  do  CanivrcB,  1707-1737,  with 
wliom  the  title  ceased.  The  earlier 
viceroys  have  been  already  men- 
tioned. See  Menioires  de  la  Soc 
Ilistoriciue  de  Montreiil,  ]ip.  !)7-122. 

■•  Tnicy  sailed  to  the  West  Indies 
from  Hoclielle  in  the  Breze,  Feb. 
2(1,  1(1(14,  with  orders  to  jiroceed 
thence  to  Canada:  Helalioii  de  la 
N.  F.,  lUOo,  p.  3 ;  Juchereau,  Hist, 
do  I'Hotel-Dieu,  p.  173. 


$ 


niSTOlJY   OF   NEW    FHANCE. 


81 


II 


Mr.  do 

r'diii'i'i'iifs 

■  l|ip"illtCHl 

(Invcriiiir 

of  Nfw 

Kniin'C  iiinl 


tlio  country,  and  to  sclcH't  tlicm  fioiii  tlio  Isle;  do  Franco,      1664, 
Norniiindy,  Picanly,  anil  tlii!  ni)ighl)()riii,Li;'  provinces,  as  the  """^"^ 
people  tliore  were,  it  was  said,  luborions,  industriuiis,  full 
of  religious  feeling,  -wliilo  the  provinces  near  the  sea])orts, 
•where  the  shipments  were  made,  contained  niiiiiy  heretics, 
and  a  population  less  adapted  to  agriculture.' 

As  soon  as  the  king  determined  to  recall  Mr.  do  Mesy, 
he  assigned  as  his  successor  Daniel  do  Remi,  Seigneur  de 
Courccllcs,  a  meritorious  and  ex25orienced  ofticer ;  and  to 
replace  Mr.  Iiol)ert,  his  majesty  clujse  Mr.  Talon,  mIio  iu'^r'J'n 
was  Intendant  in  Fainaut.  On  the  21st  of  March,  KiGo,  ^"[^gT' 
the  nominations  of  these  gentlemen  were  signed,  :iud  a 
special  commission  was  added,  re(piiring  them,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  Marqiiis  de  Tracy,  to  investigate  the  charges 
against  Mr.  do  Mesy,  with  orders,  in  case  he  were  found 
guilty  of  tho  facts  of  which  he  was  accused,  to  arrest  and 
bring  him  to  trial.''  Orders  were  also  given  to  raise  colo- 
nists, and  to  embark  tho  regiment  of  Carignau-Salieres, 
just  arrived  from  Hungary,  where  it  had  greatly  distin- 
guished itself  in  the  war  against  the  Turks,  and  which  was 
now  intended  to  act  against  the  Iroquois." 

Do  Tiiicy  arrived  at  Quebec,  in  the  month  of  June,  with 
some  companie    of  tho  regiment  of  Carignau-Salieres,  who 


■vs, 

ith 

liiT 

LMl- 

SOC 
>0 

lies 

■d 
111 

int. 


'  Tlio  mntti'V  of  faitli,  previously 
Fo  strictly  ntllicrcil  to,  and  lu'i'e 
urfjoil,  si'eins  to  have  boen  disro- 
gardwl,  as  Le  >[iTcier's  Jomniil, 
Sept.  14,  says  :  "  fp  to  tliii?  time  ','0 
heretics  converted."  The  sliipa 
brinfjiuff  over  settlers  broitfflit  imieh 
sickness.  The  Xormimdy,  Oct.  3, 
broiig-Lt82  women  and  V.]2  working- 
men. 

■'  See  coniniissions,  dated  March 
2y,  Edits  et  Ordoiiiiances,  iii..  pp. 
ol,;ilJ;  N.  y.  Col.  Pocunients.  ix.,  p. 
22  ;  Instructions  to  Talon,  lb.,  ]i,  24. 

'  The  Caiinnan  re^ri'iieiit  t.^ok  its 
name  from  hiiviiiir  lieni  raised  by 
Thomas    Francis,   i'riucu    dc  Curi- 

Vol,.  III.— 0 


pnan,  of  the  family  of  the  iiri'sent 
kini;  of  Italy,  and  was  still  con- 
siderod  as  lielonirint;'  to  and  eom- 
nianded  by  his  son;  Imt  tlii>  kinL'' 
luul  placed  in  actual  coiiiman(* 
Henry  de  C'hiipelas,  Sieur  de  S 
lieres,  jiroprietor  and  colomd  of  a 
other  regiment,  which  was  incor|Ki- 
rated  with  that  of  C'ariLriian;  ln-iico 
the  Uoiilile  name.  The  ( 'arij.'-; jii 
regiment  iiariiciiiateil  in  the  win  of 
La  Fronde,  and  served  unilei  Tu- 
ri'nie- a' .\iixcnT.  Itwasjiar*  t  the 
4,(H.O  men  sent  in  Itidl  ton  .  i.rf*>- 
1M)1(!  auaiiist  the  Turks,  and  was  ills- 
tiiiiruishid  al  the  luiilh-  of  St.  Uo- 
durd  :  Uarueau,  i..  p,  203. 


\fi 


§ 


h.. 


if-  I 


.1       i 


82 


IIISTOBY  OF    NEW   FRANCE. 


0' 


1665. 


Great 
re-onforco- 

iiieiitH 
nrrivo  in 
C'lmiKlii, 

'I'hf 
Iroijiiois 

retire. 


li!i(l  iiccompaniod  liiiii  to  the  Wost  Iiulios,'  and  he  dc- 
tuclu'd  a  part  with  soiuo  Indians,  under  tlio  guidance  of 
Captain  tlio  Sieur  du  Tilli  do  Eepontigny,  to  pursue  the 
Iroquois,  Avlio  luid  renewed  their  raids."  It  required 
nothing  more  to  induce  these  savages  to  boat  a  retreat ; 
and  as  the  fruit  of  tliis  first  expedition,  the  harvests  were 
gatliered  in  perfect  security.  Tlie  rest  of  tho  regiment  of 
Carignan,  except  some  companies,  arrived  with  the  colo- 
nel, Mr.  do  Halieres,  on  a  squadron  which  also  brought 
over  Messrs.  do  Courcellcs  and  Tidon,  a  great  many  fam- 
ilies, a  number  of  mechanics,  lal)orers,  the  first  horses  seen 
in  Canada,  cattle,  sheep — in  a  Avord,  a  more  considorabL 
colony  than  that  which  they  came  to  ro-enforco.° 
Forts  imiii  The  viceroy  lost  no  time.  As  soon  as  he  received  this 
river  of  iiie  re-enforc(>nient,  he  pixt  himself  at  tli(,  head  of  all  his  troops 
roiiuuitf.    ^^^^-j  j-jj.^^,p|j,,(i  jy  ^]jy  mouth  of  the  river  liichelieu,  where 

he  set  them  to  work  at  tho  erection  of  three  forts  simul- 
tau'.ously.  Tho  first  was  erected  on  tho  site  of  the  old 
iurt  Eiclielieu,  bialt  by  the  Chevalim'  do  Montmagny,  of 
which  only  the  ruins  remained.'  It  Mas  put  under  Mr.  do 
►Sorel,  captain  in  the  Carignan  regiuient,  who  was  k'l't  as 
commandant ;  and  since  that  time  the  river  has  taken  his 
name,  which  he  gave  to  tho  fort.     Tho  second  was  built 


I  Tracy  arrived  June  80,  1003, 
with  lour  ci>in|iiiiiiL's  <m  the  Brcsi' 
and  Turoii  ;  but  lour  (rtluTs  had  ar- 
rived direi  t  from  Hochelle  on  the 
17th  and  I'Jlh:  Lah'mant,  Journal, 
June  1!)-;J0,  1005;  Ilelatioii  do  la 
Nouvelle  France,  lOfi."),  iip.  4,  'i'l ; 
Juelicreau,  Uistoirc  de  rilutel-Dieu 
de  Quel),  c,  p.  1T4  ;  M.  Marie  de  Tlu- 
carnutio:),  Letfre  '2V  Juil.,  lOlj."). 

•July  So:  lielauon  de  la  N.  V., 
lOO."),  p.  7  ;  Lalfiuaut,  Journ;d.  lie- 
]ientigny  eomnumded  a  company  of 
provincial  volunteers  ;  liclntion. 

^  Colonel  di!  Suiieres  arrived  with 
his  son,  .\ufr.  15:  Le  Mercier,  .lour- 
nal.  The  Hel.  1005,  p.  -■),  fays  Au;;. 
18-1!).     Capt.  Poulet's  vessel,  from 


Havre,  which  reached  Quehec  July 
10,  brought  twelve  horses  and  some 
girls,  etc. :  I.aleiuaut,  Journal  ;  Kel., 
1005,  p.  25.  Courcellc  and  Tahm 
arrived  Sejit.  12,  on  the  St.  Sebas- 
tian :  Le  ^Mercier,  Journal.  The 
Jardin  de  HoUande  came  on  the 
siinie  day;  and  the  Justice,  with 
eifiht  companies,  two  days  after: 
lielati.-ju,  p.  25.  The  first  horse  had 
been  bnuifiht  Juno  20,  1047,  and 
was  presented  to  Montnnigny  ;  Lale- 
mant,  Jc  irnal.  See  Hist.  Mag.,  v., 
]).  355. 

■■  On  liel'.in's  map  ai-companyinff 
this  work  it  is  ]>laced  im  the  left  in- 
stead of  being  ou  tho  right  of  the 
river. 


*•   f 


IllSTOltY  OF    NEW  FRANCE. 


88 


nt  the  foot  of  tlio  rapid  wliioli,  us  I  have  roniarkcd,  is  met 
as  yon  asceiul  tlio  river.  It  n'ocivi'd  tlio  iiamo  of  Saiut 
Louis  ;  but  Mr.  do  Cliauil)ly,  ca])tuiii  in  tlio  sumo  regiment, 
who  directed  the  worlcs  and  had  command,  having  after- 
wards acquired  the  ground  on  whicli  it  stood,  the  wholo 
canton  and  the  stone  fort,  sul)se([uent]y  built  on  the  ruins 
of  tlie  first,  now  bear  the  name  of  Chambly.' 

^Ir.  (h;  Salieres  took  charge  of  the  third,  whicli  he  called 
Fort  St.  Teresa,  because  it  was  completed  on  the  feast  of 
that  saint.  It  was  three  leagues  above  the  si'cond  fort, 
and  the  colonel  made  this  his  own  iiost.'  These  works 
were  comjileted  with  extreme  diligence ;  and  they  did  iu- 
deeil  at  first  in.spiro  the  Iroquois  with  alarm,  but  tlie_,  soon 
recovered  from  it.  Only  one  road  to  enter  the  colony  wiis 
l)lockaded,  and  they  soon  opened  several  others.  If,  in- 
stead of  these  three  forts,  a  good  one  had  been  built  at 
Onondaga,  oi'  in  the  IMohawk  canton,  and  care  been  taken 
always  to  kec[)  up  a  good  garrison  there,  t^'ey  would  liavo 
embarrassed  them  much  more.  That  still  standing  at 
Chamlily,  nevertheless,  does  not  fail  to  shield  the  colony 
on  the  side  of  New  York  and  the  lower  Iroqitois.'' 

Meanwhile  Mr.  Talon  had  remained  at  (Quebec,  where 


166?. 


It  III- 
tho 


'  AecDnlinsr  to  tln^  Hfl.,  1(1(!.~(.  p. 
10,  C'liiuiilily  Ijiiilt  Flirt  llii'liclii'u,  or 
Siiri'l,  1111(1  hiird  Fort  St.  Lmiis.  or 
Cliaiiilily  :  Init  tlio  mii])  rcvrrws  this. 
niul  is  aiiimri'iitly  forroct. 

-'  Hi'latioii  lie  111  NouvL'lic  Fnincc, 
KKi.'),  p.  10.  It  WIS  l.")  fiTt  lii.L'h, 
with  u  (loulilo  iiali.stdi'.  anil  a  liaii- 
(|Uriti' within  n  toot  ami  a  half  from 
till'  ground:  II).  Lc  Mcnicr  notrs 
its  coiniilction  in  his  .lournal.  Oct. 
I--),  KKi.l,  on  which  iliiy,  at  !l  r.  .>[., 
there   was   a    shock    of   an    carth- 

ilUlikr. 

"Fort  Cliatiibly,  or  "  iShiinihlcc," 
us  our  early  colonists  called  'it, 
liu-iircs  in  all  the  lionler  wars  iilt.r 
LhttiiuvoixB  liiiy,  Oue  of  the  t-urliist 


nets  of  Pe  Tracy  was  to  remove  ^r. 
de  Miiisonneuve  from  otPice  us  Gov- 
ernor of  Montreal,  and  send  liini 
hack  to  France.  This  is  not  men- 
tioned in  the  Uelmion  or  in  the  Su- 
lierior's  Journal,  hut  is  stated  in 
Dollier  de  I'asson,  Ilistoire  de  Mon- 
treal, and  more  fully  by  .Tuchereau, 
Ilistoire  de  rilotel-Dieu  de  Quebec, 
]ili.  I','4-.^.  He  (iied  III  Paris,  at  Jii.s 
ordinary  residence  in  the  i.iui.sh  of 
St.  Ktieiine  ilii  Mont,  hc'tween  the 
pites  of  St.  Marcel  and  St.  \'ictiir, 
Sejit.  11,  KiTIi,  and  uiis  Imrled  the 
next  day  in  the  church  of  the 
Fathers  of  the  t'liristinu  Doctrine: 
Failloii.  Uistnire  de  ia  Colouie  Fran- 
i;aiiie,  iii.,  pj).  IIU-U. 


I 


f  V 


84 


mSTORY  OF  NEW  FHANCE. 


1665.     lio  liiul  not  been  inactive.     Ho  infonnod  liiniHoli'  tlioiouf^li- 
'       »         \y  of  the  forces,  nature,  ami  resonrcos  of  the  country,'  uml 
Tiiloii'H     by  tlie   Itli  of  October,  lie  comiilctcd  a  detailed  nicnioir, 
ciiburt?    ■Nvliidi  ho  addressed  to  Mr.  Colbert.     Ho  aciiuainted  him 
that  Mr.  do  Mesy  had  died  before  information  of  his  recall 
reached  Canada ;  that  it  had  been  considered  most  ad- 
visable by  the  Marquis  de  Tracy,  Mr.  ilo  Conrcolles,  and 
himself,  not  to  proceed  to  invosti<;ate  the  eondiiet  of  that 
povernor,  and  that  as  the  liisho])  of  I'otru'a,  tlu^  ecclesias- 
tics, the  Superior  Council,  in  a  word,  all  who  had  broni^lit 
chnrfies,  refrained  from  itildnf,'  any  further  stei)s  in  the 
matter,  they  had  considered  that  his  majesty  would  not 
di'oui  it  improper  that  his  faults  should  bo  buried  with 
him  in  the  tomb.' 

Ho  then  speaks  of  do  Trac^ ,  and  remarks  that  the  ago 
and  infirmities  of  that  Ticcoy  hispired  grave  fears  that 
the  coiuitry  would  not  possess  him  long ;  that  ho  did  not 
spare  himself  at  all,  and  could  not  bo  more  active  were  ho 
a  rnaii  of  thirty ;  that  his  great  ability  for  the  oflicc;  wjiich 
his  nnijesty  had  confided  to  him  rendered  him,  neverthe- 
less, very  necessary  tc  N(iw  I'ranc(! ;  and  that  in  his  opin- 
ion, in  ease  ho  sought  to  retire,  the  king  should  iu>t  dis- 
please him  by  refusing  permission,  but  should  urge  him  to 
continue  his  services,  leaving  him  at  liberty  to  return,  and 
crineiug  tlu;  ]ilcasure  that  it  would  afi'ord  his  majesty  if 
li!  did  not  avail  himself  of  it,  till  he  was  assured  tli;it  his 
absence  would  bo  in  no  wise  prejudicial  to  the  affairs  of 
the  colony.  He  gave  his  ojiinion  on  Mr.  de  Courcelles 
brietly,  making  a  v>  vy  fine  eulogium  upon  him  ;  and  he 
detracted  nothing  from  it,  even  in  the  tinu;  of  the  conten- 
tions which  he  subsofjucntly  had  with  that  governor. 
Finally,  to  come  to  colonial  topics,  ho  declared  that  he  did 
not  know  a  more  glorious  imdertaking  for  a  groat  minister 


V 


'  Mcitlicr  .liicUcrriui  t;iV(  s  11  jilcng-  -' Tiilon's  Hcpoit  to   Cullicrt,  Oc-t. 

iiii,'  iiucc(li)te  lit'  his  I'iissiiip  hinis<'ir  4.  U'ti'i't,  X.  Y.  (.'olonUil    Docuiiicnts, 

oft' lis  a  vidct  in  visitiiiir  iln'  llntd  i\..   \). 'i'J.     C'auadu  DucuiU'iits,  ii., 

Dieu.     Hist.  Ue  lUoli'l  Dieu,  [i,  IIH.  p.  4?. 


IM 


i-j 


HISTORY  OK  NKW   FKANCB. 


8« 


like  him,  tliuu  tlio  caro  that  Ik;  would  f,'ivo  this  country, 
there  bein^  uono  in  America  that  eouUl  become  more  use- 
ful to  tlie  kinf,f(Iom. 

"]jut,"  ho  continues,  "if  his  nuijesty  wishes  to  niiiko 
nny  thiufj;  out  of  C'anaihi,  it  seems  to  mo  that  lie  will  not 
succeed,  except  by  taking  it  out  of  tlii!  hands  of  the  Wi'st 
India  Company,  and  by  granting  the  setth-rs  great  liberty 
of  trade,  excluding  only  foreigners.  If,  cm  the  contrary, 
his  majesty  considers  this  country  only  as  a  place  adapted 
for  trade  in  furs  and  the  sale  of  some  products  from  liis 
kingdom,  the  emolument  that  can  result  from  it  is  not 
worth  his  application,  and  very  little  deser\is  j-ours.  lu 
that  case,  it  would  be  moi'e  advantageous  to  leave  tho 
whole  direction  to  the  company,  in  the  same  manner  that 
it  has  that  of  the  West  Indies.  The  king,  adopting  this 
ct)urse,  may  dejiend  on  ruining  the  colony  ;  for  on  the  lust 
declaration  that  tlie  company  made,  that  it  will  sutler  no  free- 
dom of  trade,  nor  permit  the  settlers  to  import  goods  from 
France  on  their  own  account,  all  revolted.  The  company 
by  this  conduct  will  profit  greatly  by  impoverishing  the 
country  ;  and  will  not  mdy  deprive  it  of  means  of  subsist- 
ence, but  will  prove  a  serious  obstacle  to  its  settlement." ' 

At  the  close  of  December,  Mr.  de  Tracy  having  returned 
to  Queljec,  Ciarakonthie  arrived  there  with  di^puties  from 
his  own  canton,  as  well  as  from  Cayuga  and  Seneca.  Ho 
made  that  general  some  fine  presents,  and  assured  him  of 
the  perfect  submission  of  the  three  Cantons.  He  spoke 
with  modesty,  yet  with  dignity,  of  the  services  which  ho 
had  rendered  to  the  French  ;  then,  in  the  maimer  of  tho 
country,  he  bewailed  the  death  of  Father  Ic  Moyue,  re- 
cently deceased,  and  t\)r  vhom  the  Iroiiuois  nation  has 
preserved  a  high  esteem.  On  this  topic  (iarakonthie 
made  ^iuch  touching  and  intelligent  remarks,  us  to  sur- 
prise extremely  the  Vieeroj-  and  all  present.    He  concluded 


ir/.;. 


(iiiriikoii- 
lliii'  iit 
(iuobec. 


'  StM>   'I'lildii  -    K'cpiiri,   N.  Y.  Cdl,     17.     Tln'  iiiirt  (luntuil  is  uui  an  ex- 
Doc.,  ix.,  ^y-yU;  Can.  Doc,  I.,  i.,  p.     act  trau«tript. 


i-i 


I  1 


80 


niSTOUY  OP  NEW   FHANCl. 


if! 


} 


\()(i(>.     hy  iiskiiif^  poaco,  and  lilicity  for  nil  tlio  ])i'is()iiois  tiikcii  liy 

^~"^'^~^  us  IVoiii  till'  tliirc  ("iiiitoiis.  since  the  lust  cxcliiuii^c.' 

Wuriii/iiiiiMi      ])i'  I'l'iicy  hoiiiil  him  iill'iilily,  mid  iiiiinitiisti'd  to  liim,  Ijoth 

liuwiis  "ii.l  in  public  iiiul  private,  f^vciit  iVicudsJiip  :  lie  ^'rauteil  nil  liin 

dciurmii'ioil  I'ciiuests  oil  vei  V  ri'fisoiiiiMe  coiidit ions,  iiiid  dismissed  Iiini, 

""•        as  well  as   Ins  I'ellow-depiities,  loaded  with  ])i'esents."     Tlio 

silence  of  the  ]\Iolunvks  and  Oueidas,  and  still  more  tlieir 

past  condiict,  left  uo  doiilit  as  to  their  ill-will ;  ,iiid  it  wa.s 

resolved  to  march  as  soon  as  possil)le,  to  teai  h  them  that 

the  Frv'iich  were  in  a  position  to  punish  their  insults  and 

perfidy.      Two  corps  of  troops  were  sent  to  give  them 


'  'riuTc  Hci'iiiH  11  ('(inrusidn  ns  to 
till'  iliiti'  dl'  tills  riiiliusHV.  t'lmrli' 
vdix  lii'i'i'  savs  lull'  in  Dri'ciiilirr. 
Till'  Uilulion  (Ir  la  N.  !•".,  HUKI,  p.  n, 
Hiiys  Ditiilur  ;  but  l'"iitlii'r  Li'  Mrr- 
ciiT,  in  liix  .loiiniiil,  umlcr  iliito  of 
Dec.  4,  announcrs  the  iirriviil  (if  Mr. 
Li'  Miiyno,  with  Buvpn  Onoiiiliifins 
ami  (ini'  Oiu'iiln.  (fiirukoiithii'  anil 
Graiiili'  OuiMili'  liriii^'  siilisfiiiirntly 
inrniioiii'd.  Ilf  iilsn  nii'ntions  ri'- 
t'l  iviiiir  iiiti'llifirni'i'  1)1'  till'  ili'iitli  of 
Katlirr  Siiiiim  If  Moyiii'  at  t'ap  t!i'  la 
RIa;,'ililainL'.  Nov.  'ii.  l(l(l.">,at .")  a.  ,m., 
ngi'il  (11.  IIo  then  Kpeakti  of  thiir 
niakiiii;  tin-  iirosmts  and  bi'iiifr 
fcastiil.  The  N.  V.  ("ol.  Doc,  ix., 
p.  ;!T,  j.'ivi'  the  explanation  of  the 
eleven  presents  of  the  iiiubassadorM 
linilerilate  Dee,  l,l(i(i5.  ThetlealV 
Deivinbi  I-  l;;,  l(i(i.-),  N.  V.  Col,  Doe,, 
iii.,  pp.  rjl-."i.  is  the  tiist  fminal 
treaty  between  the  Friiieh  ami  In- 
diana, Simon  le  Moyne  entered  the 
Sixiety  of  Jesus  in  Ul'i;!,  ennie  to 
Canuila  in  l(i:iS,  nml  was,  as  we 
have  seen,  the  (list  who  sueeeedid 
in  estublishiiifr  a  niission  aiiioutc  the 
Irixpiois,  anion;;  whom  he  went  re- 
]ieate(lly  :  Carayon,  Documents  In- 
eilits,  xiv.,  pp.  lUi,  Hi'',  ami  nole.s 
of  Kev,  V.  Martin,  (iainkontliir's 
apotttropLu  tu  him  wuci  uii>  fuUuwH : 


"Ondessonk,  dost  thou  hear  me  from 
the  land  of  souls,  to  which  thou 
hast  passed  SI) i|iiickly '^  It  was  thou 
who  ilidsl  so  often  lay  lliv  head  on 
the  scatlblils  of  the  .Mohawks  ;  thou 
who  hast  gone  so  brnvely  into  their 
very  lires  to  rescuo  so  niany  of  iho 
French  ;  thou  who  didst  bear  pence 
anil  traiiiiuillity  wherever  thou  didst 
pass,  ami  hast  made  believers  wher- 
ever thou  didst  dwell.  W'c  have 
seen  thee  on  our  ciiiincil-mats  decide 
peace  and  war  ;  our  cabins  lieianie 
too  small  when  thou  didst  enter,  and 
our  very  villnjjes  were  too  contracted 
when  thou  wast  there,  so  great  wua 
the  crowd  drawn  by  thy  words.  But 
I  distinl)  thy  rest  by  my  importunate 
Words.  'I'liou  hast  so  ofim  taught 
us  that  this  life  ol'  misery  is  followed 
by  one  of  rtirmil  bliss,  iiuw  that  tlioll 
iiijoyest  it  what  reason  have  we  for 
grief','  Hut  we  deplore  thee,  becauso 
in  losing  thee  we  hiive  lost  our  father 
and  our  protector.  Nevertheless  wo 
will  be  consoled  because  thou  con- 
tiiiuest  to  ill-  so  in  heaven,  ami  be- 
caii.se  thou  bust  found  in  that  alioilo 
ol  lili>s  the  infinite  joy  of  which 
you  have  so  often  s]ioken  to  us:" 
Keliiliiiii  lie  la  .N'oiivelle  France, 
lljli.-),  p.  .5. 
''Holatiou  do  lu  N.  F.,  ItJtiO,  p.  0. 


\ 


, 


\ 


IMSTOHY   ()|-   NKW   FIJANCE. 


87 


Tlitf 
OiiouIjih 
sii  limit. 


olmso,  luid  ^Ir.  do  ('DurcclIcH  vi'soIvihI  to  Icatl  tlio  first,  as  i^//i. 
lii'iii};'  the  luuii!  coiisidriiiML'.  Tin*  sci-ond  niarclicd  uiidcr  -^i"" 
iMr.  di)  Sdivi; 

TIk;  (■iiiitiui  of  ()uoi<lii,  nlarnicd  at  tlicsd  jncjjarations, 
dispiitfluul  dt'putifs  to  Quobeo  to  avert  tlio  iiii'iiaiMii^' 
Ktonii.  From  some  luciiioirs,  it  would  st-iiu  that  tlicsc 
deputies  liad  full  power  to  aet  iu  tlu!  uaiue  of  the  INIo- 
liiuvks ;'  iait  the  latter  still  had  war-parties  iu  tiie  field, 
and  r,uo  of  thoHO  .surprised  and  killed  three  olUcors,  Mes- 

hif s  ■'       ".asy,  Chauiat,  aud  Mariu  ;  the  first,  a  nephew 

(..  xraey.  It  was  not,  however,  this  untoward  aecideut, 
but  tlu'  hrutality  ui  a  Mohawk  chief,  that  absolutcsly  broke 
oil'  tho  uo<,'otiatiou  commeuood  by  the  Oueichi  deputiuH." 

Mr.  de  Sorel,  wheu  ou  the  poiut  of  fuUiu^'  upou  a  ^lo-  iinitiiHty  of 
hawk  town,  uu't  a  troop  of  warriors  lu'aded  l)y  the  I'leuiish      (imf 
Dastard.     He  was  about  to  attack  tlieni,  wlusii  the  Mohawk  „n"ti'iu V|"ot. 
chief,  Hooiuf,'  hituHclf  greatly  inferior  to  thu  French,  and 
■with  no  means  of  escape,  adopted  tl  e  plan  of  advancing 
to  Sorcl  aud  telling  him,  with  a  very  confident  air,  that  ho 
was  going  to  (Quebec  to  treat  of  peace  with  Mr.  do  Tracy. 
Sorel  bclievi'd  him,  and  himself  took  him  to  the  viceroy, 
■who  received  him  well.'     Another  Mohawk  chief    inived 


;iit 


'  January  0,  KiOO:  Hi'lntion  do  la 
Nouvcllc  b'niiici',  l(i{ill,  1).  (i ;  Lo  Jfer- 
ciiT,  .loiiriml. 

'  TliiM  wiiM  iiiucli  liUcr.  Tliu 
Oni'iila  ainbnssiuloi'H  aiTivii!  ,luly  (i, 
with  letters  from  tin-  Dutrli :  1,« 
MiTcicr,  .Journal  ;  Hcl.,  l(l(l(!,  ]>.  7. 
They  had  aiulitMiCf  ou  the  Hih. 
Somo  were  di'tainrd  as  liostai^cs. 
FatluT  Bescheler  was  si'iit  as  am- 
bassiulor  to  Oranfro,  arcom]miiii'd  liy 
Mr.  dc  laTcswrii'  as  intrr]irctir  and 
]loi|Ui't  as  assistaiU  :  l.f  McrciiT, 
Journal,  .luly  S.  This  cmlMuwy  was 
nrrrstfd  l>y  the  murder  of  th(>  olli- 
ccrs:  III..  July  '.ia. 

■'  'I'lierc  is  some  confusion  as  to 
thi'<i'  (illicrrs.  liO  .McrciiT,  Journal, 
July  '-'0,  says  M.  do  Cliasy  and  t- 


otlii'i-s  killed,  and  four  taken,  in- 
cluilini;  Mr.  de  Leroles,  de  Traey's 
cousin.  The  llelation,  p.  T,  luakes 
thiisr  liilleij  ilie  Sienrs  ile  Traversay 
and  de  Clnisy.  Talon  ^  Memoir.  N. 
Y.  Col.  Hoc.,  ix..  p.  .51!.  says  ileaths 
of  ('hazy  and  Travory,  and  of  Cha- 
luiit  and  Morin.  De  la  I'otlierie, 
Hist,  de  r.\ni('riiine  Septentrioiuile. 
ii..  II.  >*'>,  says  de  Chasi,  do  Lerole, 
and  de  MontaL'ny  ;  I'errot.]).  lll.,de 
Chasy  killed,  and  de  Noiro'le  lakeii. 
ImuIIou,  Ilistoire  de  hi  Cnlonie  Kran- 
<;aise,  iii.,  |i.  \',','t,  says  .Mr.  de  Holes, 
See  N.  Y.  I'ol.  Doc,  iii„  p.  l;!-t, 

^  Relation  de  la  Nouvelle  France, 
1(1<II!,  I).  7;  Talon  in  N,  Y.  Col.  Doc, 
ix.,  p.  ."iSl ;  Le  Mercier,  Journal,  Aug. 
2S,  lUOO. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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Hiotographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSEO 

(716)  873-4S03 


'I 


88 


mSTOUY  OF  NEW    KlJANrE. 


\  (,(,(,. 


('iiliriTllr'K 
fX|>i''litiMn 
i.u'iitti-l  Ilic 


at  (^iK'lirc  a  few  (lavH  afli  r,  ami  ^'ave  liiinsclf  (nit  iilsn  as 
a  (Irpiity  tVoiM  liis  canton.  No  dinilit  was  now  ciiti'iliiiinil 
lait  that  till'  Mol:awks  woii'  ically  ilisposcd  to  ])cac(> ;  l>ut 
onr  (lay,  when  ilc  Tracy  had  invited  the  two  |in'ttiidcd 
deputies  to  liis  talih',  the  conversation  turning  on  tiie 
(loath  of  Mr.  de  Chasy,  the  ^lohawk  (liiel",  raisin;.;  liis  arm, 
oxclainu-d  :  "This  is  tiu'  arm  that  tomahawked  tiiat  young 
oiru'er."  TIic  indignation  of  all  ])resent  may  lie  innigined. 
Tlie  Viceroy  told  the  insi.lent  savage  that  lie  would  never 
kill  another,  and  had  him  strangK.l  on  tiie  s|iot  liy  tho 
oxi'cutioner,  in  iircscnce  of  the  Flemish  IJastard,  wh^mi  he 
retained  as  a  prisoner.' 

On  tiu)  (.ther  hand,  Mr.  de  C'onrcelles,  in  ignoraiu'c  of 
what  was  jta.ssing  at  the  capital,  had  entered  the  Mohawk 
canton  :'  Imt  lit'l'orc  coninii'ncing  hostilities,  he  deemed  it 
udvisal)lo  to  havo  an  interview  with  the  commandant  of 
Corlar,'  a  t(  wn  in  New  York,  and  lu>  got  a  promise  from 
that  ollicer  tliat  he  would  give  no  aid  to  the  Jro(|Uois.  He 
KutVercd  greatly  on  this  march,  which  ln'  made  in  mid- 
winter, on  snow-shoes,  himself  carrying  his  provisions  and 
arms,  like  tin;  hundilest  of  the  soldiei's,  several  of  whom, 
recently  arrived  from  France,  were  crijijiled  iiy  frost.  A 
littli'  greater  experience  would  have  taught  him  that,  while 
ho  took  a  useless  precaution  at  such  gri>at  cost,  ho  missed 
liis  l)low.     He  sv)on   perceived  it,  for  on  entering  tho  Mo- 


'  Cliiirli'Viiix  liiTi'  liilliiNVH  I'l-rriil, 
Md'iirx  el  ( 'iiiiKliiMii-ri,  |i.  li:t,  iiikI  <Ii' 
111  I'citliiTii'.  Ilist"iri' di'  r.Vin.'rii|iif 
Hrptrlitriiilliili',  ii.,  )).  S."i.  'I'lic  He- 
liilion  ill'  111  Nimvilli'  l'"riiiii-i'.  llillli, 
\.r  Mi'irirf  >  .liiiiriml.  mill  M.  Miiry 
(if  till'  liirnriiiiiiiiM  liiivi'  iiiitliiii^' 
o!'  till'  kiiiil.  us  to  till' iliiiiiir  Ki'i'iii' 
iiDil  liiiiifriiiK  iif  .\pii-iiitii.  Si'iiti'iii- 
Im'I'  II,  till'  .liMiriiul  iMi'iitiiiiiri  till' 
nrriviil  of  ('uiiHlurr  with  two  Mi^ 
IihwUh,  mil' lit  tliriii  "  ii  N'liiti'r.cliU'l' 
ol  till'  lirifTii'li- ili.li  killi'il  ll^'<'llll^^■." 
M.  .Miirii'  il<'  I'liiriiiiialiiiii.  in  Iht 
Irtiir  iif  Nov.  1',',  lillil!,  mtiUiiiiiiH  ilo 


'rraryV  liiiti/riiiK  "»•"  u>*  '"i  inrraitnr 
III  till'  |irii('i'. 

'I'IiIh  !.•<  111!  iiiis|iliii'i'.l.  |)i' C'our- 
ci'lli'  w't  mil  .liiiniaiv  !l,  1(1(1(1,  niul 
wan  nl  Ciui'lirr  afriiiii  .Miii'i'li  IT,  KKl'i 
(I.r   .Mircjir.  .Iiiiiriiiih.    lint;   l"'l"i'<' 

till'  ilratlinl'lli'  (luisy  Ullil  till'  I"  I'lilH 
to  wliirli  It  li'il. 

'  Ciiilar  in  S<'liiin'i'iaily,  and  was 
HO  ralli'il  I'roiu  Aiiiiili  Van  CurliT, 
wlimii  till'  Iiiiliaii8  ri-f^ii'ilril  uh  t)ie 
nilrr  of  till'  lliilrli;  O'Callafrlian, 
Ni'w  Ni  tln'i!iiiiil,  i ,  11.  :1'.''J.  Colili'ii, 
in  liis  Fivi'  NatiiiiiH  ilT',7),  ncems 
Hignully  ignorant  an  tu  liiui. 


iiisToin  ()!■  m;\v  kuanck 

linwk  rarito!!,  Ii(>  I'lmiid  tlic  villii,i,'i's  ciitinly  .li'scitrd  ;  tlir 
cliildrcii,  woiiifii,  aiul  old  iiicii  liitd  ln'iii  jdiicid  in  safety 
in  tli('  woods,  and  all  the  waniors  had  niairlu'd  aj^'aiiist 
othtT  nations,  whih'  awaitinj,'  tlio  issuo  of  tlio  ni'^'otiations 
Ix'^'un  l>y  tli(>  Ont'idas.  Thoro  were,  ncxfitliiliss,  sonu' 
ni^'iit  skirniislifs  lictufini  our  nii'n  and  ^loliawk  lunncrs, 
Konic  ol'  whom  were  killed  and  others  taken  :  not  a  Freueh- 
man  was  wonmU'd  ;  l)nt  an  oilicer  and  lour  or  tivo  sol- 
diers were  lost  ou  this  t'Xj)edilion  liy  some  unexplained 
aecidi'ut.' 

On  his  return,  Mr,  dc  Cnurcelles  fouiK^  the  im'])arations 
for  the  exiiedition  aj,'ainst  the  Oneidas  and  Mohawks 
^'reatlv  advaneed.  Six  hundred  soldiers  of  the  ("ari;,'nan 
re}:;iment,  a  like  iiumlier  of  Canadians,  and  ahout  a  hun- 
dred Indians  of  dill'erent  i:ations,  eoni|ios(il  the  army  of 
Mr.  de  Tracy,  who,  in  s])ite  of  his  nion-  than  thri'iseoro 
and  ton,  rosolvod  to  commaml  in  jx-rson.  Two  tield-pieees 
constituted  all  his  artillery;  hut  this  was  enough  to  force 


80 


1  (<(<(\ 


'  For    do  ('i)iirr<'lli''H  i-s]H'ditiiiii, 

Hi'i'  lil'llltioll  llr  III  NollVrllc  Kninri-, 
nilii),  |i  0;  l.c  Mrrcii-r,  .lounml,  .liiii. 
II.  Uilili  ;  KdlliiT  (!«•  ('ii:-s(iii,  IlisKiiii' 
<lii  Mciiiirral  I.MS.)  ;   Di'  la  I'ntlniii', 

Ilislnilf  (Ir  lAlll.  Si'I'tcllt.,  ii ,  p.  S."i  ; 

A  KcliitiMii  111'  till-  (ioviTiiDr  ol  Ciiii- 
uila,  hi.'*  .Mairli,  N.  V.  Cul.  Due,  iii., 
II.  IIH;  I,.ttcr  1)1'  <Jc>v.  Nicdllii,  11.., 
p.  1;!;!  ;  ('oldrn'K  Kivi;  Nations,  iili- 
tiiiii  IT','7.  p.  ','2.  The  I'Xpiilil'hiii 
HI'I  oiil  frniii  (^uiOmc,  .laii.  II,  llU'ill, 
Mr.  <1)'  ('(iiiici'lli'  ill  rciiiiniaiiil  ;  <lii 
(iaH,  \\\f  lii'iili'iuiiit  :  lilHI  ri'iriilai's, 
2(111  piDviiirial  viilunti'i  TK.  All  win' 
liicmnli'cl  nil  siiow-sliiH't*.  ami  Hiilliii'il 
giviitly  :  Urlalinii,  llitlll.  p.  (i.  lii' 
rcaclicil  'l"iir»'r  Uivci-s  nn  tlii>  Kith, 
atxl  lift  on  the  ISili.  On  tlii'  -J'.itli 
hi-  I,  11  [■"oil  St.  Lniiis  with  ."iiMlor 
(illll  iiii'ii  ll.i-  .MiTiiiT,  .louiniil).  ami 
I'liri  Si.  'I'c'iiwi  iirxt  iliiy  ;   lli.     'I'lu- 

IMIlll'   lili  llCf    i-    lint    loUl.       (  'i.lllC'  llr 

dfiH'mlcU  on  Algoni|uiu  guides,  Iml 


Do  Trnry 

iiiiir'.-Iifs 

tlic  >illllU 

I'iiiiU'li. 


i 


tlicy    disiipiMiiiitrd    liini:     and     he 

(•am II   iifiir  Scln  ncitady,  wlicrc 

111'  Miipriwil  luo  Iniliiin  raliiiiw. 
A  skiniiish  insiicd,  in  wliiili  lour 
.Miiliawks  ami  i-ix  l''r('ii(liiiii  ii  wiii' 
killril.  iMrliiiiiiiir  l.i'  iiii'iiani  Siciir 
Ai>,'iii'niorlr :  I'frrot,  .\lii'iirsi't('ciu«- 
tiiiiii!<drs  Saiiviifjf's.  p.  1 1 1.  Sunday 
wan  isix'nt  ill  roiifi'irmi'  with  lliu 
I)ut<'li  ciiiiiiiiiiiidir ;  and  tnwardM 
rvi  niii^r  111'  liiTraii  Ills  liiiiiirwiird 
iiiari'li,  on  wliirli  (iililiid  olliunp'r; 
l.i'  .MiTciir,  .Icpurnal.  Nliiirli  IT.  liilKI. 
His  siirprisi'  at  liiidiiif,'  ilii-  iimniry 
ill  the  lialidsiil  tlic  Ijiglisli  iloiilit 
liss  di.-conci  rti'd  Ids  plans.  Tin' 
Kii;.'lisli  acroiiiit  «ays  lii'  lo^l  clivin 
killi'il  and  sivni  woumlrd.  mid  puis 
till'  .Mohawk  liisH  at  llii'.i'  killid  and 
six  woiindi'd;  N.  V  Dik'.  lli-l.iry,  i., 
p.  •")(}.  Till'  .Mohawk  and  Omiila 
liriiM'S  wi  ri'  cliii  My  away,  tiioiifrh 
i'  Ml  II  sM\s  Van  Ciiil'  I  diM  rt.  d 
lln-iii  Iroiii  following  tin'  Fruudi. 


J 


90 


1666. 


Ko-iilt  (if 
his  ixi'iili 


IlISTdHY   OF   NKW    I'HANCE. 

any  Irotiuois  iiitrciiclmiciit.  At  Uic  inniiu'iil  nf  liis  niiinli- 
iiij^,  lu'W  (lc|iiili('s  iciulit'il  (^)mliic  I'liiin  tlir  two  (•.■inlniis  : 
hi!  rctiiiiit'd  tlifiii  lis  jirisoiii'is,  iiiid  ut  oin'i;  put  liis  aiuiy 
iu  motion,  on  tlic  1  Uli  of  S('i)t<'inlitr.' 

Mr.  ill'  ('i)Uirill(s  It'll  till'  van,  ronipoKcil  of  400  men 
Mr.  lie  TriifV  WHS  with  tlic  iiiuiii  lioily,  liii\  in^,'  witii  liim 
till'  Clit'Vtilit  r  lit'  Cliatimnnt,  anil  a  nunilur  of  otrii-<'i-s. 
Cajitains  Soicl  anil  i'litiiiir  foniniainltil  tin-  ifarj^'nard.' 
No  provisions  wn-o  takm  t'Xfrj)t  i'non},'!i  to  rracli  tlio 
cnu'mv's  c'ountij,  wluii'  tiny  cxi'i  ititl  to  iinil  siitliiitiit  ; 
but  as  tlirir  stork  was  not  tcoiioniifally  n)anaf,'t'il,  tiu'y 
hail  still  a  loii^'  ilistaiui'  to  marih  when  provisions  totall}' 
failril.  Till'  army  was  rraily  to  ilisliauil  in  scarrh  of  food, 
whtii  it  cnttTt'd  a  t-lu'stniit  wood,  whii-h  •^nw  thrm  means 
of  sulisistiii},'  till  they  reaehed  the  lirst  IriMnmis  villages." 

The  vieeroy  had  iniliil};ed  the  ho]ie  of  surprising  theso 
Indians;  but  some  Alj^oni|uins,  who  iiail  in  a  disorderly 
mannei'  taken  the  lead,  ;^ave  the  alarm  ;  so  that  there  re- 
mained in  till'  towns  (Hily  a  small  nundier  of  old  men  and 
wt>men,'wiio  liad  Ijeen  unable  to  aieiimi>any  the  rest  in 
their  lli;;ht.  The  army  entered  the  lirst  town  in  order  of 
buttle,  standards  displayed  and  drums  '.leating.     All  tho 


'  Kcliiliim  <li'  la  Noiivillc  Kraiici-, 
Kllili.  )).  S.  Mnv  •,'.">,  1(1(1(1.  liciity 
Willi  till'  S>'ncii:h:  N.  V  lol.  \h,r.. 
ix..  |i.  II.  .Inly  7.  KKKi.  H  In  Illy 
Wii.-  iiiiidi- «illi  llic  (tiuiiluH  :  .\.  V. 
hue  lli^tllry,  i.,  |>.  .">•.'.  T'orl  Si. 
Aiiiii-  was  1  TiTicd  nil  uii  ii^liiml  in 
Laki'  ('liiiiii|iliiiii,  July,  KilKi.  uml 
mxpli  alliT  ill'  Clm.sy.  I'lc  ,  were 
killi'il.  l»ii  tliis,  til'  Tiury  iiniuiri'il 
for  n  iMiiM|i»i^m.  On  llii'  liUi  nf 
Au^.'iij't  a  fiiiiiH'il  was  Inlil,  Willi 
(li-|intirs  lioni  all  'lir  faiitmiH;  yi'l 
tlf  i'liu'y  sil  mil  Si  |)i,  II.  Willi  1,1(10 
nii'ii.  anil  "ii  lln-  :!  I  Oi'l.  finally  li'lt 
l-'nrt  St.  .\nin' ;  l.i-  .Mrnii  r..limriial  ; 
Hilaiinn  ill'  la  N.  K,  KKKi,  |i.  f< ;  I'lT- 
riit.  Mti'iirs  I'l  IViusiunn's,  p.  IIU. 


•  Till'  litlali.in  tlf  ia  .\.  R,  1(1(1(1, 
)i.  M,  says  Cliniiilily  ami  liiTlliii!'. 
Mr.  ill'  lii'iH  Mii;:My  rniiiiiianilril  llii' 
plDvinrials  111'  liuiliir.  1.1'  Miiynu 
iliiisi'  Df.Moiiiiiiil  :  M.  .Marif  ill'  rin- 
caninliiin,  I,fltii's,  p.  (lilt;  Diillicr  tlt> 
I'assim,  llisl.  'Ii'  Miiiitrial. 

■  .M.  .Murii'  lit'  I'lnrariialiiiii,  l,fl- 
Iri'sOi't.  Kianil  Xnv.  1',',  |li(i(i;  l.it- 

ll'i'S.    |i.    (i|;i;    I'liiiix    til'    l.lllrrs,    pp. 

;!'.'"i.  ;i'".l.  MiilliiT  ill' t'assDii.  llisiDirt) 
<li'  .Miiiilii'al.  flivis  ili'lails  as  to  llin 
siitliTilig  caiiHcU  liy  Ihr  want  ol  pri>- 
visions. 

^  Itt'lntion  ill'  la  -Noiivilli'  l''raiifi', 
KKKi,  p.  H:  Dc  la  Potliirii'.  llistoim 
(If  rAiurriiiut'  !si'i)ti'Utriuuul'',  ii,,  p. 

y4. 


I 


,f 


IlISTOKV    or   NKW    llfANCK. 

Tn.lmns  mnainin-  |l„.,v  wnv  „ia,l..  piisonns,  aiul  |.n,- 
visioiis  wnv  loim.l  in  aI..nMl,iiKv.  Tl.is  cantn,,  v.is  (I,,., 
••'I'l""-''"tlv  liclMT  thai,  it  lias  luvi.  sii.ro.  Tiirv  f.mn.l 
w..il-l.uilt  .•al.JMs  la.ally  a.l..nu..l.  Womo  wen,  a  liun.liva 
■•mhI  Iwrntv  iV.t  l..n-  au.l  wi.l..  in  |.n.,M.rtin„,  all  n.vmHl 
Willi  lioanls  witliiii  and  without.' 

Thr  soMiris,  sfaivhin-  .,n  all  si.l.s,  f,,,,...!  also  .Irposj. 
Un-H-s  .l„^r  in  tl...  -n.iuul  in  th,-  Indian  lashi..n,  whirl,  w.to 
.so  stork...!  with  -,ain,  that   it  wonl.l  hav  s..,,,,„rt...l  tho 
cnl.Miv   for  tw.,  y..ars.     Tin,  first  towns  w,.,v   >v,h.c..,l  1„ 
asln.s.    Tl...  two  <,th..is  w,.iv  a  littl..  Inithrr  of,';    j.ut  an 
AI-on.,nin  s.,„aw,  who  ha.l  l.,n^.  i,...,u  ,,  ,1,.^^  i„  (hat  nin- 
t..n,  act..l  as  -ui.l,..-     Tin-  n.-aivst  was  also  foun.l  t.-nant- 
loss,  and  it  was  only  in  th.,-  last  that  tl...  ..ncmv  was  ilnally 
nu-t.     Th..y  had   tVlt   assured  that  tl...  F.vi.ri.  woul.l  uut 
vonturt,  to  c-on...  thith...-  in  s..ai-ch  of  tl...ni.  and  tluj  (.xtni- 
ordinaiy  disph.y  with  which  th..y  l.,.h..ld  tl...  l'r..nch  ap- 
preai'li,  ah.n.n.d   thom.     Not  ih.iin-  to  await   an   attack 
lh..y  tl...l  to  the  shelt,.r  of  places  wh..,e  it  was  in.pu.ssihlo' 
t..  follow  then..     The  l.'..,.nch  reveno.,!  th,.n.s..lv..s  on  tho 
*-.i1m..s,  an.l  not  on,,  was  left  stan.lin-  in  the  whole  canton.' 
It  is  certain  that  if  a  i)auic  ha.l  n..t  s..i/,.d  th..se  sava-es, 
th.>  Fn.nch  army  would  have  found  its,.|f  in  a  wrv  ciit?cal 
I'Hsition;  Imt  th.ir  hea.ls  were  turned,  an.l  tl.,.v  n..ith..r 
thou-ht  of  p.-otitin-  l.y  the  advantage  which  the  "situation 

'  IiH..i„„  .1,.  la  N,„.v,.|l,.  Kn.,„v,     ,,r,.viMoMs.  n,„I  „■..„.,•  i^luuk  u,uU.. 

1.,  1>.  4S,  .M.  .Mail,.  .!.■  1  Incanmli.i.i.     ii   K'.iiinl    liciv. 
I<fttr<.  Nov.  l','.  IC.Ki:  .linix  ,1,.  I,,. I 


•M 


1 6(.r.. 


uiiil  hail  just    liuriit 
,,..,    ,    ...„,      ,,.,  ,     ,    ,.  'w.  Indian    |..i.,„„.,s  al    tl,,-   slak..; 

tr....<,|,. .!.'!».      ll,.-vr..arlM.,l(l„.si,mn     l{.l«ti„n  ,1.-  1„  N    K    i,;,;,;   .,  ,,     y 
"nS..T..r,.HaH,lay,.),„>l,r,-l.-,.     U.    .M„,i..   .1..    il„,,„.,m.i.,n,   .'hnix    \u. 


liaini-  IS  lint  (jivi'ii.  iicir  tlmt  n{  t|„ 
m-O'llil  and  third  ;  He  la  l'<illi,  lir 
Hint   d..  lAiii.  Srpt.,  il..  s|. 

■  li.latioii  il,.  la  Ni,iiv..|lr  l"iaii(r 
llllii:.  p.  '.>.  S.  \.  l)(»i.iiiri,tar.v  His 
ton,  i..  |i.  ID. 

'This  li.iirth  K.wii  I, ad  a  triple 
Jiar-Jadr  tuniiv  Ir.i  hi-li,  with  Imn 


l-'i!f,.>,  p.  :i:ii  .\,  ,1,1,  I,,,,  ,,,^^._^ 
Aiidaia.pi,-  (.\nda.-iif..ai.  a  foiiual 
"<•!  "as  iiiad..i,r  tin-  takiiifr  p..sw«. 
si"ii  "I  liv.-  Torts,  (hit. •(!  Oct,  IT.  Iiiin;, 
i"*'.'  act,  .\,  V.  |)u.-,rin.'iitaiv  Hi, |,, ri- 


ll I.,  p. 


I  .  1>.  •■.!:    .\,   V,  rolr.lijal    Il,,r, 

l-;'p  .    Iiii-iincaii.  lliluir.-  d..  ril.,i,.j. 
ba«l.ou«  i   was   well   supplied   w.ih     tUoritio-  uaiu.  ihr.^.  viJi«g«,. 


II..  did  not 

si.i-u.'i;  llio 

ci^iunlry. 


m 


1 


02 


I  U,(\ 


\  ^ 


TllC  COHrt 

iliir*  imt 
\vi>li  tliu 

CmIhIIV 

too  greatly 

CXlUlllllil. 


IllSTOHV   OF  Ni;\V   FliANCE. 

ami  kimwlctlgo  of  tlic  conntry  iifloidt'd  tliriii,  nor  ,.|'  lunii- 
iuii  wlmt  grain  llu^y  coulil  not  earn  awa}.'  On  tin-  otlur 
hand,  Mr.  ilo  Tracy  did  not  dci  ni  it  proper  to  maiif  ^uro 
of  tlu  in  liy  a  good  fort  :  ho  only  wislicd  to  Inniililf  thcin, 
and  tcai'ii  thenj  tiiat  tlu-  Fr«  lu-h  were  aide  to  hiiliduf  tlitui 
if  tlu'V  c'host*,  and  iio  siiccrt'ded.  CVnivincutd,  moreover, 
that  !)}•  means  of  the  forts  wiiieh  lie  had  erected  on  the 
river  Sorel,  he  had  suiriciently  sliiel(h'd  tlic  colony  from 
inroads  of  the  lro<iuois,  he  jndged  it  more  advisalile  to 
fortify  and  increase  the  esta'olisinncnts  on  the  St.  Law- 
rence ;  and  this  was  all  that  he  could  do  with  the  troo])s  at 
liis  disposal. 

This  was  one  of  the  jioints  most  ex])ressly  recommended 
to  de  ('ourcelh's  and  Talon.  "One  of  the  things  which 
has  proved  the  greatest  ohstacle  to  the  ])eopling  of  Cana- 
da," said  Mr.  Colbert  in  the  instiuctions  which  he  gave  to 
the  Tntem^ant,  "has  heen,  that  the  settlers  planted  their 
habitations  where  tlu'V  pleased,  and  without  taking  the 
jtrt'caution  of  adjoining  each  other,  to  give  mutual  aid  and 
succor.  Hence  tlieso  settlements,  l)t'ing  scattered  on  all 
sides,  found  themselves  exposed  to  the  and>uscades  of  the 
Iroipiois.  For  this  reason,  the  king,  two  years  since,  issued 
a  decrei'  of  his  council,  which  commanded  that  thencefor- 
ward no  land  should  be  cleared  exee])t  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  former  clearings ;  and  that  the  settlements 
should,  as  far  as  )V)ssible,  be  reduced  to  the  form  of  our 
])arislies.  This  deci'ee  has  remained  inelVectual,  because 
to  bring  the  settlers  into  villages,  would  subject  them  to 
make  nt'W  clearings  and  abauthui  their  old  farms.  Still, 
as  it  was  an  evil  to  which  a  n^nedy  was  to  be  sought,  his 
majesty  left  it  to  the  )>rudence  of  the  Sieur  Talon  to  con- 
sult with  thi'  Sieur  de  Courcelles  and  the  officers  of  the 
Sovereign  Council  as  to  the  means  oi"  eairying  out  his 
wishes."' 


^ 


f    1 


'  M    Mai'uMli-  riuiuruiiUim,  Li'tlri-         "  CdIImiI  lo  I'ulou,  N.  Y.  Col.  L)oc. 
Nov.  1^,  nm.  ix.,p. '47. 


i 


^ 


I 


IIISTUHY  OF   NF.W   FHANTR. 

It  was  iiiiil(tiil)toilIy  <)l)joctit)im1ilo  for  colonists  to  settle 
tliiis  in  splits  so  icn  itt'  fVtmi  cicli  otliii'  tliiit  tlicy  \V(  in 
not  witiiin  ifiU'li  to  iiltni'il  mutual  assistani't;  in  I'ase  of 
attack;  Jjut  tlic  siiortcst  inrtliuil  of  rcnicdyinj^  it  was  a) >- 
l)an'ntly  to  foitily  the  frontier  of  the  c.Mintrv  well  a;,'ainst 
the  actual  enemies,  and  those  whom  it  was  easy  to  fmesee 
they  ctiultl  not  fail  to  have  soonei'  or  lattr  to  contend  with. 
The  rcf^ulation  here  sjioken  of  l)y  ('iiliurt  was  rc-cnacteil 
lunre  tiiaii  once,  lait  al\  ays  inelVectually.  Interest,  nioro 
powei'ful  than  fear,  has  often  induced  individuals  to  placu 
themselves  in  the  most  ex|)i)sed  simts,  wiiere  advantages 
for  trade  lilindod  them  to  the  ]ieril,  nor  has  tliu  most  dis- 
astrous experience  tau;,'ht  them  wisdom.' 

To  return  to  ^[r.  de  Tracy.  Jle  would  have  hm\  ;,dad 
to  treat  the  canton  of  Oneida  as  he  had  just  ticated  that 
of  ^lohawk  ;  Imt  the  end  of  Octolier  approached,  ami  how- 
ever little  he  mi^dit  defer  his  homeward  march,  he  would 
run  the  risk  of  lindinj,'  the  rivers  frozen,  and  lu'inj,'  har- 
assed in  his  retreat  liy  an  enemy  whom  he  had  ])rovoked 
\vithi>ut  j,'reatly  enfeebling.  Already,  even,  the  roads  were 
bad  t'nough  ;  the  troops  sulVci'ed  much,  and  one  ollicor, 
with  sonii'  soldieis,  was  drowned  in  i<ake  Champlain." 

The  Viceroy,  on  his  arrival  in  (Quebec,'  hunt,'  two  or  thn>o 
of  his  prisoiii'i's  .-is  an  example,  and  sent  all  the  rest  homo 
with  the  Flemish  IJastard,  after  showini,'  them  much  kind- 
ness.' A  few  days  later  he  was  iid'ormed  that  tiie  Sieur 
de  la  Valliere,  who  commanded  on  Isle  lloyal,  ("ape  J!ri> 
ton,  was  attacked  by  the  English.      This  is  all  that  I  can 

'  Kdilw  ct  OiilMMiiiincfO,  i..  \>.'.]\.  '■  Cape  Hrcldii   wiis  ilisccivcrril  liy 

•  Hiliitiiin  lie  In  Nniivcllr  Kiaiicc.  tin'   Untmis  at    an   tally   date,  ami 

lliCid,  |). ;; ;  M.  Marieili  riinaiiiaihiii,  link   ils   naiiie   rnpiii  tliiiii.     ll   was 

Lcllrc   Nov.    1',',   Killfl,      '11 Iliiir  i'.>ii,staiilly  visilid  by  I'niich  vis-'els, 

lipst    was     a    liciiliiiaiil,    Sii  ur    de  and  a  Hirl  oi  liailini:  pnst  was  Icirm 

l.U(|Ues.  iiialiitained   liri'e.     'Ilie  .lesiiils  liad 

'■  He  readied  C^llilier   NnV..").  Ililill  :  llli.-^iullr.    lliele    Imill     1(1'^'.)    til    lllidllt 

l.e  Mercii  r.  .Idiinial.  lld>iiMie:   Itelaii'm,  l'i:'i."i,  p.  I'^J  .  lb.. 

'  .\I.   .Marie  lie  riiirariialiiiii  men      1(m'.i,|i.  T.     ll  was  iMihideil  in  t  rnm- 

ti'ins  llle   hilll;     IIlT     ll       ne        .Sieliiile,       \\ill~    1:1:1111111    .\e;idui   In  T'  lll|ile  in 

ill.,  (i.  Oti ;  I'vri-ol,  Ma'ui'tt,  utc.,  p.  il4.     lUuO,  n-Cugui/Ltl  hy  Cliarhm  ii.,  but 


98 


i(,r,6. 


ill; 


J 


94 


1666. 


Mr.  a.' 
Triirv  ri- 
liirii>  t'> 

Kniiii'i.'. 

1667. 


Cliitiiitc  ill 
ullairs  ill 
nx'iiril  til 
ri'li^'iuti. 


HIHTOIIY   (tF  NKW   I'UANCE. 

Iciiiii  coiiccniiiin  it.  I  only  knon*  tliat  our  scttlrinriit  <m 
that  island  was  tlnii  iiisi}^'iiifu-aiit,  and  that  it  was  intiiily 
alianihincd  a  (v\v  years  afterwards. 

As  soon  as  navi^'ation  was  free,  Mr.  de  Tracy  saih'd 
liaek  to  I^'rance,'  and  tlie  last  act  of  authority  which  lie 
oxcrci.sed  in  America  was  to  cstalilisji  the  West  India 
t'onipiiny  in  all  the  rij;hts  which  the  Coniiiaiiy  of  a  Hun- 
dred Associates  had  enjoyed.'  ^[iicii  was  e\|n'cted  from 
tilt'  former  company;  l»nt  it  did  not  take  tiie  interests  of 
New  France  more  to  heart  tlian  the  jirevious  company 
had  done,  as  Mr.  Talon  hail  foreseen.  Howevei',  as  tho 
rc-enforcenient  received  hy  Canada  in  the  last  few  years 
had  been  put  on  a  pretty  f^ood  footing',  it  maintained  it.self 
so  for  some  time  ;  nor  did  it  sulisequently  relai)se  into  tho 
Htate  of  weakucss  uud  exhaustion  from  which  tho  king  had 
just  drawn  it. 

The  humiliation  of  tlie  Tro(|uoiH  was  a  favorabU^  con- 
juncture, of  whii'h  they  mi^^ht  avail  themselves  to  induce 
that  nation  and  all  tlu;  others  to  show  docility  to  the  in- 
structions of  the  missionaries;  and  policy  concurred  with 
relij,'ion  not  to  allow  it  to  escajjc  ;  liut  manners  chan^'cd 
in  tlu'  colony,  as  they  deemed  themselvi's  more  secure: 
that  zeal  for  the  conversion  of  the  heathen  which  had 
hitherto  seemed  to  animate  all  the  settlers  almost  as  ninch 
as  the  eviinf^'elical  laborers,  gradually  cooled  in  the  former, 
uor  did  the  latter  always  liud  now  iu  the  authorities  tho 


wn8  restored  to  Franec  l)y  tlic  trruty 
of  Uriilii,  .Inly  III,  lti(iT:  .MciiiuinH 
Kill-  lis  I'lis.-*!  ssiiins.  iii..  pp.  ','!•',',  .ViW. 
Driiys,  Imwi'Vir.  ('ciMiiiianiliil  fur  the 
Fii'iicli  ill  Kl.V.I  (IJrliitiuii.  p.  7);  liiil 
Ki'iiiicc  iliil  nut  rriiiviT  (losscssiiin 
till  KiTd.  <l't'iilln,L'liiui,  .N.  V.  Col. 
Doo..  ix..  p.  7r>.  Airorilin).'  to  I'iclioii 
^.I'ttiTH  ct  Mi'iiKiirc.'i,  pdiir  sirvir  a 
rilistiiiie  ilii  Clip  Mnloii — I,ii  liiivi', 
17(10.  1).  1 ),  till'  isliiiid  WHS  lir^t  1  hll.d 
Isli'  ilii  Cup,  llicii  {--li'  ilii  llavr.  .'1 
r^Uiirloiei.       Uuwu   to    lil'j    it    wui^ 


ciilli'd  Ca])  Uri'ton  ;  it  was  tliru 
styli'il  Isle  Ifoyiilr,  liiit  tlii'  old  niiinu 
still  lives.  .\s  to  till'  altaik  on  the 
Sii'iir  lie  la  Valliire,  I  linil  iiotliiiifj. 
'   lie  did    Ilol    leave    tile  colony  till 

.\ufr.  "Js,  1111)7 — nearly  a  year  alter 
liis  ciinipiii;,'!! :  I.e  .Merrier,  .lournal, 
Aujf.  'Js.  111(17;  .liielierean.  llistoiru 
de  riloteinieil,  p.  1S7. 

•  licip.i'le  de  .Mr.  I.e  Harioys  a 
Mfrr  lie  Traey,  Kditset  Orili.nnatK'es, 
i..  pp.  ."il-dd.  |)i'  'I  iiH'y  s  n;ii«i  lit  to 
llie  lieiiurie  is  UutcU  tiupt.  11,  lUtiO. 


j 


niSToHY    (»K    NKW    I'UANfK 


08 


Hupport   wliii'li    tln'ir   pn  licccssors   h.id   iihvnvN  iiffDnlcd.      16^17. 
So  tliiit  thf.v  ImIicM  tliciiisclvcs  uliiinst   ndiict'd  to  ri'Lirct    -^^ '^' 
tlidsc  (liivs  of  storm  iiiiil  caliiiiiitv,  win  ic  liff  uikI  lilinty 
lniii;^  liy  a  tlirciul,  iiml  wlicn   tlirir  hlooil,  niiugliiiy  with 
tlirir  ^s\^l'llt,  visibly  iiniltipliid  Clirisliiiiis.' 

IJcIaxatioii  spiciul  to  tiic  iit'opliytis,  tlioii;,'li  its  pro^'rcss 
was  at  tiisl  almost  iiiscnsililc.  Srvcial  Indian  towns  maiii- 
taiiii'd  tiicir  piimitivi>  fervor  lis  Ion;,'  as  tlii'V  subsisted; 
|jut  disease  having  soon  depopulated  some,  others  liavin;; 
Kcatti  red  witlioiit  any  nsceitainalile  eauso,  110  steps  were 
taken  to  restore  them.  Amon;;  the  French,  at  the  time  I 
speak  of,  piety  liad  lieen  so  well  estalilished  after  the 
eartiii|iiake,  some  shocks  of  which  weie  I'cit  in  lliCi"), 
attended  witli  im-teois  whicli  always  alarm  the  multitude, 
liowever  natural  they  may  he,  as  to  excite  the  admiration 
of  those  who  arrived  from  France  in  the  following'  years.' 

It  was  even  remarked  that,  amon^  the  new-comers,  the 
most  dissolute)  could  not  huig  resist  the  virtucms  examjile 
constantly  liefore  tlieir  eyes,  and  that  at  the  end  of  six 
months  sonu'  were  no  lon;^er  reco^nizahle,  and  did  not 
reco;,'ni/o  themselves.  The  soldiers  spoke  of  the  wai' 
against  the  Iro(pu)is  only  as  of  ;i  holy  war,  on  the  success 
of  which  depended  tin;  conversion  of  tin;  heathen.  Two 
ecclesiastics  and  two  Jesuits,'  who  accompanied  Mr.  do 
Tracy  in  his  cx])oditioii,  declared,  on  their  return,  that 
many  conventual  estal)lishments  were  not  either  Ixtter 
ref,'ulated  or  more  edifyinj<  than  this  little  army  had  been. 


;u. 


'  'I'lic    i  lit  roil  net  ion  of   «    liody  ol' 
BolllilTH,  lllul  of  <'ololli^tS  tllUi'Il  up  at 

randciiii,  to(;ftlicr  with  tin-  Imstili' 
iitiitiiilr  of  tliisf  in  imlhoritj-  to  tin- 
I'liTfiy,  tcndcil  III!  to  wcaki'ii  the 
former  jtiuty.  Unuicr  lasity  wa." 
iii'iciiluii'il,  and  favoird  li_v  ilins<' in 
uutliority.  'I'liu  tiivl  liull  in  Ciiiiada 
tnok  iilaiT  Vx-h.  I,  KKIT.  .\  i;vii,ial 
rilaxiilinii  (•ii>ui'd,  and  •rinic  in- 
cri'astHl  :  I'ailldii,  iii.,  \\.  lis;;. 
»  Ui-lutii  n.  KJO.'),  i>p.  ','0-4  ;   Lide- 


iimnt.  .loiirnal,  Nov..  Kitil.  Avril, 
Kiii.");  !.('  .MiTcicr.  •loiiriial,  0<'i.  1"), 
KKKi.  April  1:!,  UlliS;  .M.  .Maiir  do 
rincainalio'i.  I.rttri' Si'pt.  I.  lUCpS. 

'I'lic  i'liaplaiii>  \s<x<  I  ho  .\lili.'  ilii 
l!oi>.  an   army  rliapiain,   wlio  laiiio 

Willi  till-  ti p>  Irciiii  l'"iaiii'ii  Lr  Mit 

rill',  .lo;iriial.  .\ii>r.  !'••.  Uiti'i':  liolliur 
do  ( 'iiSMiii.  uf  Si.  Sulpiio,  Hiitliiirol  a 
llir-l.iiy  iif  .Muiilii-al  :  .-iiid  llio  .li-Miim 
All>aiii'l  and  llatli'ix:  Ifi'latioii  do  la 
Nouvt'llo  France,  lOUU,  p.  0. 


,     ■:».*■ 


06 


i6r,7. 


Hoxlrp  111' 

Kmii'liiry. 

'\\\l  the 

ludiuJi", 


HISTOHY  OK  NEW   FHANCE. 

And  it  Imd  n  lonlcr  wlinnc  Cliristiaii  viitiUH  would  liavo 
doiii- lioimr  to  till' nidst  perfect  lelij^ious.  lie  lift  inelViicc- 
al)l»!  ijuiikn  in  New  I'laiiee,  ami  an  odor  of  pu't}",  tlio  im- 
pression of  wliieli  still  sul)sistH.' 

The  whole  island  of  M(tntreal  iVHemliled  u  relij^ious  <'oni- 
munifv.  From  the  outset,  special  caro  had  been  taken 
to  receive  only  settlers  of  exemplary  piety.  'I'hey  were, 
moreoNir,  the  most  exposed  of  all  to  the  inroads  of  tho 
Inxiuois,  and,  like  tlio  Israelites  (.n  their  return  from  their 
captivity  at  l>aliyloii,  they  had  hecn  coni])elled,  while  Imild- 
inj,'  their  houses  and  clearing,'  their  ^'roiuids,  to  have  almost 
always  their  implennnts  in  one  hand  and  their  arms  in  thu 
other,  to  defend  themselves  a;^'ainst  an  enemy  who  made 
war  oidy  hy  surpris(>.  Thus  tlu'  alarms  which  kept  them 
constantly  in  fear,  had  sorved  greatly  to  preservo  their 
innocence  and  ri'iider  their  ])iety  more  solid.' 

Amid  so  many  subjects  of  consolation,  one  thing  gave 
the  missionaries  extreme  anyiety.  Nothing  had  ln'cu 
more  imjiressed  on  Mr.  Talon  thiin  the  imi)ortanc(!  of  in- 
ducing those  religious  to  instruct  the  Indian  children  in  tho 
Freni'li  language,  and  accustom  them  to  our  mode  of  life. 

1  hav(?  heretofore  remarked  that  the  missionaries  them- 
selves had  eiitertainod  this  idea  several  years  before  ;  and 
I  add,  that  it  was  uot  so  much  the  dilHculties  encountered 
in  executing  the  i)roject  as  the  bad  elVects  which  they  had 
perceived  after  the  tirst  attempts  of  this  education,  that  had 


'  \a)  .MtTiicr,  Jiiiiiiial,  .Miircli  17, 
;ia,  Aiifiiisl  II.  17.  Ifiiiil.  Dolli.r  <U' 
C'lis.*!)!.  Iiiiiii  iilxiut  KiJa,  hull  liii'ii  II 
ca|ilaiii  in  'I'lirciiMc's  lavalrv,  wlicrc 
bi'  ili«|ilayiMl  a  ciainif;!'  (•(uml  to  IiIh 
iliiiuriitii'  Mtri'ii<;lli  ;  Icir  hi'  18  hu'kI  to 
Lnvi-  lii'i'ii  nlili'  to  holil  a  man  wntiil 
on  each  hand:  ImmUoii,  llistoirc  di' 
la  Colnnir  l'"ran',aiHc,  iii..  p.  l.'il.  lli^ 
t'anio  to  Cniiiiila  i>l>oiii  jlili.').  In 
KJTII  lie  iN|p|(M(il  l.ak.thitaiin  He 
vas  Sii|»Tiof  of  till'  Siil|  illiiiis  at 
Montival  till  Ui7<i.  when  ill  h>'ahh 
couipelled  liim  to  rftiiin  to  b't-niRO. 


On  his  recovery  lie  ri'Hiiiiied  hisoHieu 
at  .Miiiitreal.and  dii'il  Se|ii.'.i.l,  17(11  : 
Kiiillon.  Vie  de  .M.  lloiii-jreoys.  i.,  \: 
Ixvii.etc.  Hi.»  History  of  Miiiiti'eal, 
CoverilifT  the  first  thirty  years,  was 
written  in  ltJ7:).  uiid  is  now  'n  tho 
Mazarine  I.ilirury. 

■  Dollli  r  de  Ciissoii  states  that  tho 
Montreal  soldiers,  as  tlie  most  ex- 
pert, loriiied  the  van  on  tl  eoiitwanl 
and  the  rear  on  the  l.oiiieward 
iiiar<'h,  lioth  on  de  Coiiii  ell.'S  iiud 
on  'Iriuy's  exiMilitioii  :  I'ailloii,  His- 
toiro  de  la  t'ol.  Fran(,uiBe,  iii.,  p.  14U. 


IIISTOUV  OK    NKW   FllANCK, 


vr 


(1 
(1 

)1: 

!■• 
rill, 

thu 

tliu 

'X- 

iril 
ml 

h^ 
■  41). 


imliici  il  tliciii  fo  iiliiiiiiloii  it.  Till  ycNpliiiiH'd  IIh'so  irsiiUs 
to  .Mr.  'raloii,  wlicii  tliitt  iiia;^'i>triiti<  cntiiiiuiiiitatril  to  tliclii 
tlic  (inlt'is  of  tlio  i-ouiii'il  oil  the  Hiilijcct  ;  luit  their  ri'|it'<>- 
HfiitiitioiiH  were  ill  rtTcivt'tl,  mid  usciilird  to  a  iltsirc  of 
lii'iii;^  soil)  iiiuMtfi's  of  tilt)  Indians,  and  tlicivliy  ri'niUring 
tiit'iiisilvi'H  always  lUTcssary.' 

To  show  thtiii  that  liicy  were  not,  the  Inteiidant  ro- 
Holved  to  do  without  tliiiii  ill  tile  matter,  and  a|i|iiied  to 
the  nisliop  of  IVtriea  and  the  et'ilesiasties  of  Moiitn  al, 
ulio  promised  to  do  what  tiie  court  desired;  i)iit  the  I'riiit- 
lessiiess  of  their  «'ll'oits  soon  justified  the  iiii>sionaiies, 
and  tlie  IManiuis  do  Tracy,  in  tile  seipirl,  contrilmted  not 
H  little  to  dispel  tiie  prejudices  a},'aiusl  them,  witli  which 
that  minister  iiad  lieeii  iiiilnied.  He  had  lieard  tiie  project 
in  (luestion  spolven  of  when  he  was  on  tiie  spot :  he  Iwid 
compreluaidcd  as  well  as  the  Jt'siii  did,  liow  inipractica- 
Ide  and  daii;,'er(ius  it  was;  and  althou^di  Mr.  de  Courcclles 
and  Mr.  Talon  persisted  in  their  preconceived  ideas,  Col- 
liert,  who  at  last  .saw  tlio  injustice  of  it,  sincerely  extended 
his  friendship  to  those  missionaries,  for  whom  he  had 
always  cntortaiiied  a  ci)r<lial  estiem  ;  he  dqclarcd  himself 
tlu'ir  jtroti'ctor  on  all  occasions,  and  to  tlu^  close  of  his  life 
manifested  a  perfect  conlidcneo  in  all  that  concerned  tho 
exercise  of  their  functions.' 

^reanwhile,  Mr.  Tidon  was  daily  devisinj^  new  means  for 
making'  Ni'W  France  flourish  liy  comnieri-e.  This  reipiired 
the  lindiug  of  .oturns  proportioned  to  the  advances  uiado 


\f>f>7. 


'  CiillicrtV  rorri'siMmdcnrc,   N.  Y.  ccux  i|ui  soiit  ciitrrH  nu  Petit  St-iui- 

Cdl.    I><ic.,  lip.  ."m.  .V.I.  (!•.>;    luit    M'c  iiiiiri',  .MS,  I/.\lii'illi.,  vol.  ii..  No  l:t, 

Dciioiivillf,    ill.,  (i.  '.iTT  ;    l»iis>i(Mix,  i.,    No.   'Jil,      'I'lii'  .Irmiits    rfivivcd 

l.c  <  'iiimil:i.  |i  :ll).  soiiH'  .MtriPiHinin^,  the  Siil|iiiiiiiiH  iliil 

•' Tlir  clliirts    for  the  idiicatiim  of  the  siiiiu',  while   the.  I'lMiliiies   and 

Imiiun  youth    havo   alinosi    always  ('oiiiriefrallui   Sisters  umlertook  llie 

fiiilcil.      Ainlicrst  ('nllei:i'   is   an  es-  simie  fur  the  ^iirln:    Itelution  ile  la 

ample.    The  I'etil  Siiniiiaire,  whiili  Nouvi'lle  Kratice.  Uiiis,  pp.  ;l,  ;;|  ;  M. 

ha«  siiici' i;ro\vii   into  the  liiivei-siiy  Marie  de  I'liieaiiiiitioii.  I.elireSept. 

Laval,  rose  from  this  attiiiipi     It  com  ','7,  lf>70  ;  Kailloii,  llistoire  de  la  Col. 

nteiii-ed  (Irt. '.I,  Kills,  with  MX  Huron  I'ratii.aisi ,  iii.,  pp.  :j;o-'-'8i  :  N.  V. 
and  eifilit  French  pupils;  Soma  de^Col.  Doc.,  is.,  p.  O'J. 

Vol,.  111.— 7 


Whv  tho 
|.|.Jcot 
di'l  nut 

Hlh'Cl'Uil. 


08 


HIHTORV  OK  NKW   KHANCK 


if/17,      to  HUHfiiiii   it,  mid  to   tlif  (i|iiiii<>ii  of   tlii'  j,'()(i(liirsH  cf  tli'- 
■^  I  "^^    I'liiiiitiv  >\lii('li  lif  liail  liiiiisclf  j^ivni  to  tlif  cniut.      \lf  liml 
lr..ii  iiiiri.r..  «'M|irfiiillv  lit    licilt    tllf   iloii    luilii'H,  wllii'Il  wdc   siiiil  to  lie 
Vfrv  iiliiiiiiliiiit,  mill,  on  liis  vova^^r  Imck   rroiii    I'laiirc,  lie 
liiiil   Imiili'il   lit   (!iis|u'',  ulirrc,  on  tlii>  iiHHiiraiicc  of  Ho:iit> 
travrllrrs,  lie  liopi'il  to  tiiiil  silvt'i' ;  lnit  lie  was  hooii  iiiulr- 
(•i'iv»il.'     Ill'  was  innri'  surcisMrul  in  rcf^'iiril  to  iron.     Jn 
till'  niontli  of  Aii^Mist,  llitili,  III'  hail  Hi'nt  tlir  Sinii'  ilo  In 
Ti'ssi'rii'  to  till'  I5av  of  St.  Paul,  wlirrc  tliiil  hiimr  iliscov- 
ert'il  a   mine   wliicli   siciniil   to   liini   vtTv   rich  :    hr  t'vcn 
lio|iril  to  fiiiil  ro|i|ii'i'   tliiTf,  ami   |u'rlia|is  sihir.     In  thu 
journal  wl'icli   hr   ni.uli'  of  his  M>,vii;^r,  he  icinarkt'il  that, 
wlH'i't'Vcr  III'  niMilc  invisti^,'atioii.H,  thu  earth  svuh  iliNturlu'd 
l)^'  till'  I'lirthiinakf  of  Kililt.' 
\(,(,)H,  !Mr.  Taloii,  havinj,'  nturinil  to  IVanci'  in   KiCiS,  indiit'i'd 

Colin  rt  to  follow  u|>  tlirsc  ilisi'ovcrics,  and  tin-  Simr  dr  la 
I'otardirrc  wiih  sent  to  Canada  with  this  vi»'W.  On  his 
arrival  ,it  (j)u(  luc  tlii'V  iiri'scntcd  to  hini  sincinirns  nf  two 
oris  tli.it  Mr.  dc  Conrcilli's  had  ordrrt'd  from  tin'  nrij^di- 
liorliood  iif  Cliaiii)ilaiii  and  Cap  di>  la  Ma^'drlaini',  tw.) 
]iarislii's  liclow  Tlin  I'  llivirs.  Oni'  was  sand,  and  tlu' 
othrr  solid  (ire  ;  la  I'otardirri'  wiiit  to  tlir  spots,  and  on  his 
ri'turii  to  (^)nrlpri'  dn  land  that  it  was  inipossililc  to  sro 
mini's  wliirli  ^'avi'  luttrr  proniisu  fitlirr  for  the  quality  or 
till'  ijuautitv  of  tlir  iron.' 

Murli  liopi'  was  also  entcrtaiued  from  (i  taimory,  tho  first 
fttttnipt  of  which  had  lu'cn  crowned  with  pcrfoct  sucft'ss. 
This,  ji lined  to  the  frocdoui  of  trade  proclainit'd  this  sumo 


'  'I'lilcpii  to  till'  Mini-iiT.  OrtiiliiT  4, 
Hill.").  .N.  V.  Ci.l.  I>(M-..  ix..  pp.  ;i(l-l. 
It  was  on  Ills  vciviip'  ma  from 
Frill"'!'.  Mill  lui,/,-  I'roiii  I'riini'c. 

•  Till'  n'|K>ii  of  lie  In  'I'cuHrric, 
wliii'li  I'lmrlfvoix  mciiis  to  liiivi'  luiil, 
(loc'H  iiiil  iippi'iir  ill  iiiiv  colli  I'lioii. 

■'■  I.a  I'otiiiilii"  ri  s  ri'piii-t  is  also  in- 
ai<'i'ssili!r  III  siili  s  iIksc  iinn  iniiii's. 
till'  ■Ic-'iiits  culli'il  iilli  iitioii  Id  till' 
ttliitcipiarrics  iiciir  l.nk<'l"corg(.'(U<'l. 


ill'  la  Nouvclli'  Kniiu'i',  KKIS,  p.  5), 
anil  till'  rop|H'i'  niiniN  ol'  I.aki'  Sii- 
prrior:  Umirlirr,  Ilisloiii'  Vrritahli', 
I>.  1II.1;  Uilalion,  111:0,  pp.  S;!-(t;  11).. 
lli7'.J.  p.  'J.  'I'lilon  ^ravi'  a  ixnui  iiii- 
piilsi'  to  inaiiiirai'liii'rs.  Iiv  ini rutin- 
('ill);  riiltli' iiiiil  iiiiliirin:;  tin' riiltiva- 
tioii  of  flax  mill  liriiip.  as  wrll  ax 
spimiiiif.'  mill  xvrii\iii^'.  'riiiini'iii'H 
mill  liiiwcrirs  wiiT  csiulilihliiU  at 
(jiii'In'C  anil  Muiitri'ul. 


y 


ii 


iiisnmv  t»i-  m;\v  iiiANCK. 


\)\) 


^1 


i 


..J? 


i 


(iiiiit'iii. 


your,  IflC.M,  iiis|iiri(l  lliusc  wlio  took  mi  iiittrcst  in  ('.iiinil.v      i(>f<)*. 
with  vii'.it  iii'|i('-..     N'T  is  it  \(  rv  tiiH\  to  iiiuli  rstiiml  uliat    •"*''"~^ 
ilisHipati'il  tiK'iii.    It  is  at  IcuHt  ci'i'liilii  Unit  tlii'Hc  iron  niirirs,  Kri-viMu  of 
uliirli  till'  |ii)  Ti-in^  I'M- III'  Mr.  ('ulliril  ami  tin'  vigilance  nf  .limiKi  m 
Mr.  'I\iliin    liaii   ili-^iiivni'il,  aflir   liasin^'   ainmst   I'lilin  I_v 
(iisa|i|u',iiiil  for  nioii'  than  Mt\rnt_v  juais,  liiivr  just   Imtu 
iiijisi'iiMTiil  liv  Ihi'  rai'f  of  thimn  who   now  mi'iipv  thiir 
|ihirrs,   ami    \\\\i>   irxriiililu    thrhi    too    niiU'h    nut    to  ^ivo 
^'iiinmlH  to  liMpi'  tliat  tiicv  will  rntrr  into  tinir  viiws.' 
Wiiilr  thrsi'  tiiinjis  \vi  11'  jiassiiij,'  in   tin-  crntii'  of  tin- 

1  '      •  I'  II  1      I     I       w  •  v..>iiir. «  In 

cojoiiv,  iii'w  niissmns  wiri-  toriniil  towards  l.aki'  Snpt'iior.    n.iwr.t 

iiikI  ii>>rlli. 


Niw 


Vi  TV  sIioiiIn  aftir  tlir  tiiliiiy;s  of  Father  .Mi'snHril's  lii  ,itli 
I'carlicil  (^>iii  lice,  till'  .»anii-  ( )ttM\vas  w  illi  wlioiii  tliat  liiis- 
hioiiMiv  hail  M't  out  I'rtiirnril  laiUn  with  fins;  ami  as  they 
still  |ii'i'sistril  in  tlnir  design  of  attraitin^'  I'lrncliiin'ii  to 
tlirir  country,  in  orili  r  to  savi'  thciiischrs  llif  troiililr  of 
ni.ikiii;;  MH'li  loii;^  joiirni'vs,  tiny  ii;^'aiii  iisknl  for  a  .Ji'siiit, 
com  inriil  that  scviial  l''nnrliiiu'n  wonltl  lU'conipany  tho.so 
Fat  litis.' 

TIh'  sail  fati'  of  till'  two  fornior,  Fatliors  (iarrcini  and 
Mi'siianl,  who  hail  luin  j^'ivcii  to  tliiiii ;  tliu  tinwortliy 
iiianiitr  in  wliirh  lioth,  ami  rspifially  tlii>  lattrr,  wiro 
known  to  havr  ln'i'ii  trratrd  ;  tlir  sii^^'lit  ho|i('  of  proiliii'inf^ 
any  itmiII  ainoiij^  thi'Mi  ;  as  wrll  as  tlnir  niotivi'  in  niakin^( 
till'  iii|iirst,  should,  it  would  sot'iii,  Imvo  jirci'lndcil  tho 
Siiprriiii-dini'ral  of  the  missions  from  listrnin^  to  tlicni ; 
Imt  apostolic  iiii'ii  arc  not  ahvays  ;,'ui(li'd  liy  the  rules  of 
ordinary  prudence;  and  as  they  are  the  instninieiits  of 
(irace.  which  ne\er  tires  knockiii}^  at  the  door  of  hearts 
the  most  deaf  and  reliellioiis  to  its  voice,  they  never  ho- 
lil'Ve  thcluselves  pel'lilitted  to  ni';4lcct  oci'asiollS  of  I'ori'iv 
spomlin^  to  it  ;  they  even  liopu  iij,'ainst  all  hope,  tliiit  it 
will  triumph  in  the  end. 


iW.5-7. 


'  C'liiirli'vuis.  .Iiiiiiiiiil.  \>.  ll:l.  'I'lic  ■  'riic_v  i-.acli.  (1  .Mcmtrcul  .liilj-  •,'(), 

mini' 111  iir 'riiiii'  liiviTs  wii;*  wnikrd  IlKi.')  iliclalinn   ili'   la   N.  K  ,  lUl'iJ,  |i. 

I'Xtfllsivi'lv  a  li'W  veal-  lalt  r      Sic  rr-  Sl.  Inlllc    lulllllur   nt     1(10  ;    l.i;    MtT- 

purt,  liOU.M.  V.Cul.  iXic.,  vi.,  ji.  Otil.  ciur,  Jutu'uul,  Au^.,  lUUii. 


»:  i| 


100 


HISTORY   OF  NEW   FRANCE. 


Clauilu 
AlKnU'Z. 


Snpersti- 

!.f    tllO 


1665.  Fatlii'V  Cliiudo  Allouo/,  accordiii^'ly,  offered  to  follow 
tlicsc  siiva},^'H.  His  oflV-r  was  accrptod  ;'  and  it  was  well 
that  lio  had  prcparod  liiuiKolt'  for  any  i-vent.  Ho  conld 
scarci'ly  have  mot  worso  tvoatniciit  at  tho  hands  of  his 
conduotors  had  ho  boon  thoir  slavo  ;  those  who  had  rc- 
coivod  him  into  Ihoir  eanoo,  ono  day  ovon  loft  iiim  cm  tho 
slioro.  But  thoy  wi  ro  ]nniishodon  tiio  spot.  Scarcely  had 
thoy  re-omhaiki'd,  when  thoir  canon  ca])sizod  and  all  woro 
drowned.  Tho  servant  of  (iod  wonld  have  roclutnod  as 
uau^,dit  all  this  ill  treatment,  eoiild  ho  have  suoeeeded  in 
opening  tho  eyes  of  these  heathen  to  their  ridicnlons  super- 
stitions ;  but  ho  soon  perceived  that  ho  had  to  deal  with  a 
perverse  nation,  whose  hardness  of  heart  naught  could 
soften. 

A  barrel  of  powder,  which  thoy  had  broiight  from  Qnc- 
oituwiLs.'  bee,  having  ono  day  caught  fire,  several  were  wo\in(led. 
In  default  of  hnn..in  remedies,  they  had  recourse  to  tho 
sun.  Tiio  medicine-men  assembled,  and  got  uj)  a  kind  of 
festival,  which  began  b^-  chant;.,  accompanied  liy  much 
extravagant  action  :  ono  v\ould  have  doomed  them  a  troop 
of  madmen.  And  this  scene,  which  inspired  an  indescriba- 
ble horror,  lasted  quite  a  long  time.  At  last,  ten  or  twi'lvo 
of  tho  more  considerable  among  them  sat  in  a  circle 
around  a  little  fire ;  they  uttered  loud  cries,  and  con- 
stantly looked  up  to  the  sun,  to  which  thoy  Kcomed  to 
ofler  the  flame  or  smoke  of  tlu'  fire.  At  last  tho  oldest  of 
the  j)arty  rose,  and,  turning  towards  that  luminary,  con- 
jured it  with  a  loud  voice  to  restore  health  to  the  sick." 

It  was  all  in  vain.  Tho  sun  healed  no  one.  Then  the 
missionary,  unable  to  toltM'ate  this  impiety,  accnsted  tho 
boldest  of  the  party,  and  sjioko  to  him  so  plainl}-,  that  one 
of  the  sick  was  stiuck  by  his  words,  and  at  once  invoktid 
the  God  of  the  Christians,  recognizf-(g  Him  as  the  only 


'He  B(>t  out  frdin  Three  Rivers  ceiveil  from  liiiii  for  two  years  (Rel., 

AiifT  7,  llWirid.i' Mercifr..Ioiirniil).  or  KHid,  !>.  Hi.  iinil   lie  at   la^t   rcliiiiud 

rather  .\ut;ust    S:    l!el:itinii  lie  la    N.  All;;-.  -1,  UKIT  '.    I.e  Mer.-ii  r,  .loiun.il. 
F.,  lUUi',  p.  4.     iS'o  lidiugs  wci'u   ro-         "  Ut'lftliou  Ue  lu  N.  V.,  lUUT,  jj.  1. 


i 


1 

■ir 


aiKmmmmfm 


Mite 


inSTOIiY   OF  NKW   i^RANCE. 


101 


divinity  who  was  woitliy  to  ho  iuvokod,  and  as  tlio  sov-      1667. 
tni.i,'!!   MKister  of   lu'.iltli   and  sickness;    hut  the  i(h)]ator  -^ — - 
Avhohi  th."  missionary  Iiad  ai)()stroi.hizod,  hroko  out  into    D.nu'.rn 
such  a  fury  a-ainst  him,  that  one  would  hav.>  thon-ht  tlmt   "lu'i'su!: 
he  was  -,,in-  to  sacritico  liim  to  tli.>  sun.     Nevcrthtaoss,  it   m"k,';[:;:J 
I'lid.'d  simply  in  hurnin-  the  canoo  tinit  Inid  hrouj,'ht  liim.'  u);"' ;",';';„'," 

The  fust  of  Soptcmhor  they  ivaclicd  Sault  St.  :\rarit-/ 

wliicli,  as  has  hofu  ahvady  ohscrvcd,  is  the  stiait  hy  wiiich 

l.ak.,'  SuiuTior  fnipties  into  Lake  ILuron.     Fatlior  AIloucz 

did  not  hah  hero  ;  he  spent  tlio  whole  montli  of  Septemher 

in  ."xploiin^'  the  S(utthr>rn  shore  of  Lake  Sui>erior.     On  his 

way  he  met  several  Cliristians,  haptized  hy  Father  Me.s- 

nanl,  who  w.'re  delij,dited  to  .see  him,  and  whom  ho  cou- 

tirmed  in  tho  faith.     Ho  also  had  tho  consolation  of  so- 

eurin,!4  l>y  l'a])tism  the  eternal  salvation  of  several  dying 

children  ;  and  on  tho  tirst  of  Oetoher  ho  arriv(>d  at  Cha- 

flouamiKon.''     Then^  he  was  received  at  a  lar<,'e  town,  where 

they  reckoned  at  lea.st  eight  hundred  warriors  of  diflerent 

nations:  he  he.gaii  his  laliors  hy  erecting  a  ehapel  there, 

wliich  was  soon  frequeuted  hy  quite  a  hirgo  iiumher  of 

proselytes. 

Tlio  first  who  sought  and  received  haptism  was  the 
wounde<l  n)an  who,  01  the  voyage,  touched  hy  his  remou- 
stranc.'s,  had  renounced  su])ersutious  n-medies,  wliicii  th(>y 
had  h.>gun  to  apply  to  him.  He  had  heen  cured,  after 
hivoking  the  God  of  the  Christians,  and  he  entertauied  no 
doul.t  that  he  was  indehted  for  his  health  to  Him  alone. 
An  assemhly  was  then  held  of  ten  or  twelve  nations,  all 
understanding  tho  Algonipiin  lang,.>-o  ;  and  the  ai)ostolic 
mail,  who  was  well  versed  in  that  language,  did  not  lose 
so  favorahle  an  opjiortunity  of  exercising  his  zeal.  He 
spoke  at  length  of  the  Christian  r.'ligion,  in  uu  junmated 
and  pathetic  i;muni"r,  suited,  ht)wover,  to  tho  capacity  of 

'  Itrliilic^i  <!.■  Ill  N.  v..  KKiT,  ,,.  7,     |,,,„|,iv:   Urlali.ir.  dr  la  N.  K.,  KKi?, 
He  liniki'  till'  iiiisi^iomiiy'K  carioc  to     p.  ;. 

'"'■''"'■  "'•  llr  iuc;;,ii.iis  tlic  (■oi)|ici's..ii  mi 

■'  Vers  lo  commuucomeui  do  Siii-    ih.^  way  :  IJolatiou,  1007,  jip.  S,  U. 


^ 


p 

«rt 


loa 


i^r,-. 


|{cii,r„f 

tin:  (Ittawn 


inSTOKY   OF   NEW    FRANCE. 

his  hearers.  Ho  vyas  f^roatly  ajipliiudcd,  Imt  this  was  all 
the  I'niit  which  he  derived  I'loiii  it.' 

IJesiiles  the  ohstaeh;  to  the  efliciiC}'  of  the  word  of  (iod 
raised  l>_v  tlu'  harsh  and  fierce  dis]>osition  of  the  Indians 
of  those  jiarts,  the  missionary  found  them  all  as  supersti- 
tious  as  liie  Ottawas.  He  relates,  in  his  letters,  that  pass- 
iiif^  om;  day  throi.j^li  u  villa<;(3  of  tlio  latter  nation,  he  s.iw 
an  idol  erected  in  the  middle  of  the  stpiare,  and  all  the 
jx'ople  en^aijed  in  sacrificing  doj^'s  to  it,  to  obtain  the  cnic 
of  u  contaf^ious  dise.'ise,  of  which  .sc'veral  had  already  died. 
8onio  also  brought  olVeiings  for  other  uecessitit^s  ;  and  be- 
sides tlieso  public  sacrifices,  private  ones  were  also  mado 
in  the  cabins.  I'ut  the  missionary  does  not  expl;'in  v!;;!t 
this  divinity  was,  and  perhaps  ho  could  not  learu  any  thing 
certain  in  regard  to  it." 

When  the  Ottawas  are  overtaken  by  a  storm,  while! 
ci'ossing  tlu^se  lakes,  they  kill  a  dog  or  some  other  animal 
and  throw  it  into  the  water,  saying  to  the  god  of  the  lake  : 
"  15e  ai)poased  ;  lieri"  is  my  dog  that  I  give  thee."  At  first 
the  n<'ophytes  did  the  same  thing  in  honor  of  the  fruo 
Clod  ;  and  it  cost  uo  little  pains  t  j  ])ersuado  them  that  Ho 
did  not  wi.-h  to  lie  adored  in  that  manner.  Tlu>  bliudj  oss 
of  thesis  people  went  so  far  as  to  belicne  that  t'.e  sun  was 
a  man,  Ijut  of  a  kind  far  superior  to  ns,  and  that  the  moon 
was  his  wife.  Tlun'  said  Hie  same  of  ico  and  snow,  who, 
they  ])retended,  went  during  summer  to  reside  in  aiKjfher 
couutry." 

They  also  imagined  that  birds  had  a  language  of  their 
own,  which  some  men  niiuerstood  :  their  medicine-men, 
ai)])arently,  making  them  btli(>ve  that  they  possessed  the 
key.  Tlu'V  said  that  the  soul  of  a  dead  fish  entered  the 
body  of  another  tisli.     Accordingly,  tlioy  did  not  burn  the 

'  At    tills   iipscinlilv    he  ilcllviTid  tliifd,  cxhortiiifj   tliriu   tc   ('iiibriici> 

tliri'c   ]ir«'si'nts   In   tlic    niiiiii'  iil   ilc  riiristi;niit_v :    Hclulioii,    Hili"),   ]>.  !l  ; 

'I'riicy— first,  tliiit  lu'  w:.s  i;(pin^-  t(i  HiflT,  p.  10. 

]mnisli  tlif  IrixjiKiis;  siroiicl,  tliiil  lie  ■  Itrliitimi  dc  lu  N.  I'".,  10(i7,  j).  12. 
would  I'ui'cf  tliu  i^iuux  to  (loucu  ;  aud         ■'  ILi. 


k 


f 


wmmi 


iflpiSMBR 


HISTOHY  OF  NKW   FHANCE. 


103 


bonos  for  f,.ar  of  ofrrM.lin-  (l...ir  souls,  ,•,...!  prcvciting  tho      .667 

Jisli  In.ni  allowing  tli(.iiis..lvrs  t..  !.,>  tnkvu  ii,  tli.ir  nets.' r— 

Tlu'V  licld,  al  o,  ill  siMf,'iilar  Vfiioration  a  ccitaiii  ixtiaor- 
•liuary  animal  whioli  several  .Lclaiv.!  tJiat  thi.j  l,a,l  seou 
n.  .l.va.as,  l.nt  the  fi-uro  of  uhiH,  tlu.y  uciv  ,i.ni.rtl,rl,.ss 
unal.K.  to  (lescTil).".  S..i,h"  confouu,!,,!  it  with  Mirabidii 
tlic-  (}o.l  of  tlu.  Avatcrs,  wi.oso  fal.ulous  and  ri.linilons  story 
varies  aci-onlin-  to  the  .iiir.Mvut  nation-  that  re.-o-nizc  it"' 

Th..   worship   ,.oruK...t...l  with   this   .•xtrava^-an't    bolic.f,  Ti„.ir  .,„.„- 
a  n.ost  took  the  form  of  feasts,  ehants,  .lanees,  d.^luiuches,    /.'r^il^u'c:' 
obscenities,  wiiere  nothin-  was  veiled.     Polv-amv,  disso- 
lution of  marria.yes,  dei.aiieiiery  hi   both  sexes,  j.Vevailed 
among  thes(.  Indians  to  that  extent  tliat,  far  from  blush- 
nig  at   the   most  crying  excesses,  thev  evn    gave  them 
a   religious    import.      When  an    Iiulian  ask,.d  anv  thing 
from  his  familiar  g.-nius,  he  fasted  till  lu'  had  had  '.i  divanu 
assuring  him  that  he  had  obtained  what  lie  desired.     In' 
regard  to  diseases,  the  great  prineii.l,.  of  their  physicians 
was,  that  they  com.-,  generally  speaking,  from  a  neglect  to 
give  a  baiKjuet  after  a  hunting  or  tishing  excursion.'    S  )nie- 
tiim.s,  nevertheles,s,  they  attributed  them  to  an  evil  genius, 
which  had  sprung  upon  the  affected  part,  and  be.m  sent 
by  an  enemy.     Tho  medicine-man  calle.l   in  to  cure  tho 
disease,  after  having  made  his  reflections,  and  manv  con- 
tortions, ordered  a  fea.st  and  retired,  promising  a  speedv 
cure.'  •' 

There  were,  also,  at  Chagouamigon  a  great  iiumb,.r  of 
Huron  Christians,  whose  faith  want  of  instruction  and 
privation  of  the  sacraments  had  somewhat  corrupted,  and 
whose  morals  had  sutlbre.l  still  more  from  contact  with  so 
imuiyheatlieunation.s.     Father  .yhiuez  labored  earnestly 

'  K_H»ti,.n  (I,.  la  N.  R.  i,|,;:.  ,,.  |o.     ,i,,„„,,  ,,     ,,    ^•,,     (,,.  .^^  ,,_^||^^,^.^^ 

•  1-atIi.T  AlN,u,v.nillsii  ..xpiVNsly  IliMoiiv  ,1,.  r.\,„   S.-pt    ii    ,,  •; 
MKSHl.izi :  lielation,  1007,  p.  !•>.    I>,,-.  |{,.|a,i„„  ,|,.  |„  N.  p    i',;,';  „   ,.. 

rot    rails    i,     -.U,    j,,„„     Ti^.,,...         M-atluT   AIIou.v,   ,I{..i„„„„    Uior' 

Mn>,.rs...„     ,,.1.,.     S...  «ls..  as  ,o  i,,  ,,     l;j,    ,1,.,,,,.,,,..^     „„,    ,v,HI;„uvv,; 

K.,a„„ns     n,,ln..s    i..  p.   I  IT,-  IM,,  „„.ui„.r   o,'  ,1,,.   ali;..„.U    pa,;,   .ud 

10,^-J,  p.  1,:. ;  Kale  m  Lettivb  Kdi-  i-retfiulod  cstimtii.g  ..f  a  uiauitou 


':.  ^ 


rJLM 


104 


HISTORY   OF   NEW   FHANCE. 


i 


<t 


1667.      to  restore  tliom  to  tlio  true  ])atli,  and  supcoodod.'     Tlirco 
^-""r-"^  liniidrt'd  routcoutitaiiiis  also  eaiuo  froui  tlieir  islands,  wliero 
Katiitr     tilt)  wliolo  nation  liad  },'athorcd."     As  soon  as  tlioy  arrived, 
tiic  i'..iiie!  the  missionary  visitrd  tlieni,  and  was  received  with  distinc- 
tion, tli()Uj,'h  in  (piite  an  odd  style.     In  the  first  place,  the 
leader  of  the  l)aud  asked  him  for  his  shoes :  the  Father 
gave  them,  and  the  Indian,  after  considering  them  atten- 
tively, handed  tlieni  hack,  observing  that  it  was  among 
them  a  mark  of  respect.     All  charmed  Father  Allouez  by 
their  gentle  manners,  and  the  instrnctious  which  ho  ad- 
dressed to  them  were  not  useless.^ 

Among  them  was  an  old  man,  dose  on  his  hundredth 
y(>ar,  and  who  was  regarded  in  his  nation  as  a  divine  man. 
He  fasted,  it  was  said,  as  much  as  twenty  days  at  a  time, 
without  taking  any  thing,  and  often  saw  the  Author  of  all 
things;'  a  term  usually  ein ployed  by  these  Indians  to  ex- 
l)ress  the  true  (n)d.  He  fell  sick  at  Chagouamigon,  and 
his  life  Mas  soon  despaired  of.  Two  of  his  daughters  who 
had  been  among  the  most  assiduous  auditors  at  the  mis- 
sionaiy's  instructions,  and  had  been  touched  by  them,  re- 
jieated  to  him  all  that  they  could  recollect,  and  urged  him 
to  si'ck  instruction  himself.  He  consented.  Father  Al- 
louez,  notified  by  his  two  proselytes,  paid  him  a  visit, 
found  him  extremely  docile,  and,  deeming  him  not  long 
foi'  this  world,  baptized  him. 

At  this  juncture  the  time  for  the  Feast  of  Dreams'  ar- 
rived. The  dying  man  called  the  missionary,  and  begged 
of  him  a  blue  Ijlanket.    The  missionary  wished  to  know  his 


'  Hi'lntion  <lr  hi  N.  F..  KiliT,  p.  l~>. 

-  Tht'  Hi'Iuliuii  (li>  la  N.  F.,  KKJT, 
p.  IS,  diM'S  iiiit  tiliitc  tliiit  tlicy  livi'il 
on  i>liiM(ls.  "  Tlu'ir  ci)\intry  is  in 
till'  lake  ol'  ilic  llinioiick."  Their 
langimirr  was  an  .\ltri)ii(iiiin  dialect, 
iiKii-e  ilitlii'iill  to  uiiderstaucl  than 
till'  Ottawa.  Tlu'ir  orifriiial  loiintvy 
was  the  lower  ]iiiiiiisiila  of  Miclii- 
gau.  Iiom  which  ihry  were  driven 
an  early  as  HiLi!):   lie!.,  10 10,  p.  o."). 


They  then  Settled  on  Huron  island 
and  the  shores  ol' (freen  Bay:  Hel., 
lOTO,  II.  ',).•>. 

•'  Till'  chief  asked  to  look  at  his 
shoes  from  cuiiosity  ;  and  when  that 
was  fcrntifii'd,  replaced  them  with 
every  mark  of  resix.'ct :  lielntion  de 
la  Nouvelle  France.  111(17,  p.  18. 

^  Thi'  Maker  of  the  Earth  ;  liel. 
dela  N.  F.,  UitiT,  p.  IH. 

■'  See  Perrot,  yy.  \i,  171, 


1 


J 


U9 

iiat 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 

o})j('pt  in  iimkiiit,'  tlii>  rcimcst.  "  Tjcpauso,"  Ik^  r(>))li('(l, 
'•  liltit' is  the  color  of  IlcavcMi,  wliitlu-r  I  lioix'  soon  to  f^o, 
and  of  which  iilonc  I  wish  hcuccforth  to  think ;"  auil  ho 
(lictl  a  few  (lays  after,  sayinf^,  with  pi-cat  fervor  of  sj)irit, 
"Lord,  I  have  bc^nm  very  hito  to  love  thee."'  Father 
Allonez  prepared  to  inter  him  according'  to  Christian  nsago, 
but  was  greatly  surprised  to  si>o  himself  anticipatid,  and 
that  thoy  were  burning  the  body.  As  this  was  not  usual 
among  tho  ])eo])le,  he  asked  the  reason  of  this  novelty. 

An  Indian,  with  a  very  serious  air,  ri'i)lied  :  "  Becau.«!o 
the  deceased's  father  was  a  hare,  who  one  day  said  to  his 
wife,  that  he  would  take  it  amiss  that  his  childri'U  should 
bo  put  in  tho  earth  after  their  death,  since  thoy  were  oi 
kin  to  the  snow,  which  has  a  heavenly  origin.  Ho  added, 
that  if  they  ever  acted  contrary  to  his  intentions  on  this 
point,  he  would  pray  the  snow  to  fall  in  such  gi'eat  abun- 
dance, that  there  should  bo  no  spring  that  year."  This 
reply  at  tirst  made  the  missionary  laugh,  but  when  ho 
endeavored  to  make  those  pri'sent  see  how  absurd  it  was, 
all  his  ctl'orts  were  unavailing.'  Tho  two  daughters  of  the 
old  man,  wlio  had  so  great  a  share  in  their  father's  conver- 
sion, received  the  same  grace  from  Heaven,  and  persevered 
to  the  end  in  the  practice  of  Christian  virtues.' 

Some  hundvid  and  twenty  Outagamis,'  two  hundred 
Sakis,"  and  eighty  Illinois,"  about  this  time  came  to  Cha- 


105 


'  Alloui'Z  dooa  not  say  timt  tlii' 
Indiiin  tiskcd  liim,  Imt  Hi'iit  iinmnd 
tbioiitrh  till'  l(Hlf;rS  to  jri't  it.  lie  is 
Bili'iit  iiB  to  till'  convi-rmition  ;  Ht'l. 
de  la  N.  F.,  I«li7,  \>.  1!). 

'■'  Allout'/.  (loos  not  cay  that  lio  at- 
tciniit'.'il  toirivcliiin  Imrial  ;  Hilaiion 
do  la  NnuvoUo  Fninco.  KKiT,  j).  li(. 
As  to  Miclialiou,  tho  (inat  llaro,  wo 
I'orrot,  !>.  !i  ;  !)■■  SiiictH  ()iof,'oi\  .Mis- 
sions, )).  oW  ;  Do  la  I'otluiio,  ii..  p.  ;i. 

'  Holatiou  do  la  Nnuvollo  Franco, 
KiOr.  p.  I'.l. 

1  Uolation  do  lu  N.  F..  KjiiT,  y.  'Jl. 
The  Outagamis  are  tho  Foxes.   They 


call  llionisolvos  Miii«|uakloR  (R<h1- 
oartli);  Wisconsin  Hist.  Coll.,  iii.,p. 
\27  ;  Chailovoix,  .Imrrnal,  p.  188. 
Allouoz  o>tiniato(l  tliom  at  1,(100 
wnninis.  'I'lioy  xvoio  inland,  south 
of  l.aki'  SuiH'rior,  and  had  no  canoes, 
y,.,,  |>,.rrot,  p.  ','():|. 

'  Tho  Sakis or Sa<s  woro orifrinall y 
noar  tho  Potroii  rivor:  Hoi..  l(l7(>-7, 
p.  4!t ;  It;?;!-!),  p.  2'j  ;  N.  V.  I'ol.  Doc, 
ix.,  pp.  liil.  '»,i:i. 

'•  Allouoz  gives  tho  nanio  Uli- 
ninui-c.  See  Wisconsin  Mist.  Coll., 
iii  .  1).  l'.!s  ;  Torrot,  p.  iM;  Charle- 
voix, Joui'ual,  p.  18b. 


ir.r,- 


i 


^  I 


1 

J 


100 


HISTORY  OF   NEW  FRANCE. 


i 


1 


if 


1667.     ^onniiiifi;f)ii,  and  lind  sonic  sliaro  in  tlio  lilcssin^s  wliicli 
^--^r—^^  Heaven  sIkhI  on  tlio  labors  of  tlic  apostolic  man.     Tlio 
Tiio  (in«pei  Illinois  weio   already  spoken  of  as  a  nation  almost  do- 
tL^l'vi'mi   stroyed  by  the  Irocpiois ;'  nevertheless,  fifty  years  after- 
wards, it  still  numbered  forty  thousand  souls.'      Father 
Allouez  saw  also  at  the  same  place  some  Sioux  ;°  but  ho 
was  ublo  to  treat  with  them  only  by  moans  of  interpret- 
ers :  and  the  same  thiuf^  happened  to  him  with  several 
other  nations,  wliose  iiauK^s  I  find  only  in  his  memoirs. 
"W'v,  perhaps,  now  know  them  imder  other  names,  given 
by  the  tribes  which  lie  nearer  to  us.' 

The  Sioux  informed  the  missionary  that  their  country 
was  the  extremity  of  the  world  towards  the  north  ;^  but 
they  apparently  included  under  the  name  of  Sioux  all  tho 
nations  who  speak  dialects  of  their  lanj^aiago,  es])ccially 
the  Assiniboils."  On  the  west  they  had  as  neighbors 
the  Karesis,'  beyond  whom  they  said  tho  land  was  cut  oiY, 
and  nothing  was  to  be  seen  but  Fetid  Water,  a  term  by 
which  they  designated  tho  sea.'  On  tho  northwest  they 
are  bounded  liy  nations  that  feed  on  human  flesh,  and  sell 
it  raw."     There  is  m  the  neighborhood  of  tho  Assiniboils 


The 
coiiiitry  of 
tliu  Siuiix. 


'  Ri'lation  ilc  In  N.  V..  1007.  p.  02. 
Alloui'z  hill'  ^'ivio  till'  I'iirlicst  ae- 
cimiit  of  tilt'  nmici'  i>t'  the  C'liliiiiut. 

■•'  I'liarli'Vdix,  .IiHiniul,  i>.  \H-'t. 

^  lie  says  thi'.v  lay  wcj-t.  nrar  the 
pri'at  riviT  .\Ir.s8i|ii,  -Kl  or  .'SO  lunfriics 
tnmi  rln'udiniffron,  on  tin-  jirairii's, 
livini;  in  tents  of  Kkins,  and  siibsist- 
inj;  1)11  '.villi  rioc:  liul.,  1007,  p.  '-ii. 

■*  This  is  on  error.  Besides  the 
trilie.-i  niiiued  hy  Charlevoix,  Allouez 
mentions  only  the  Assinipoiialac 
(.Assinilioins)  and  Nipissiriniens  (Ni- 
pitisiiifxs). 

^  lie  does  not  bay  "towards  the 
North,"  hut   "as  they  express  it:'' 

Re!.,  i(;t;7,  p. '::). 

"■  He  mentions  the  As.'*iiiilioin« 
luuler  the  name  Assini  poiialac: 
Rel,  101)7,  ]).  23.     Bee  Perrot,  p.  233  ; 


Ciiarlevoix,  .Journal,  p.  184.  Pounlnc 
(Ottawa,  Hwaii)  was  the  name  tor 
the  Daeotas,  and  .\s>ini  means  Stone. 

'  Kiirezi  :  lielation.  10(17.  ]>.  23. 

-  Hiliition  de  la  \.  F.,  1(;07,  i>.  23. 
Indians  hud  an  avei'sion  to  salt.  The 
Wiunelmfios  f,'(pt  their  name,  wlu?h 
was  translated  Fi.'tid  (I'uant),  tVom 
their  havinj;  come  from  tho  salt 
water:  Wisconsin  Hist.  Coll.,  iii.,  p. 
137  I  De  la  Potherio,  ii.,  p.  08. 

"  The  Helation  si\ys  nothiufr  of 
cannihalism.  "  Heyond  the  north 
and  west  is  found  a  nation  that  eats 
mei't  raw,  eontentini;  theniselves 
with  holding  it  in  their  hands  and 
presenting  it  to  the  fire:"  11)..  )).  23. 
Lower  down  he  mentions  a  nation 
bordering  on  the  .\>siiiipiuialac,  who 
nte  men  and  lived  on  raw  meat. 


I 


HISTOHY   OK   NKW    FliANCE. 


107 


lit 
V- 

i.f 
rth 


[uul 
IIS. 
■in 


a  natinii  of  wliicli  tlio  Hamo  tWrnf^  is  said  :  biit  many  pooplo 
perish  ill  that  comitrv  In- the  tcftli  of  ii  kind  of  bear  of 
cuornioiis  size,  with  extrenu'ly  loU'^  chiws." 

Thu  Kilistinons  or  Ciistinanx,  whom  rnxr  Canadians  call 
Ci'iciui's/  at  that  time  made  exenrsions  to  this  t-xtri'm- 
ityof  Laiie  Superior,  and  Father  Allonez,  who  saw  several 
thtiri',  ih  'lares  tliat  the}'  wcn'ship  tin;  sun,  saeriliein^'  to  it 
do^'s,  wliieh  they  Iiaiiji;  on  trees:"  ho  adds  that  these  In- 
dians are  ^'reat  talkers,  and  speak  verj'  fast,  eontrary  to 
the  custom  of  all  others  of  this  i-ontinent ;  our  voya^^eiirs 
for  this  reason  eall  them  the  (iusinKs  nf  (Jdiiin/ii.'  Their 
lanj,'uaf,'u  is  an  Alj^'outpun  dialect,  closely  rcscmblin}.,'  that 
of  the  Attikamej^aies."  This,  with  the  fact  that  tho  latter 
name  is  that  of  a  fish  commonly  called  the  whitefish,  very 
aliundant  at  the  nortiiern  part  of  Lake  Huron,  nniy  induce 
us  to  think  that  these  Attikamegues  formerly  dwelt  near 
the  shores  of  Lake  Superior.' 

At  the  lieginning  of  the  year  1007,  Father  Allouez  learned 
tiiat  the  Nipissini^'s,  in  great  nund)er,  had  retired  to  tho 
shores  of  Lake  Alimipegon,'  wliich  is  north  of  Lake  Su- 
perior and  empties  into  it.  Tldther  he  proceeded,  arriv- 
ing early  in  June  :  he  found  tl  ese  unfortunate  fugitives, 
who  were  nearly  all  Christians,  iu  tho  same  state  in  which 


1667. 


Tlio  Cris- 
tliiuux. 


'  Relation  di'  hi  N.  F..  lliCT.  \k  24. 
Allouc/.  ri'pri'sini.s  it  us  all  nd. 

-  Now  calU'il  <'ircs  in  Kiiiflisli. 

■'  Hilalimi  df  la  N.  K..  Ultii.  p.  'ii. 

*  The  Hilatiim,  HmS,  p.  21, 1'i  villi's 
till'  t'rri's  into  Alimil>cj;oUfk,  Kilis- 
tinons of  Ataouaboiisi'atoHi'k  Uny, 
Kilistinons  of  the  Nipi.ssinfrs.  and 
tlin  NisilHiuronnik. 

■'  Hi'lalion  ili'  la  N.  F.,  IdiiT,  ]).  21, 
ailils  till'  Inilialis  ot'  'railoussjic. 

•^  Till'  .\ttikainciriirs,  wlu-n  known 
totlio  Frt'ni'li,  iif-iilril  liark  ot'Tlirri' 
Hivirs;  Hdation  di'  la  N.  F.,  lil:l(:. 
J).  37;  Hill,  p.  ;i2,  I'tr.  Hanipi,  in 
his  Otcliipwc  Kn,irli>'i  I'iciionai'y, 
givuH  Atikumug  t'ur  Whitu  Fibh,  uud 


Viirioiia 

excursion* 

iif  KiltllLT 

AUmicz. 


calls  till'  Cri'i's  Kinislitinon.  House, 
in  his  (i laminar  of  tlii'  t'rrc  Laii- 
guafri'( London,  isi-li,  p.  'J,  saysihrir 
national  name  is  Nihi'lliownck — 
I'Xart  ln'iliirs  or  jH'opli';  hut  this  rx- 
pri'ssion,  Mun,  is  no  coiniiion  that  it 
cannot  he  considrrrd  tlu'  nanu-,  cacli 
trilii'  hnviiii;  anothiT.  Iriniwi'k  or 
Iliniwrk  (Indians  in  Chippiwa  and 
Illinois)  hri-onii'S  in  Cri'i'  Ktliiniick, 
which  is  till'  main  wurd  in  Nclnllio- 
wink,  'riicsi'  Ci-iis  inhaliit  tin-  ti'i'- 
ritoiv  iiraiiiid  tiy  tlu'  rivers  cinpty- 
u\ti  into  Hudson's  liav:  IIousi',  ]i.  ;i ; 
Hi'lation,  liKil.  p.  12  :  I'l  rroi,  Ma'iirs 
ft  ('oiislunii's,  pp.  ."il,  ill. 

'  AUiuibt'goug:  Itul.,  lUOi    11.  'io. 


.^  I  ' 


j 


w 


w 


I 


108 


HISTORY  OP  NEW  FHANCE. 


1667.  li('  loniid  tlio  Iluions  :  and  iiltliou^'h  lio  wns  ('xtrcuidy 
"^r^  fnti<,MU(l  witli  11  jounioy  of  fivo  Imiuhrd  loaf,'ui'H  tliat  Iio 
liiul  iiitulc  with  two  IiuliiiUH,  ho  at  oir-o  put  his  hand  to 
the  work,  and  had  the  consohdion  of  not  lahorinj,'  in  vain.' 
Thcnc'o  Jk'  icsunud  Ids  coiirst!  to  Cha<,'oinn},'on,  and  liav- 
ing  fornu'd  the  design  of  tstablishiug  u  fixed  mission  here, 
ho  joined  a  great  eonvoy  of  Ottawas,  wlio  were  going  to 
carry  their  iurs  to  ^lontreal :  tlienee  he  jnocecded  to  (Que- 
bec, where  he  arrived  in  the  mouth  of  August  of  the  fol- 
lowing year." 

H»)  renniined  there  only  two  days,  and  set  out  again 
with  Fatlier  Louis  Nieohis,  wliom  lie  had  induced  to  ac- 
company him  and  share  the  hardships  of  liis  painful  mis- 
sion, a  brother,  and  four  mechanics.  At  Montreal  they 
found  the  Ottawus,  who  were  about  to  de])art ;  but  w  hen 
they  ])roposed  to  embaik,  these  savages  woidd  ri'ceive  into 
their  canoes  only  the  two  missionaries,  who  did  not  hesi- 
tate to  abandon  themselves  into  their  hands,  alone,  with- 
out provisions,  witliout  any  prospect  of  deriving  aid  from 
their  conductors,  and  witli  little  to  rely  ui)on  but  Provi- 
dence. We  shall  see  in  due  time  the  result  of  their  voyage.' 
Meanwhile,  the  Iroquois  cantons  of  Mohawk  and  Oneida 
the  "  had  at  last  deemi'd  that  the  wisest  course  for  them  was  to 
"''""'*■  make  terms  with  the-  French.  Soon  after  the  departure  of 
the  Marquis  de  Tracy,  they  sent  to  Mr.  do  Courcelles  dep- 
uties, who  made  their  submission  to  that  general,  and 
solicited  missionaries.'     He  obtiviued  this  favor  for  them, 


Mission- 
urics  among 


M  \ 


'  He  set  out  Miiy  0,  1C07,  and 
rcin-'hcd  the  NiiiisHiiifr  town  iin  tlic 
liikc,  .liiiH' !5:  Kflution  du  lu  N.  F., 
KICT,  1)]..  'J.VO. 

•  Kriution  de  lu  Ni)uv«')l('  France, 
1607,  p.  ^(i,  thoiifrh  liC  Mcicicr,  in 
bis  Jdiirnul.  cuv^^  Aii-r.  t :  M.  Marie 
du  rinciirniiliiiii,  l,.ltns.  |>.  (J'Jl. 

'  KeliitiDii  de  la  NmivelU^  Fnmce, 
lC(i7.  p.  >().  Fiitlicr  l<iiuis  Nicdias 
entiTed  the  Soeiitv  ipf  .li>Us.  In  I'.ie 
pruviucu  of  Touluube,  Supl.  lU,  1004  ; 


arrived  in  Canada  May  1,  1(504  :  la- 
liorcd  in  tlie  West  and  in  New  York, 
and  returned  to  l" ranee  in  1(175 : 
Martin  in  Carayon.  Documents  lu- 
editri,  xiv.,  J),  llo. 

*  Tlie  diimties  urriveil  July  (i,  and 
made  tlieir  (irescnts  on  the  Stii: 
l.e  Menii  r,  .lournal  'I'liey  were 
received  liv  de  Tracy  (lielation  de 
la  Nnuvelle  Fiance.  Il)(i7.  p.  ^'^), 
who  did  not  >a\\  till  Aiij;ut-t  'M: 
Le  Merciui,  Juuruul. 


« 


J 


IlISTOHY  OF  NKW   FRANCE. 


100 


hKIidu^Ii  it  liftd  not  yot  beon  pi-nnttul  to  tho  tlirco  otlior  i(>(>>i. 
(•.•iiitciiis,  iiiid  tlic  clioico  fell  (111  rulluTs  Briiyiis  tiiul  Fru- 
iiiiii.'  i'litlu'T  (iiiniicr,  who  was  soon  nftw  si-nt  to  their 
assistaiKM!,'  having'  gone  to  visit  the  Christians  at  Onou- 
(hif,'a,  was  retained  by  Oarakoiitliie,  who  Imilt  hiin  a  oai)iu 
ami  a  chapel,  and  made  him  jaoniise  not  to  h'ave  liis  eau- 
toii  till  his  own  retnin  from  (^iielau',  l'(jr  ho  was  about  to 
f,'o  tliere  to  solicit  missionaries  for  his  own  canton,  and 
that  of  Cayuf,'n. 

lb',  in  fact,  sot  out,"  and  returned  some  months  after 
with  J''atlier  de  C'arheil  and  Milet.'  A  eoiisiih'rable  num- 
ber of  Iro(|uois,  including  many  Christians,  had  settled  at 
the  western  extremity  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  the  Bishop  of 
Petiiea  deemed  it  his  duty  not  to  leave  them  without  pas- 
tors :  ho  accordingly  sent  to  them  Messieurs  do  Feuelon 


'  .laiiHH  Hnivii"  iirrivi-il  AuiriiHt 
!j.  Illiiil.  and  nt'iir  a  Icm^  iiiitt- 
finimrv  ciiriMT  iliiil  iimoiijr  liis  Iro- 
(jiiiiiH  coiivi'ilsi  at  S;mlt  St.  Louis  in 
171,.  He  wrote  much  ou  tlir  Iio- 
((Uoin  lau^'uaKi'.  H'm  liailiccH  Ver- 
li.iri'iii  Ii-oi|ii,i  iiruni,  or  liaciiics  Af;- 
n'h  lis.  was  |ml>'.islii'il  at  New  Vork 
ill  Isti','.  .lames  KiiMiiin  arrived  iu 
l(i."il.  and  was  eiii|.liiye(l  in  CajH' 
lireton  :  lu'  was  iit  Oiiondajia  in 
Ki.")!!.  He  dii'd  at  l,!uel)ee  .luly  H), 
Klir^.  John  I'ierron  came  .June  UT, 
l(i(!7,  anil  retiirued  in  KITS:  Martin 
in  t'arayon,  xiv.,  jip.  114-5.  He  had 
Boiue  Hkill  in  paint injr,  which  he 
usi'd  to  ailvanlafre  ;  liel..  Itili'J,  p.  "J  ; 
M.  Marie  de  llncarnation,  I.ettres, 
1>.  27-4.  Father  .lolm  I'ienoii  is  omit- 
ted liere  liy  t'liurlevoix.  These  mis- 
sioimries  set  (uit  July  17.  Iiiil7,  and 
were  detained  a  month  and  more  at 
Fort  St.  Aniu',  in  Lalte  C'humplain  : 
Hehuion  de  hi  X.  F.,  U;()7,  p.  'J8 ;  I.e 
Mercier.  .lounial  :  Jiicliereau.  His- 
toire  <le  rilotel  Dieu,  p.  Isl  iStrupas 
misprinli  >!  lor  liniyus',  h  aviii'i  it  on 
tUo  2ud  Au({. ;  Kulaliuu  Uu  In  ^.  F., 


Kills,  p.  .1.  They  first  reached  Onn- 
daoiia;;ue  (CautrhnawairH,  tlie  plai'o 
olJofjiies' dealli),  ami  then  |iro(eeiled 
to  Teoiinontoftuen  (Fort  Hunter), 
capital  of  all  that  country,  rebuilt 
about  n  ipiarter  pi'  a  league  fruiii 
that  destroyed  by  de  Tracy.  UruyuH 
imx-eeileil  to  Oneida  Sept.,  1(1(17.  For 
their  labors,  see  Uelation,  KiUy.  |ip. 
■l-Ki:  M.  Marie  do  I'liicarnation, 
Lett  res,  p.  (i'.i.'i. 

•  Julian  tiarnier  was  sent  April 
21,  lUti.s.  He  came  tu  Canada  Oct. 
27,  10(12,  completed  hii*  studies,  nn<l 
was  ordained  at  Quebec.  He  was 
long  on  the  mission,  and  died  at 
Quebec  in  February,  1730. 

'  (farakonthie  reaeln'(l  Quebec  Au- 
gust 20,  ItidS.  See  Kelation  de  la 
N.  F.,  l()(is,  p.  17,  tor  his  presentH 
a-id  the  rejily  to  them. 

*  Uelation  de  la  N.  F.,  lOllS,  p.  IS  ; 
M.  .Marie  di'  llncarnation,  Lettres, 
]>.  (127.  Stejihen  Carheil  came  Aug. 
ti.  1  (!(>(),  and  after  many  labors  died 
July  27,  1720.  Peter  .Milet  came  in 
1(1(17,  and  died  at  Qui'buc  Dec.  lil, 
ITUB. 


II 


A 

'8f 


110 


UrSTOHY  OK   NKW  FHANCE. 


f. 


i 


\()f>S.  and  Troiivi'.'  Tims,  witli  the  ('x<M'])tion  of  Hio  Sciicoft 
^'"'Y"~'  ciiiitDii,'  t'll'uits  Wire  iimdi!  to  Cliristiiiiiizt"  nil  this  imtioii, 
wliicli/inoit!  tlmii  any  other  in  Canada,  it  was  important  to 
gain  to  Christ  and  disjioso  favorably  to  tho  French  nation, 
both  on  arconnt  of  tlit^  rcjjutafion  which  it  had  actpiircd 
for  arms,  and  of  the  position  of  their  country,  which,  in 
that  direction,  separated  New  France  from  tho  English 
colonies.' 
Wlmt  As  I  lind  the  liajipiness  of  liviii",'  with  most  of  tliose  who 

iiif  lonvir  labored  most  fre(|Uently  to  till  that  portion  of  the  Lord's 
vineyai'd,  which,  notwithstanding'  their  care,  has  remained 
wild  and  in  its  native  state,  I  often  intpiired  of  some  of 
them  what  had  prevented  the  seed  of  the  Word  from 
taking,'  root  amon<,'  a  ])eople  whose  intelli},'ence,  f,'ood  sense, 
and  noblt!  sentiments  were  so  much  vaunted  ;  all  assured 
iiie  that  what  did  the  greatest  evil  was  their  vicinity  to 
tho  English  and  Dutch,  whoso  want  of  pietj-,  Cliristiaus  as 


timt  liutiuM 


'  l{(  liitidii  lie  111  Nniivilli'  I'rniicc, 
Kifis,  |)|i.  •,'(!,  :',0:  I.citrix  clc  MisHiiPii, 
in  l-'uillnii,  llirttiiirr,  iii.,  \t.  Id,!. 
Friim.iiiK  Siiliif^^nacdf  la  Mniii'  I'liic- 
lon  1111(1  Clinidi'  'I'roiivi'  wire  Sill 
|iitians.  Till'  t'ormcr  Iiiih  liri'ii  con- 
toiiiKliil  Willi  liin  illiiHlriiiiis  lirolluT, 
the  A^^■lllli^'ill)|Mll'('rtIIll)I•lly.  CIuikIi' 
'J'rimvt'  wan  of  tlii'  dioccsu  rif  'I'cmrN, 
anil  caiiii' out  witli  l'"inil(iii  .Iimic  'i', 
KKii.  'rrimvi'  was  oiil.v  8iili(lcai'<in, 
but  wuH  oiiliiiiird  prirst  August  11. 
W.  Marii'  dc  rincarnation,  hiMtrcs, 
p.  (i.VJ,  |iruisc.i  Imiu'Iiph's  liiiiiiility  in 
tliUK  bfi'dniinj;  subject  to  a  younger 
cliTfrynian. 

■  Krciniii  Bet  out  for  tlii'  Silicon 
country  Ironi  the  Muliawk,  October 
10,  l(i(iS:    Hel.  de  111  N.  F.,  p.  IW. 

'■'  Tlie  Indians  at  (.^iiiiite  May  were 
a  jxirtiou  of  tile  Ciiyiiirii  trilie  who 
moved  across  the  lake  to  avoid  llu' 
Audastes:  IJelation  de  In  Nouvellc 
France,  1008,  p.  20.  The  hmgunge 
of  the  Helntion  would  imply  that 
Juiiuil  uiiHiiiuuurieH  hud  I'or  twu  yunro 


hiliored  at  Keiiti- ;  but  no  stntetiient 
is  Iliiide  elsewhere  as  to  the  lact.  and 
Mr.  Failliin  denies  it.  mid  eNpliiinM 
it  as  an  allusion  to  .Menard's  liuiiier 
laliors  at  (nyiiga.  wliicli  is  n^i  pnili- 
alile.  lie  also  denies  that  the  Siilpi- 
tinns  found  any  t  'hristinns  at  Qninte : 
Ilistoire  de  la  ( 'oloiiie  t'anadicne,  iii.. 
\>.  101,  n.  Mi'ssrs.  Fenelon  and 
'I'rouve  rencheil  the  vilhige  of  Keiite 
Oct.  2S,  Kids,  nnd  begnn  their  In- 
bor«.  The  next  yenr,  biiiii;  joined 
by  Frnncis  Satiirnin  liiiscnris  d't'rl'e, 
son  of  the  Mari|uis  dl'rl'e,  niiil  a 
descendant  of  the  (I reek  La.scnris' 
(Fnillon,  Histoire  de  la  Col.  Fr.,  iii., 
pj).  1H!»-1!I()),  they  established  niin- 
sions  also  at  the  village  of  (inndnse- 
teiagon  and  tiaiiernske.  Messrs. 
deCice  and  .Mnriet,  also  Siilpitiaiis, 
joined  lllelil  Sllliseiiuelilly,  lull  I'Ven 
Mr.  I'aillon  fiills  to  giveditiiils  as  to 
tlieir  sucress.  See  Dollier  de  ( 'as- 
siui,  Ilistoire  (111  Montreal,  .Miivge 
de  111  .Mis.-i(Ui  de  Kciiti',  Marie  do 
rincarnutiou,  Luttru  Sept.  1,  llJUU, 


1. 1 
i' 


IIISTOHY  OK  NEW  FHANCE. 


Ill 


(lii'V  prnffSHcd   to  Ih",  liad   iiiiidc   tlicst*  Iiuliaiis  coHHulor      i(yf<ii. 
C'liristiaiiity  as  iiii  optiimul  ii'lij^ioii. 

We  know,  mori'ovt'r,  timt  as  tlio  Iroquois  ft-lt  Huro  of 
Iniiiv,'  Mi|t|>orti(l  \>y  their  iifij,'lil>ors,  mul  of  Ix'iii^'  aMt>  to 
draw  from  tiu'iii  all  they  lu'fdi'd,  as  often  as  we  slioulil 
attack  tliciii  or  they  took  a  i'am-y  to  break  oil'  poat'o,  they 
never  (^'iive  themselves  umeh  ecmceru  about  retaining  our 
alliance;  hence  it  eamo  to  pass,  that  fearing'  \is  but  little, 
they  never  showed  any  f,'ieat  docility  in  matters  of  reli- 
gion. Till*  same  missionaries  added  that  strong  liipiors, 
which  these  Ii'dians  piocui'od  openly  in  New  York,  had 
also  always  bt'cu  an  insurmountable  ubstado  to  their  con- 
version. If  we  judge  justly,  that  hen  tics  are  guilty  of 
fui'iiishing  by  this  trade  so  great  an  obstacle  to  the  l>rog- 
ress  of  Christianity,  what  reproaches  do  not  Catholics 
deserve,  who  by  the  same  nu'ans  havi'  corrupted  it  among 
neophytes,  and  discredited  it  among  idolaters! 

New  France  then  iiijoyed  profound  [leace,  which  it  I'm^rrisi  of 
tasted  for  the  tlrst  time  sinco  its  settlement.  Those  who 
governed  it,  and  to  whom  it  was  in  a  great  measure  in- 
deljti'd  for  this,  neglected  nothing  to  jirotit  by  it,  and  to 
give  this  colony  a  solid  form,  in  order  to  render  it  worthy 
of  tho  attention  which  the  king  continued  to  give  it.  Tin) 
beat  })art  of  tho  regiment  of  Carignan  Salieres  had  re- 
maineil ;  and  at  tho  dose  of  tlu'  Irocpiois  war,  almost  all 
the  soldiers  had  become  si'ttlers  there,  having  received 
their  discharge  on  this  condition.'  Two  years  subse- 
quently, six  conqianii'H,  ovcu  of  tho  same  ri'gimi'ut  which 
had  accompcnied  Mr.  do  Tracy  on  his  return  to  France, 
were  sent  back,  huih  to  re-enforce  tho  garrisons  of  the  most 
important  posts  and  to  augment  tho  iiumbor  of  settlors." 


lliU  colc.li/. 


'  p;ach  soldier  received  100  francs  come  over,  mid  tlml  there  had  lieen 

(or  TiO  livrew),  witli  |irovif<i<)n»  lor  ii  03  iDnrriiiffcs  in  a  yciir  iit  CJiieU'C 

jeiir:  a  HiTi,'cunt  50  cniwiis  (or  100  nlcme.     Tlic   cinmis   liir   KifiO,  t;iivt) 

tViincs),  witli  H  year's  [irovision  :  He-  li.llS  wuils  ;  llmt  oriiu;?,  J.Iir,' ;  ilmt 

liitidii,  Kills,  ]i.  ;t.  of  Kills.  :i.s;(l.  nut  incUiilinj;  Tl'J  sol- 

■  Till'    liilatioii,   KKiS,   p.   ',',   says  diern  ;  I  iiuuda  Dm.,  11..  I.,  p.  U4  ,  N. 

that    more   than   300   families  had  Y.  Col.  Doc.,  ix.,  pp.  57,  01. 


;i!! 


V  ;!; 


1l 


112 


IlIHToHY  OF  NKW    FHANCK. 


i 


r   t 


i6fi8.  Miiiiy  of  til*'  f'nicciH  had  olitiiilinl  IiumIh,  witli  nil  llic  li^'litM 
'^"r"^  iif  Scimuuis  ;  (lit-y  nlinoHt  nil  sctthd  in  tlio  ctmiitrv,  wlicm 
tlicy  imiiiicd,  mid  vlicrc  their  poHtcrity  still  HidiMistH.' 
^I(mt  nf  them  Mrii'  f^'ciitlciiK  M  Imhii  ;  and,  accoi'diii^^ly,  Ni-w 
Frnncu  lias  more  of  tlic  old  noliloHHo  tlian  any  other  four 
colonieH,  and,  iK'rha])H,  than  all  tho  rcHt  together.  To  ron- 
chide,  wherever  they  eleiired  the  /^'round,  the  Hoil  proved 
HiMid,  Mild  IIS  the  new  httllerH  were  Hliniuhiteil  liy  t'lnulii- 
tion  to  etpiid  the  virtue,  iiiduHtry,  and  love  of  lahor  of  tho 
ohU'r,  all  were  Hoon  in  a  ('ondition  to  sulmiHt,  and  tho  colo- 
ny, as  it  limit i| (lied,  had  imt  to  deploro  a  dccliiic  in  moral- 
ity and  reli;,'i()n. 
Comet,  In  tho  month  of  April,  tliirt  same  year,  tlioro  appeared  a 
nkkiiivh.  new  comet  at  l^uebee.  Jt  was  lance-HliKped,  reddish,  very 
loii^;,  and  liery  ;  one  of  its  extremities  wns  hidden  l)eiieath 
the  horizon  ;  it  followt'd  the  Hettiii),'  sun,  and  disiippeared 
as  soon  as  the  moon  rose.  The  people  thought  that  it 
nimounced  some  shocks  of  eiirtii(|iiake,  which  were  felt 
Borne  tiiin-  after  ;  and  siikness,  whicii  prevailed  the  ensuing 
fall.'  As  usuid  vvitii  the  iioipiilace,  when  oiiec!  alarmed, 
tln'y  did  not  nit  tiieir  fears  to  this,  and  ent(  rtuiiied  great 
fours  for  the  harvest :  but  no  niali{j;ii  inllueiice  ajiproached 
the  fields,  and  the  harvest  was  one  of  the  most  aluindant. 
A  ll<'>piiiil  111  the  month  of  May,  the  Hospital  iiiiiis  of  (^iiel)ec  met 
iii'ti'iV  .'ni.r  with  a  loss,  in  which  all  the  public  shared  their  regret.  A 
oixauctiiy.  yj^jj  ^^j.  jIjI^  liouse,  Mother  Catharine  of  St.  Augustine,  died 
after  tilling  all  Canada  with  the  odor  of  her  sanctity,  nor 
has  time  even  now  diminished  in  aught  the  veneration  felt 
for  her  in  her  lifetime.  Mother  Catharine  of  St.  Augus- 
tine was  tho  daughter  of  James  Simon,  Sieur  of  Longpre, 
and  was  born  May  3,  1(!;>2,  at  Saint  Sameur-le-Vicomte, 

'  Sixty  concfKsions,  cliiitl.v  tn  otH  dc  Ih  (Vilonir,  iii.,  p.  y43;  Dussicux, 

ccr»,  wire  iiiikIc  in  Oct.  nnd  Nov.,  Lu  Cunadii,  p.  111. 
I(i7'.i :    S'ifiiioiiiil    (iiu'Ntiiiii.'i,    A,    p.        '  l.c   .MiriiiT,  Jounml,  April   13, 

(if<ii  ;  <'.  II..  p.  ;i;i.     Aiiii)ii;r  the  olli-  l(i(i8  ;  M.  Mnrit'dc  riiiiiirniitldn,  I.ct- 

CtTs  «ir<'    Sorcl,  (  liiniilily,  Cdiitn'-  trc   Srpl.   1,   |i;(iS.     .IiicIiitpihi,    His 

Cu'ur,  Vi'icliii'cs,  llipisliriiiiu.  Si,  Ours,  ti)ii'i'  dc    1  Uotcl-Diuii,  p.   KO,  liitn- 

DuruiitujH',  Sueur.   Bee  Kuillou,  Hist,  lions  that  of  1005. 


IIISTOKV   OF   NKAV    FKANflB 


ii:j 


cux, 


ill  till'  ilioccst"  of  ('oiltillliT.      Oil  tlif  -Mtll  nf  Octulirr,  ICiKi,       \(<!>^, 

hIh>  t<mk  llio  i»'Ii)^ii)us  Imliit  iiiiion;^  tlic  llciM|iitul  iuiiih  of  — '•-"^ 
Uii_v»'iix,  wlicii)  slit'  liiul  ulrnuly  an  dIiUt  Hintt  r,  licr  j^'iiintl- 
iiiotlii'v,  a  ^rciit  aunt,  and  ii  uouhjii  ;  tlu^  last  iiaiiicd,  tlio 
foundress  of  (he  ('(Uivfiit.  rioiii  tin'  outset  of  lier  luivitiato 
slie,  with  j^'i'eat  eainestnesM,  soiij^'lit  peiniission  tt)  pass 
over  t(»  New  rraiif*',  and  siie  olitaiiied  aiitliority  fioiu 
her  Hii|iei'iors ;  liiit  as  it  was  ^'iveii  siilijeet  to  the  f^ood 
ph'asure  of  her  i)aieiits,  it  lus-anie  unavailing,',  as  her  father 
not  only  refused  his  consent,  Imt  ohtained  a  decree  of  tin* 
rarliaiiieiit  of  Normandy  furhiihling  tlio  novice  to  leavo 
tlie  province.' 

A  short  tim(3  after  this  pentlonian  fell  sick,  and  I'rovi- 
deiice  permitted  that  a  llelation  of  the  captivity,  siiller- 
in^'H,  and  death  of  ]''atiier  Jo^uoH  should  fall  into  his 
hamls.  He  read  it,  and  what  must,  one  would  think,  con- 
llrni  him  in  his  tirst  o)<iiiion  witli  rcKii'd  to  liis  dauj^htor, 
made  him  adopt  just  the  contrary.'  1  tind,  in  very  au- 
thi-ntie  documents,  that  ho  went  to  s(>o  her,  addrossud  her 
as  a  man  touched  and  charmed  at  the  resolutimi  wiiich 
she  displayed  in  desiring  to  proceed  to  a  country  where 
there  were  so  many  hardshi})s  to  uuderj^'o,  and  such  f,'ri'at 
daiij^ers  to  encounter  :  that  as  ho  beheld  her  nion!  thni 
than  ever  in  her  desi{j;n,  he  told  her  that  he  would  williii;,'- 
ly  consent  to  what  she  wished,  if  one  of  Iht  sisters,  v-oun^,'er 
than  herself,  ami  also  u  novice  in  the  same  monastery, 
consented  to  accompany  her :  that  tho  condition  was  ac- 


'  ISn^juciicnu,  Iji  Vii-  di-  la  Mrrc 
Ciitlic'riin-  ill'  Saint  Avfrvxliii,  \M\- 
fi'icusc  llcispitalirrf  di'  la  Misir'unrd'' 
«li'  (jucIhi'  rii  lu  Nimvillr  Kranri', 
I'^mii,  I'liri.H.  niTl.pp.  HI,  :!•">;  Marir 
(I'orrstit'i)  dc  St.  Bdiiavfutiirt'  do 
Ji'HiiM,  Lcttri'  I'ircidairi'  in  \M.  do  la 
Nouvi'llc  France.  Kills,  p. Hi;  .luclit!- 
rcau.  llistnire  dc  llloti'l  Dii'U  do 
QuiUoi'.  p.  70. 

■'  |{aj;iioniau.  \'w  di'  la  .MT  lo  C'atli- 
frino,  p.  41  ;  Hoktiundu  laNuuvelle 

Vol..  III.— 8 


Fraiu-o.  lOOH,  p.  :):i;  Uriali.m,  1(118, 
p.  :!.  'J'lio  lliispllal  nuns  uf  Dioppo 
cxiwtod  a«  far  back  aH  r.'.'iO.  In  Illi'J, 
tliiir  c<invrnl  was  dr.-<lri)yoil  li_v  tho 
('alviiiihtrt.  and  tlioir  anliivis  pir 
ishod.  Tlioj-  wore  rosturod  xinn\ 
altor,  and  in  lll'.T)  orjjanizoil  unow, 
OH  tho  "  ('(.nprogation  of  tho  Mercy 
of  .loMiiti,"  which  I'dpo  Aloxaiiihr 
VII.  appriivod  liy  liull,  .Inly  I!). 
KilU:  .IncJKroau,  Hint,  do  I'lliilol- 
Diuu  do  Quoboc,  pp.  107,  1U8. 


i   '  ,1 


I  I 


'r 


•m^ 


114 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


■{    f 


1668.  copied  at  first,  fnul  that  ho  immcdiiitolj  desisted  from  liis 
opposition."  l?ut  there  is  no  aUusion  to  these  cireunistiiiiccs 
m  the  printed  Life  of  8t.  Cutlmrine  of  Augustine,  although 
it  is  there  stated  that  she  had  two  sisters,  nuns,  with  her  in 
her  convent  at  l?ayeux.  It  is  there  stated  simply  that  Yvc. 
do  Longi>re  having  fallen  sick,  believed  that  God  was 
chastising  him  for  his  ojiposition  to  the  designs  of  God  as 
to  his  daughter,  and  that  he  consented  to  licr  voyage.' 

She  accordingly  sot  out  for  Nantes,  where  she  had  ap- 
parently been  told  tliat  they  were  to  endiark,  and  on  tho 
4th  of  May,  having  on  the  day  i)revious  (Altered  on  her 
sovcnteenth  year,  she  made  her  vows  in  the  hands  of  Fa- 
ther Vimond,  wlio  was  returning  to  Canada  Avith  a  new 
re-eiiforcement  of  missionaries,  and  who  had  been  dele- 
gated to  receive  her  profession  as  soon  as  she  attained  tho 
ueeessary  age.'  A  Hospital  nun  of  the  convent  of  Diejijio, 
and  another  from  that  of  Yannes,"  had  also  proceeded  with 
her  to  Nantes,  whence  tliey  were  obliged  to  go  to  Kochello 
in  search  of  a  vessel.  Thej-  emljarki'd  on  the  '27th  of  May, 
with  Father  Vimond  and  all  his  party,  and  on  the  I'.ith  of 
August,  they  arrived  at  Quebec,  after  exiieriencing  very 
bad  weather,  and  a  coutagiotis  disease,  which  brought  our 
young  professed  to  the  verge  of  the  grave.' 

She  was  received  as  befitted  her  courage  and  the  high 
idea  conceived  of  her  virtue  ;  but  they  soon  perceived  that 
she  was  one  of  those  privileged  souls,  on  whom  CJod  de- 


'  Ri'ltttion  (Ic  111  N.  F„  1018,  ]>.  '^. 

'■  Hiijriiincau  (Vic  ilc  lu  MTrc Cuth- 
('■riiic,  pp.  10,  4'.!)  uUi'.lcs  to  tlu'  ntid- 
Ing  of  the  Hcliitioii,  but  stutiM  that 
till'  niothrr  went  to  the  foiivt'iit  to 
announce'  tlio  fotlicr's  consont,  im- 
plyiiifr  tlint  lio  dul  not  jro. 

'  Slif  t(Kik  simple  vows  April  'J."(, 
l(i4S,  nt  HayiuN,  and  soli'um  vovh 
in  till'  ('Impel  of  Our  I.ndy  of  All 
.toy  at  Nantcii.  May  4-  Hufrnencaii, 
Vie  (le  la  Mi're  ('uthi'riiie,  pii  4;!,  4."); 
Jucliereau,  Uisluire  de  I'llocl  Dieii, 


■*  Mother  Anne  of  the  Assumption 
of  Dieppe,  and  Mother  .lane  Thomas 
of  St.  Agnes  of  Vaniies  ;  Ragueiieau, 
Vie  de  la  MTre  Cathrrine,  p.  4.5; 
Jucherenu,  Ilistoire  de  I'llotel  Di<n, 
p.  7;i ;  Relation  de  la  Nouvelle  France, 
l(i4S.  p.  3. 

■'  Rngueneau,  Vie  ch'  la  Mere  Cntli- 
erine,  pp.  47,  4!);  .lucliereiui.  Ilia- 
toirede  I'llotel  Dieu,  ]i.  74  ;  lielution 
di'  la  Nouvelle  France,  l(i4S,  ]).  '.>. 
I'or  a  descriptimi  of  tlie  convent  at 
Queliec,  see  de  la  I'otherie,  i.,  p. 
25'2  ;  Charlevoix,  Journal,  p  70. 


i  ^ 


« 

\ 


i 


mmmiHWtlf 


HISTORY   OF  NEW   FRANCE. 


116 


I 


li^'lits  to  pour  fortli  witliout  limit  all  tlio  tieasnirs  of  His 
f,n-ii<'o.  Nor  (lid  the  rcpntation  of  hw  sanctity  roiiiaiii  long 
coutiiicil  witliiii  this  cnclosuro  of  her  monastery,  tlio  whole 
colony  was  imbued  with  it.  There  took  i)lace  in  regard 
to  her,  indeed,  -wonderful  tilings,  whieh  the  innocence  of 
her  life,  an  lu'roic  fervor,  that,  notwithstanding  her  al- 
most continual  sickness,  accompanied  with  the  most  acuto 
])ain,  sought  whatever  was  most  painful  iu  the  peculiar 
exercises  of  her  vocation  ;  her  profound  humility,  her  ol)c- 
dicnce  to  the  least  sign  of  her  Superiors,  and  her  docility 
in  following  the  advice  of  the  Directors  of  hcv  conscience, 
prevented  from  being  regarded  as  illusions  of  a  mind  de- 
ceived.' The  holy  Bishop  of  Petrjea,  who  examined  her 
with  the  most  scru])ulous  attention,  nnd  who  had  himself 
a  practical  science  of  the  most  sublime  ways,  and  Father 
Ragueneau,  who  was  long  invested  with  her  direction,  a 
man  iMuinent  for  his  apostolic  labors,  and  his  experieuco 
as  a  director,  approved  her  iu  all  things,  and  uidiesitathig- 
ly  regarded  her  as  oue  of  the  favorite  spouses  who  com- 
pose the  most  precious  part  of  the  fold  of  Christ.  Still, 
her  ^ife,  wi'itten  by  the  same  Father  Ragueneau,  did  not 
meet  with  univei-sal  approbation.'  The  reason  is,  that  in 
God's  conduct  with  regard  to  souls,  to  whom  ho  imparts 
his  most  intimate  conununications,  there  are  hidden  mys- 
teries, wiiieh  it  is  useless,  and  sometimes  dangerous,  to 
unveil  t<j  the  public  eye.  Moreover,  few  persons  are  capa- 
ble of  understanding  them,  and  it  is  not  iu  books,  but  in 
the  school  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  that  they  can  bo  learned. 
Hence  they  often  become  scuuil)ling-bIocks  to  those  to 
whom  the  Alnughty  has  not  given  a  comprehension  of 
them.  Man  cannot,  as  the  holy  guide  of  Tobias  declared, 
proclaim  too  highly  the  works  by  which  the  Almighty 
vouchsafes  to  manifest  to  the  world  his  power  and  good- 
ness ;  but  there  are  certain  secrets  which  ho  reveals,  rarely 

'  Ratrivni'iui,  ViiMl.-hilMcivCath-     Foi,   p.    ."ill)   nH^;^ny   it,    in   liis  <m- 
t'rini',  )iiissiiii.  sliuifrlit    upon   thu  surifs  of  Jesuit 

'  Lt)  (-'lercq  (Etablieseuieut  ilu  la     imbliuatiuus. 


1668. 


t:  ni 


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116  HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 

i668.      and  exclusively,  to  souls  in  ■\vliom  he  sees  fit  to  establish 

^■"^y"^  his  kiiif^dom  in  a  most  mystic  mannei",  wliicli  it  is   not, 

generally  speaking,  ex])edient  to  divulge  :   "  For  to  hide 

the  secret  of  a  king  is  good  ;  but  to  reveal  and  confess  tlio 

works  cf  (rod  is  an  honorable  tiling."     (Tobias,  xii.  7.) 

Employ-        Towards  the  close  of  summer,  the  Senecas  sent  to  (^uo- 

missidii-    bee  dejmties  to   solicit   Mr.  do  Courcelles  to  obtain  for 

tiie       tiiem  a  missionary,  and  that  governor   indnced  tlie   Su- 

roquois.   pgj.j,jj..(-j(>jj(>i.{^i   Iq   grant  them  Father   Frt'min,  who  was 

succeeded  in  the  Mohawk  canton  by  Father  Pearron.' 
Although  the  Iroquois  generally  did  not  siu'in  strongly 
disposed  to  embrace  Christianity,  there  was,  uevertlu'lcss, 
much  good  to  bo  done  in  their  towns.  Had  they  merely 
succeeded  in  softening  them,  in  accustoming  them  to  live 
with  the  French,  and  iusiiiring  them  with  an  esteem  for 
the  Christian  religion,  it  was  much ;  but  I  have  already 
observed  that  there  were  everywhere  dying  children  to 
baptize  ;  slaves  of  various  nations,  who  were  usually  found 
more  docile ;  sick  persons,  who  could  not  resist  the  im- 
pression made  on  them  by  the  assiduous  care  of  an  inex- 
haustible and  disinterested  charity.  They  discovered,  in 
fine,  from  time  to  time,  some  of  those  predestined  souls  in 
whom  God  renders  sensible  what  St.  Paul  says,  that  ho  is 
no  acceptor  of  perso  is  (Rom.  ii.  11) ;  the  greatest  miracles 
of  his  mercy  being  often  wrought  in  favor  of  those  who 
seem  to  call  down  rather  all  the  lightnings  of  his  justice. 

The  Mohawks  had  always  h^^a  the  most  avoAved  ene- 
mies of  the  Christians;  they  were  the  most  fierce  and 
haughty  of  the  Iroquois ;  they  had  manifested  at  all  times 
an  animosity  against  the  French  nation,  which  seemed  a 
part  of  tilth'  natiire ;  thus  far  they  alone  had  imbrued 
their  hands  in  the  blood  of  the  ministers  of  the  Gospel ; 
and  we  cannot  doubt  but  that  to  something  beyond  a  more 
savage  hate  was  to  be  ascribed  much  of  that  fuiy  which 


? 


'  Soo  Rclulion  dc,  la  N.  F.,  KKiS,  wliiK'  the  Seiuca  envoys  did  not 
p.  :{2.  KatUrr  Kifniin  had  MX  Mo-  roach  Montnal  till  Xov.  10.  Ilia 
Luwk  I'ur  thu  beuucu  ciuitou  Oct.  lU,    tiuccutisor  wati  F.  Juhu  Piorrou. 


Os^s* 


HISTORY  OP  NEW  FRANCE.  117 

we  have  soon  thorn  oxfirciso   nj^ainst   pastors   .and   their      1668. 

flocks.     Yet   it  was  in  this  very  caiitou  tliat   the  Gospel  ^~"~y— ~^ 

made  most  rapid  ijrogress  and  the  iut)st  abundant  harvest,    iroqnois 
All  iiiTii  ipp  missit.na  in 

A  church  was  soon  beliekl  there  composed  ot  fervent  neo-    CuimUu. 

phytes,  who  subsequently  fcmnded  those  flourishing  mis- 
sions at  Sault  St.  Louis'  and  the  Mountain,"  so  fruitful  in 
saints,  and  from  whicii  the  colony  has  derived  such  great 
advantage.  To  conclude,  it  was  this  same  canton  that 
gave  to  New  France  the  Genevieve  of  North  America,  that 
illustrious  Catharine  Tegahkouita,  whom  Heaven  continues 
for  nearly  seventy  years  to  render  illustrious  by  miracles, 
whose  authenticity  will  bear  the  test  of  the  most  severe 
and  critical  scrutiny."' 

The  Oneidas  were  then  much  less  docile  than  the  Mo-  cimrnotor 
hawks ;  and  the  Cayugas,  who  had  till  then  appeared  so  opinioiiH  of 
well  disposed,  corresponded  but  poorly  to  the  care  be-     uriiui'i.'' 
stowed  by  Father  Stephen  de  Carheil  to  Christianize  them. 
They  treated  him,  however,  very  well,  and  rendered  justice 
to  his  superior  talents  and  eminent  virtue.     Nothing  shows 
more  clearly  that  the  holiest  men,  most  estimable  for  per- 
sonal qualities,  are  in  God's  hand  but  instruments  with 
which  he  can  dispense,  and  mere  useless  servants,  Ihan 
what  befell  this  missionary,  whom  I  left  at  Quebec  in  1721,'' 
full  of  vigor  and  vivacitj'.     He  had  sacrificed  the  greatest 
talents  which  can  do  honor  to  a  man  of  his  profession ; 


'  Tills  inission  was  fbuntled  at  La- 
prairie,  oppositi'  Mdiitnal,  in  lOTO 
(Hel.  1U71,  p.  12),  Hiui  rcmiived  in 
1(576  to  Sault  St.  Louis  or  Cauglinu- 
■\vaga,  below  tlie  rapids. 

''  'I'lie  mission  of  tlie  Mountain  was 
I'ounded  in  KiTT,  \>y  Mr.  Uejinont,  of 
St.  Sulpice,  and  was  reni(ive<l  to 
tsauh  au  Hecollel  in  ITdt,  and  to 
tile  Lube  of  the  Two  MoMntiiiii*  in 

i:m. 

'■'  lielaiion  de  la  Nouvel'.e  Fnince, 
1(1(10,  p.  2(1;  MuO.  p.  ■^;!,  iVe.  :  lOTl, 
]).  l;i;  KiT-..',  p.  18;  Vie  de  la  llonni' 
CatLuriuu,    Mb. ;  Cliuluuuc,  Lultrtw 


Etlifiantes ;  Kip,  Jcs.  Missions,  p.  1 15 ; 
Do  la  Potlierie,  Hist,  de  I'Aniuriquo 
Septentrionalo,  i.,  p.  3.51. 

■•  Father  Stephen  de  Carheil  was 
born  at  Vieune,  Nov.  20,  lG;i;i,  en- 
tered the  Society  of  .Jesus,  Aug.  30, 
1(''')2,  arrived  in  Canada  Aug.  0,  Kidfi. 
lie  lal lured  first  at  tlie  Huron  mis- 
sion, then  at  Cayiiga  from  IfiliS  to 
ItiSI,  then  on  the  Ottawa  mission 
till  till'  early  part  of  the  next  cen- 
tury. He  wrote  treatises  on  the 
Huron  and  Irotpiois  languages.  He 
died  in  Canada  -July  'JT,  172(!;  Cara- 
yon,  Doouuiuut'j  Inuiiits,  xiv, 


ill' 


V 


Iil 


III  •  1 


1^'     '  t 


118 


i668. 


Fiitlicr 

Steplicii  do 

Carlicil. 


HISTORY   OF   NEW   FRANCE. 

ami  iu  hopes  of  a  fato  like  tliat  of  many  of  his  bnthroii, 
Avlio  had  bodowcd  Canada  witli  tlicir  Ijlood,  he  had  ciii- 
liloyod  a  kind  of  violouco  with  liis  Snixniors  to  obtain  a 
mission,  whoso  obscnrity  sheltiTod  him  from  all  ambition, 
and  ollbrcd  him  only  crosses.  TIicul'  he  labored  iiiitiriii.^ly 
for  more  than  sixty  years.  Ho  spoke  Huron  and  Irocjuois 
with  as  much  case  and  elegance  as  his  maternal  tongue. 
French  and  Indians  (incurred  in  regarding  him  as  a  suint, 
and  a  genius  of  the  highest  order.  Yet  he  accomi)lislK'd 
few  conversions.  For  this  he  luuubled  liimself  before  God ; 
and  this  humiliation  served  to  sanctify  him  more  and  more. 
He  ha.,  often  protested  to  mo  that  he  adored  the  designs 
of  Providence  in  his  regard,  convinced  that  he  would  have 
imperilled  his  salvation  by  the  success  which  ho  might  have 
claimed  on  a  mt)ro  distinguished  stage,  and  that  this 
thought  consoled  liim  without  price  for  the  barrenness  of 
his  long  and  toilsome  apostolatc.  I  have  deemed  it  proper 
to  cite  this  example,  that  those  who  enter  on  the  evangelic 
career  may  understand  that  their  time  and  toil  will  not  be 
lost,  if  they  become  saints ;  that  tht)  comiuest  of  s(mls  is 
solely  the  work  of  Grace;  that  not  only  natural  tahnits, 
but  the  sublimest  virtues  tin  mselves,  have  no  efficacy  for 
tonclilng  the  heart  except  when  God  vouchsafes  to  impart 
it,  and  that  when  their  labors  are  fruitless,  they  must  re- 
member that  the  ministering  spirits,  who  draAV  from  the 
very  bosom  of  the  Deity  that  heavenlj-  fire,  one  spark  of 
which  would  suffice  to  inflame  the  whole  world  with  ui.iue 
love,  and  to  whom  the  guardianship  of  kingdoms  and  indi- 
viduals is  es})ecially  committed,  are  often  compelled  to 
moiun  over  the  blindness  of  the  heathen,  and  the  har- 
dened ob'  *inacy  of  the  sinner. 

But  the  most  precious  fruits  reaped  from  the  peace,'  now 


'  The  vague  Btatement  licrt'  seems  disappeared,  and  could  not  resume 

not  based  on  any  ilocunientury  evi-  their  old  wntB.     The  upper  Algon- 

deiice.      See  vol.  ii.,  ]).  S,  note,  lor  quins  were  cnnstmitly  sliiftinir,  liut 

the  iMisitioii  of  llie  Alf;-onqnin  triln'S  iiiiule  no   gniud   muvimeut  ill   this 

proper.     Tliese  hud  iu  IOUl'  almost  time. 


ft 


tftai 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


119 


universally  iirevailiiif:?,  were  the  discovery  of  soi  cral  great 
couutries,  and  tliu  establislinient  of  several  missions  anion" 
nations  of  the  Algonciuin  language.  TIk'so  Indians  no 
longer  dreading  the  incursions  of  the  Iro([U(jis,  had  almost 
all  returned  to  their  ancient  seats.  Tlii.s  (jl)liged  the  mis- 
sionaries to  separate,  so  that  no  one  should  be  left  hi'lpless. 
Fortunately,  re-enforcements  just  received  from  France  put 
them  in  a  condition  to  supply  all.  Father  Dablon  and 
Father  Marquette  went  to  take  post  at  the  Sault  Ste. 
Marie,  to  which  the  present  name  was  then  given.' 

The  Saidt  Indians,'  who  had  attracted  them  to  the  spot, 
al-^o  showed  the  same  eagerness  for  instruction  which  they 
had  displayed  nearly  thirty  years  before,  and  at  first  all 
wished  to  receive  baptism  ;  but  the  sequel  showed  that 
they  had  good  reason  for  not  yielding  to  their  entreaties, 
which  were  influenced  almost  exclusively  by  interested 
motives.  Nevertheless,  tliey  took  advantage  of  tlieir  good- 
will to  baptiico  all  the  children  in  danger  of  death,  and  to 
instruct  adults.  A  snniU  number  were  faithful  to  Grace, 
wliicli  profi'ered  itstdf  to  all :  it  rendered  the  rest  inexcusa- 
ble before  God,  and  justified  his  providence. 

About  the  same  time,  Father  Nicolas,  whom  Father  Al- 
louez  had  taken  with  him  to  Chagouamigon,  brought  down 
to  Quebec  some  Indians  whom  we  know  only  by  the  name 
of  Nez-Percez — Pierced  Noses."     They  are  a  small  Algon- 


1668. 


Scverul 

iiiissluns 

[■.-ta'.ilishc'd 

ainiiiiir  tlio 

Alj.'i'iic|iiiii 

IllltluUS, 


V    !! 


'  Clmmplain  calls  it  Sault  do  (fus- 
ton ;  tlie  Jesuit  Hi'latioiis.  simply 
The  Sault ;  but  in  KiTO  (Uol.,  p.  IS), 
tlu'V  founded  the  mission  of  Ste. 
Marie  du  Sault.  Ileuntpin,  Dcs- 
cript.  de  la  L.  (l(!S;j),  p.  00,  I'errut, 
p.  128,  La  Ildutan,  i.,  p.  121,  say 
Sunt  Sie.  Marie.  I.a  I'othcrie,  ii., 
p.  ICI,  saya  Saut  de  Ste,  Marie. 

■'  Tlu'ir  projx'r  Indian  name  was 
Paliouitinjr^ai'U  Irini.  whd  nunilnred 
l')0  souls,  and  they  comprised,  be- 
Bides,  the  Noucpiet  on  the  south  shore 
of  Lake  Superior,  with  the  Outchi- 


bons(('hippeway,'<  proper)  and  Mare- 
megs  from  the  north  shore :  Hel. 
KiTO,  p,  TO.  The  lirlution  (l(i40,  p. 
34)  calls  them  I'aouichtiijoiian  ;  that 
of  1(I4S,  ]).  (;3,  the  I'aouitairoung. 

•'  This  descent  of  F,  Nicolas  is  not 
nu^ntioned  in  the  Helalions.  which 
are  silent  as  to  his  labors.  M.  Mary 
of  the  Incarnation  states  it  in  her  let- 
ter of  Sept.  1,  Kills,  and  the  last  entry 
in  the  Journal  of  Li'  Mercier.  June 
01,  lll(l>i.  '.K'irins  with  his  name;  and 
here,  unfortunately,  we  lose  tlie  gui- 
dauci!  of  these  contemporary  jour- 


l:sil 


i» 

i** 

iif 

it 

i» 

i) 

, 

i 

\ 

1^. 

'.  J 

1 

1 

■  1 

:  , 

■  i 

■M 
i 

1 

1^ 

i 

f    t 

-«« 


1, 


120 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


1668. 


M'l 


Tnlon 

returns  to 

Fruuci'. 


quill  natidii,  in  wliieli  l)otli  nion  mid  Avomon  liavo  the  cus- 
tom of  pit'i'fiii^  tlio  nose,  in  ortlcr  to  liauf^  IVoiii  it  wainpinu 
beads,  and  other  like  tiitles.  After  coneliiding  their  trade, 
they  returned  to  Chagonaniigon,  wheuee  tliej  liad  started.' 
The  missionaries  not  findiiij^  liero  enough  to  occupy  all 
their  time,  Father  Allouez  proceeded  to  establish  his  post 
in  the  bay  of  Lake  Michigan''  (what  is  called  tlie  l>ay  des 
Puants).'  There  he  labored  assiduously  ;  but,  during  the 
first  years,  ho  reajied  but  little  fruit  of  his  toil,' 

This  same  year  Mr.  Talon  returned  to  France, '  and  was 
relieved  by  Mr.  de  Bouteroue,"  who  was  especially  coun- 
selled to  moderate  wisely  the  excessive  severity  of  cunfes- 


f!        I 


nals,  wliicU  cover  from  1045  to  1008. 
The  sul)st'(iiicnt  journals  were  in  the 
luindrt  i>f  Will.  Hiiiiili,  till,'  hislorian, 
mill  liHVf  iK'ViT  since  iipiiriircd.  Tliis 
viiluiiic  was  tlirnwn  into  tliii  wtreet 
as  rulibisli.  but  fiirlunati'ly  jiickiMl  up 
liy  one  wlio  suw  its  vnliie.  F.  Nico- 
1;\!<  returniil,  ni'Ciiinimnii'd  hy  an- 
otlicr  TatluT  and  ..  lav-lirotliir:  M. 
Rlary.  'riiese  wire  e\  idiiiily  Father 
James  Marquette  and  lirotlicf  l.ouin 
le  Uoesnii';  Ifelatinn  tie  la  NmiviOIe 
France,  1008,  p.  20  ;  1009,  p.  21)  ; 
1070,  p.  Ti». 

'  The  Relation  (1008,  p.  21)  snys  : 
"Some  of  tlii'iie  nations  have  ajv 
peaved  tlii.s  summer  in  our  settle- 
liieiits,  to  the  nuiiilier  of  OOD."  It 
does  not  give  any  name,  and  would 
seem  to  imply  that  the  llotilla  was 
made  up  from  several  Irilieti.  M. 
Mary  of  the  Ini'nrnution  does  not 
call  them  Nez-l'eici's.  She  sayt*  a 
tribe  of  Indians  who  had  never  seen 
Eurojieans,  and  who  all  had  their 
noses  1  lie  iced  :  Letter,  Sept.  1,  10(i8. 
The  tiilie  was  apparently  that  of  thi> 
Amikoulk  or  Heaver.  The  missioii- 
ariis  among  the  llurons  in  lOoO, 
SlH'iik  of  till-  Beaver  trilie  us  Nez- 
PeiT.'s  UJel.  10;iO,  11.  i)2).  They  lay 
on  the  mainlaud,  north  of  Mauitou- 


line.  See  I'errot,  Mocurs  et  t'ous- 
tumes.  \\.  20. 

■'  Lakr  Michigan  is  calleil,  in  the 
earlier  iiciMiunts.  Lake  of  the  Illinois 
(Hel.  1007,  p.  18;  1070.  !>.  i)2):  al- 
though the  name  Machihiganing  is 
giver  Ml  the  Relation  107O,  ]).  !(7, 
and  Mitchigiinons  in  Relation  1071, 
p.  2.').  Till'  simpler  tonii.  Michigan, 
is  lilinois.  ami  means  tJreat  Lake 
(.Mitchigami) ;  Lo  Bonlaiiger,  Uic- 
tionnaire. 

■'  The  Bay  des  Puants  is  (ireen 
Ray  ;  and  was  .»o  called  from  I'uants, 
the  name  given  by  the  Algoni|uins  to 
the  Winiiebngoes.  See  note,  ante,  p. 
10(i.  The  helots  among  the  Xatcliez, 
so  called,  Were  iierhaps  a  conquered 
Dakota  tribe. 

■*  Father  Allouez  left  Sault  St. 
Marie  for  his  lirst  visit  10  tJreen 
Ray  Nov.  ;i,  lOOil ;  Rel.  I(i70,  |i.  <J2. 
French  traders  wire  already  there 
when  he  reached  it,  Dec.  2.  Ho 
then  ascended  Fox  River  to  the  lake, 
and  began  his  labors  among  tho 
Sacs,  Foxes,  Miamis,  and  Maskou- 
tens. 

•''  Relation  de  la  X.  F.,  1008,  p.  ,3. 

•^  See       lioutel'olle's      Columission, 

dated  Aiiril  8.  lliOS:  Edits  et  Or 
donnances,  iii.  p.  38. 


HIHTOHY   OF   NKW    FFiANCE. 


121 


Rors  mid  of  tlio  bisliop.  and  io  nuiiiitaiii  ii  -jood  niidcr- 
stiuidin-,'  aiiioii^-  all  tlic  chv^y  in  the  cnnntrv.  This  last 
artii'Ic  in  his  instructions  was  not  founded  on  any  coniijlaint, 
thorc  bcinj^'  a  porfcct  union  anioiif,'  all  the  bodies  that  con- 
stituted the  secular  and  rej^'ular  clerj^'v :  nor  did  any  thing 
odifv  the  people  niort^  than  this  conciMt.  But  many  oom- 
l)laiiits  had  been  made  on  the  first  subject ;  and  we  shall 
soon  see  what  f>;ave  rise  to  tlioni,  as  well  as  the  remedy 
iipi)lied  to  this  pretended  evil.' 

Mr.  Talon  did  not  loavo  New  Franco  with  the  view  of  ( 
never  returnin.tj; ;  and  in  the  course  of  a  few  years  wi'  shall 
see  him  resunu!  his  oilice.  Domestic  atl'airs  re([uired  his 
presence  at  Paris,  and  he  had  had  some  matters  of  dissat- 
isfacticm  in  Canada,  which  made  him  desire  to  leivo  it  for 
a  time.  It  is  certain  that  ho  complained  to  the  court  of 
the  manners  of  Mr.  de  Courcelles  towards  him.  That  !j;en- 
eral,  among  very  good  qualities  whicli  rendered  him  one 
of  the  most  ai'complished  governors  who  ruled  New  France, 
liad  some;  faults,  the  most  striking  Ix'ing  an  occasional 
want  of  activity,  with  an  indisposition  to  luvve  it  remedied 
by  others  when  necessity  re(iuired  it. 

On  his  side.  Talon  thought  it  his  duty  to  go  his  own 
path  steadily,  without  communicating  to  tho  Governor 
many  things  where  lie  dreaded  a  delay  prejudicial  to  his 
majesty's  service  and  the  good  of  the  colony.  It  seems, 
too,  that  Mr.  de  C'ourcelles  was  not  always  easily  ap- 
proached, and  that  he  disajiproved  tho  conciliatory  policy 
■which  some  seemed  to  use  with  the  clergy,  against  Avhom 
he  had  allowed  himself  to  be  somewhat  prejudiced.  This 
ap])ears  from  a  letter  addri'ssed  to  him  by  Colbert  in  KiTO, 
for  he  informed  him  that  he  should  bear  with  more  from 
thosfi  with  whom  he  had  to  live  ;  that  in  time  ho  would  lie 
able  to  see  fewer  faults  and  more  good  qualities  in  Mr.  do 
Bouterouc,  who  was  highly  esteemed  at  court ;  that  that 
Inteudant  was  praiseworthy  for  showing  dt'ferenco  and 


1  CM. 


Imriiclorof 
Mr.  do 
'oiiruclk'S. 


*•  :'  1 


*■  h-  \\ 


'  Theso  Instruftioiis  liuve  not  beeu  I'ouud  iu  recent  rcseurcLes. 


,«   1 

I  r 


w 


122 


I   ! 


M 


1668. 


Erection  of 
the  cliiircli 

(if  t^iH'lieo 
iriKi  a 

bi.-ilni)irio. 


r  f 


"'  1 


HISTOHY  OF  NEW  FKANCR. 

consiiloration  for  ihv  Bishop  of  Pt^trivii  and  tlic  Jesuits ; 
1111(1  tliiit  tlifii'  wiis  no  (^qoiuul  fur  ffiiriiig  that  he  would 
lot  himself  1)0  riiU'd  by  thorn.' 

It  was  in  this  same  yoar,  1G70,"'  that  tho  matter  of  tlio 
erection  of  tho  eliureh  of  Quebec  into  a  bislioprie  avus  cou- 
snniinated.  Tho  afVair  had  been  prolonj^'ed  for  such  a 
leiif^'th  of  time  by  tlie  discussion  tliat  arose  as  to  his  iiii- 
luediato  depoiidenco  on  tho  Holy  See,  a  point  from  which 
tho  Popo  Avould  not  recede.  This  does  not,  however,  pre- 
vent tho  bishoj)ric  of  (Quebec  bein^-  united  in  some  sort  to 
the  French  ch'r},'}-,  like  tho  Bishoj)  of  Puy,  who  also  de- 
jx'uds  iniiiiodiatol}-  on  Piomo.  Tlie  kiiif,',  to  endow  the  now 
bishopric  and  the  chapter  of  tlie  Cathedral,  united  to  it 
the  two  revenues  of  the  Abbey  of  Mauboc  ;  and  Mgr.  do  St. 
Valier,  successor  to  Bishop  Laval,  also  obtained  bubso- 


•  N.  Y.  Colonial  Doc,  Ix.,  p.  02. 

'^  In  the  year  KKii)  occurred  n  niis- 
sionury  pxiicditidii  which  explored 
Lidie  Krie.  'I'lic  Siil]iitiuiiH  were 
pager  to  enter  mi  the  field  of  '.iidiau 
missions,  and  after  lieiriiiiiini;  tlieir 
missions  iimipn;;  tin'  IrcKjiiois  north 
of  Lake  Ontario  (ante,  \i.  lOil),  sent 
M.  Kdllier  de  Cnsson  to  winter,  in 
lOliS,  with  the  Nipissings.  Tlie 
chief  Nitnrikyk  had  a  slave,  taken 
hy  the  Iroquois  from  some  south- 
western tril)e.  Lasalle,  who  had 
olitained  tlie  seigneurie  of  St.  Sul- 
]iice  from  the  Sulpitiaiis,  at  tlie  same 
time  heard  of  the  t)hio  and  the  Mis- 
sissippi, and  it  was  [iroposed  at  once 
to  jiroceed  in  that  direction.  Ac- 
cordingly, .Inly  0,  l(i(i'.),  Kev.  Mr. 
Dollier  de  Casson,  with  do  (falinee, 
a  deacon,  l.asalle  and  a  party  of 
Frenchnii'n,  niiuiliering  in  all  2'J 
men.  started  from  La  Salle's  seign- 
eurie opiHisite  Saiilt  St.  l.ouis,  in 
Bcveii  canoes,  guided  liy  some  Seiie- 
cns.  and  jnocecded  to  the  Seneca 
country.  At  'I'l'naoutoua  tliey  met 
Jolliot,  and  received  from  him  in- 


formation as  to  the  west,  which  en 
abled  them  to  draw  a  map.  Hern 
Lasalle  and  his  party  refused  to 
Jiroceed  on  various  pretexts,  and  re- 
turned to  the  St.  Lawicnce,  wliere, 
as  they  hail  lioasted  that  tlii'y  were 
going  to  Cliina  (La  Chine),  a  laugli 
was  raised  at  tluir  expensi' ;  and  La- 
salle's  place  got  the  nameof  Lacliine, 
which  has  remained  to  tliis  day. 
Dollier  de  I'asson,  with  his  small 
party  (nine  in  all),  set  out  from  Ten- 
aoutoua  Oct.  1,  1611!).  and  reacliing 
Lake  I'rie  wintered  near  the  mouth 
of  Oraiid  liiver  on  tie'  north  shore; 
and  on  March  :.'5,  IfliO,  drew  u]i  an 
act  of  jiossi'ssion.  They  then  ceu- 
tinned  tliiir  voyage,  hut  losing  some 
of  their  effects  in  n  storm,  resolved 
to  abandon  their  project  and  push 
on  to  tlie  Jesuit  mission  at  Saiilt 
Ste.  Marie,  wliiidi  they  re'iched  May 
2.'>,  having  been  the  lirst  to  sail 
thrfiugh  Lakes  Krie  and  St.  Clare. 
See  their  voyage  detiuled  and  ma]) 
given  ill  Faillon,  Ilisloire  de  hi  Col. 
F.iuk;.,  iii.,  \>\>.  2S4-liUI)  ;  Talou'b 
lU'ixjrt,  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  \>.  GO. 


IIISTOUY  OV    NKW   FRANCE. 


rj.'j 


t'l'i'lJl   tlio 

kinit. 
1670. 


qnciitly  tlio  union  of  tlio  Alilicy  of  Ijcncvont,  partly  to  tlio      i^'^'S. 
liisliopiic  and  partly  to  tin-  chapter.     Want  of  money  to  '       <     ' 
l)ay  for  his  hulls,  ol)lij,'e{l  the  new  hishop  of  (Ju(>boc  to  go 
to  France  luul  ask  the  kin^'^for  nieims  to  meet  the  cxiumso, 
and  he  did  not  actually  receive  them  till  11)7 1.' 

>Souie  chan^'es  were  also  made  at  this  time  in  regard  to       Tim 

.1  ji-'tril'^ri'vr-  i-  (invcriior 

tlie  government  ot  Montreal.  Mr.  de  Jlaisonncuvo  liavuig  of  .\i..Mtaiii 
desired  to  retire,  Mr.  de  Brctcmvilliers,  Superior-General  ccm'iiiis-i,',,! 
of  the  Seiiiin;ny  of  Saint  Sul[)".ce,  legally  nominated  as  liis 
successor  ]\Ir.  IVrrot,^  who  had  married  the  niece  of  ^\v. 
Talon.'  This  new  governor  considered  that  a  commission 
from  a  private  individual  did  not  give  him  a  character  be- 
coming to  a  royal  ollicer,  and  he  feared  perhaps  that  the  ser- 
vices he  might  ri'udi'r  in  thatotlice  would  not  be  taken  into 
account.  He  accordingly  aslcod  and  obtained  a  commission 
from  his  majesty,  in  which  it  was  expressly  stated  that  they 
weri'  granted  on  the  nomination  of  Mr.  de  Bretonvilliers.' 

Meanwhile,  Mr.  do  Courcelles  paid  as  much  attention  Mr.doPour- 
and  showed  as  much  warmth  when  there  was  question  of   voviiiic' to 
war  and  Indians,  as  he  displayed  inactivity  and  a  suspi-  ,.,„X,  and 
cious  and  ditlicult  temi)er  iu  whatever  concerned  the  m-   "''  "''•)'''-''• 
ternal  administration  of  the  colony.     Thus,  learning  that 
the  Iro(pu)is  had  sent  presents  to  induce  the  Ottawas  to 
bring  their  peltries  to  them,  that  they  might  sell  tho  furs 


! 


r  (III 


'  La  Tour,  Mum.  di>  Mr.  de  Lnviil ; 
Mr.  Bois,  Es(|uissL'  dt-  In  Vie,  j).  (i;! ; 
Fnillon,  Ilistoirc  de  In  Col.  Finm;  , 
iii.,  ])!>.  4','(J  4;i(l.  Till'  Hull  whs 
issued  hy  Clcniciit  X..  Oft.  1,  l('7t  : 
and  on  the  Slid  Ajiril,  l(i7(l,  .Mgi',  do 
LiiViil  took  his  until  of  lidrlily  to  the 
kinj;  iis  liislio))  of  (|>u(lirc. 

'  Mr.  de  .Muisoiiiieuvi'  did  not  nsk 
to  retiri'.  IIo  wns  .scut  to  Finncf  liy 
Viscount  de  Tincy.  without  iiuy  ex- 
jdnnation,  iu  Kill.")-.  .\ntc.  ]<.  s:i. 
Tnicy  coinuiissioiifd  .Mr.  du  I'uys 
ns  f;ovcnior ;  liut  in  ilili!!,  .Mr.  de 
Mni.sonni-iivc  luiviui.'  I'csiL'ni'd  liis 
utlico,    aud    tlio    btiUiiuur/    haviug 


been  restored  to  its  rifflit,  Mr.  do 
nrctonvillicrs  appointed  M.  Mario 
I'errot.  cnptuiu  in  tlie  .\uvcrj;iio 
regiment,  by  letters  dnted  .lune  3, 
Kilil)  :  Fnillon,  Hist,  de  la  Colouio 
Frnni.iiisp,  iii.,  ])p.  l(i;!-4. 

■  .Madeleine  de  I.airuide.  Talon 
liini.-^elf  recpiested  Mr.  de  Hreton- 
villicrs  ton]ipoint  Perrot,  lie  liiinself 
beini.'  about  to  return  to  Cniiada  as 
Iii'.eiidant.  Oil  their  voyage  tiiey 
Were  shipwreclved.  and  Tidon,  with 
Mr.  nnd  Mine.  Perrot,  escaped  liy 
clinging  to  a  iVagmeiit  of  a  uuist. 

*  Tliis  royal  conuiiissiou  wiw  dated 
March  14,  1U71. 


I 


m 

i    >  I 


i 


) 

!! 

I 

1  • 

It 

r 

'X 

12t 


HISTORY  OF  NEW   FRANCE. 


W 


1670.  to  tlu!  Eiijjlish  in  Now  York,  ho  porociAcd  llmt  tliis  ]iro- 
jcct,  if  siurossful,  would  ruin,  l)('3oiul  nil  Iiopc,  tlic  coni- 
niori'o  of  Nt(w  Fiiinoo.  Ho  even  ctirri»'il  his  vit'WH  furtlur, 
and  did  not  douht  liut  tliut,  could  tin'  t'lintons  once  dctiicli 
till)  nortlicrn  niitiouH  from  our  alliani'i-,  they  would  .soon 
renew  hostilities,  which  nothing'  but  fear  of  the  Frt'uch 
nrniH,  HUiJjiorted  by  those  of  our  allies,  had  repressed. 

To  divert  this  stroke,  he  resolved  to  show  himself  to  the 
Iro(piois,  and  his  voyage  had  all  the  success  which  ho 
anticipated.  He  even  deemed  it  best  to  ascend  tht?  river 
St.  Lawrence,  which  is  extremely  iuterru])ted  by  falls  (uid 
rapids  from  the  island  of  Montreal  to  (juite  near  Lake  On- 
tario, because  ho  wished  to  teach  these  savaj^es  that  tlio 
French  cotdd  go  in  boats  to  their  very  doois  ;  a  thing  im- 
practicable by  the  Sorel  lliver.'  This  expedition,  it  is  true, 
considerably  aflected  his  health,  which  obliged  him  to  ask 
his  recall  to  France,  in  order,  as  ho  said  in  his  letter  to 
the  minister,  that,  if  he  had  the  hapi)iness  of  recovering 
his  health,  he  might  go  and  lose  his  life  in  the  king's  ser- 
vice, as  all  his  brothers  had  already  done." 

But  what  then  more  seriously  engaged  the  attention  of 
he  ministry  in  regard  to  New  France,  was  the  settlement 
of  Acadia,  which  had  just  been  once  more  restored  to 
France,  in  pursuance  of  the  treaty  of  Breda."  It  was  con- 
sidered at  court  that  to  give  that  province  a  degree  of 
solidity,  that  it  had  always  lacked,  it  was  necessary  to  put 
it  in  a  position  to  bo  speedily  relieved  from  Quebc  But 
to  understand  the  design  of  the  ministry  in  this  matter, 
we  must  go  back  somewhat  in  our  narrative. 

'  Do  Courcello's  visit  wrb  in  con-  11). ;  lU'ltitidti  do  la  Nouvello  Franco, 

BO(luonco  of  royal  (lii-oction.     tSoe  N.  KiTl,  i>.  !i. 

Y.  t'ol.  Doc,  ix.,  pp.  (i^,  70.     For  his  'None   of    tlio    rccrnt    ('aniidian 

voyago   up   till;   St.    Lawnni'o,   sio  writors  throw  any  li^lit  on  iho  por- 

Dollior    do    Casson'.s    Narrutivo    of  sonal  history  of  C'ourcollo. 

(}ov.  do  Courcello's  Voyaj;!'  to  Lake  ■'  .hily  "^l-ol,  HKiT:  Monioiros  dos 

Ontario,   Now  York  Colnnial    Doc,  Conimissaircs  du  I'oi  s-ur  los  Posscs- 

ix.,   pp.    75-8H.      111!    loft    Montiral  sions  on   Ann'iiciuo,  ii..  ji.  LIS;   Act 

Juuu  \i,  lUTl,  and  rutiu'uud  the  ITth  :  uf  Coiibiun,  ib.,  p.  2\)'i. 


Acndimi 
ulluir:-. 


IlISTOHY  OK  NKW    KFIANCK. 


125 


The  Frfiicli,  cxix'llid  fioiii  Acidiii  mid  all  the  soufliorn    '^'3-70. 
pint  i)f  New  rniiicr  ill  l()l:;,  hy  tlic  Hiij^'lisli,  in  tilt!  niiiiiiuT  ""^"^""^ 
that  wi)  Imvo  hcoii,'  nmdo  at  thti  tinic  uo  attoiiii)t  to  vorovor    Ainiiun 
it.     And  hU1i{)U).,'1i  it  was  abandoned  alniowt  as  soon  as  it 
was  invaded,  and  Mr.  do  Potitiincoiirt,  who  niado  a  voya^o 
tliitlicr  till)  next  yrar,  fonnd  no  ono  there  in  a  position  to 
f^ainsay  him,  iiad  lie  chosen  to  settle  thero  a^'ain, — the  few 
settlers  whom  he   had  left  thero  heiii;^'  even  ([uite  unmo- 
lested,— clni^'rin  at  the  si^dit  of  his  ruined  labors,  and  fear 
that  in  ease  he  should  at  new  expense  be^'in  to  rebuild 
Port  ]{oyal,  tho  Enj^dish  Avould  come  to  dislod^'e  him  l)o- 
fore  he  had  timo  to  fortify  himself  there,  induced  liim  to 
renounce  it  entirely.' 

At  tilt!  i>nd  of  a  ft>w  years,  thoy  seemed  to  awaken  in  tho 
court  of  London  to  the  beauties  of  this  country,  ami  wo 
have  seen'  that  in  1021,  James  I.,  khif:;  of  Great  Britain, 
had  bestoAved  it  u])on  tho  Earl  of  Stirliuf,',  who  nevertho- 
less  did  almost  nothinj^  to  avail  himself  of  so  imjiortant  a 
grant.  Tho  French,  accortlinj^ly,  rtuiiikined  there  compara- 
tively unmolested  till  tho  war  of  Ilochelle  ;  but  then  the 
English  seized  all  tho  posts  which  they  occupied,  except 
Cajjc  Sable,  which  is  the  southern  point  of  Acadia.  Thero  D 
gentleman  uamed  la  Tour  ctjuimauded  a  fort,  which  he  heki. 
with  great  glory,  iu  tho  manner  that  I  am  about  to  describe. 

His  father  being  at  London  during  tho  siego  of  La  Ro- 
chelle,  I  do  not  know  on  what  business,'  thero  married  a 
lady  of  honor  to  the  tjueen  of  England,  and  in  considera- 
tion of  this  marriage,  had  beeu  honored  with  the  collar  of 


;!  il 


I 


'  Ante,  vol.  i.,  p]>.  2T!)-80. 

''  Lesciirhcil,  Ilistoirc  dc  lii  N.  P., 
rUition  KilS,  II,  (ISl.  His  win  Hicii- 
I'ourt,  ut'tci'wurcl!*  ciillcd  I'liiitrin- 
cimrt.  ri'miiiiii'd  in  Aciiilin.  ami  ilir.l 
thi-iv  iu  lU'J:)  iir  lli'JI:  ('liiMn|iluiii. 
VdViifrt's,  (m1.  t6;i'3.  |i.  -IxX  ;  Lrttrr  nt' 
In  Tour  to  I.ouis  Xlll.,  LAbcille, 
vii.,  No.  II.  Ill'  lilt  as  Ills  dcviMM' 
Cliarli'S  .\niadiii'  dr  la  Tniir,  uhnsi' 
Fun  iSt.  Louis,  vtaa  at  Oupu  bablu, 


Dcnys,  i.,  p.  08 ;  Chanipkin  (Ed. 
l(;:!i),  p.  207. 

'  Anti',  viil.  i,  p.  .'iO  ;  Mcmoiri's  des 
Coiumissairi'M  du  Ifoi,  ii.,  p,  li);j. 

'  Claude  'I'urnis  dr  St.  Klunnc, 
AvhiJi'  on  his  way  from  France  to 
jiiin  liis  son.  was  taken  in  one  of 
de  I!iii|ueiiiiint's  vessels  and  carried 
11  prisiiner  to  Iiondon.  In  1(1:1(1,  won 
liy  Sir  Will.  .Mexaiider,  lie  sailed  to 
iadut;u  Ills  buu  lo  yiuld. 


I,  A 


Ji. 


U 


H    !, 


«     I 


120 


IIISTOHV   OF   NT'W    rnANCK 


Kxpl.iit  iif 
Hli'iir  ilci 
liiTiMir. 


161 1-70.  ji,,,  (ji, ,.],,,._  Wlicilicr  lie  liMil  iilninly  j^ivni  tn  tlml  rdiirt 
'  "^  '""■  ])lc(l^,'cH  I'oiitriu'}'  to  liis  iliity,  or  tliiit  Iiin  new  ili;4iiit\  iii- 
Vdlvcd  his  ^,'iviiif,'  tliciii,  it  in  t't'itniii  tliiit  lie  iiniiiiiMi'tl  tlio 
kin;,'  of  (iii'iit  l^itaiii  to  put  llir  I',ii;,'Iisli  in  iiossi'ssinn  of 
tilt'  post  iiclil  \>y  lii.H  soli  ill  Ai'iidia  ;  ami  on  tiiis  assiiranco 
two  Mliips  of  war  were  givt-ii  to  liiui,  on  which  ho  cinltaikfd 
witli  Iiiw  new  wife' 

On  anivin^'  o(V  Capo  Halilc,  he  had  liinistlf  put  ashnro, 
and  proct'cih'd  alone  to  nirrt  his  son,  to  whom  he  drew  a 
splendid  idetiireof  his  influence  at  the  Kn^'lish  coiii't.aml  the 
adviinta^'e  he  expected  to  derive  fioni  it.  Ife  added  that  it 
rested  with  his  son  to  olitain  as  ;^'i'eat  advaiita;^'(!  for  himself ; 
that  heli'.ou^dit  him  the  collar  of  the  darter;'  and  tiiat  he  was 
cnii)owered  to  contirm  him  in  his  p^overiimeiit,  if  he  wonld 
declare  for  His  13ritanuic  Majesty.  The  youn^'  comman- 
dant was  equally  surprised  and  shocked  at  this  lan^'ua^'c. 
He  assured  his  father  distinctly  that  h(>  was  mistaken,  if 
he  supjiosed  him  I'apalile  of  dcliveiiiiLj  up  his  )ilace  to  tla; 
enemies  of  the  state;  that  ho  would  hold  it  fur  (lie  kin;,', 
liis  master,  an  lon;^  as  ho  had  a  hreath  of  life;  that  he 
esteemed  hi;,'hly  the  honor  that  the  kiiit,'  of  Kii;,'land  wished 
to  confer  on  him,  lait  that  he  wnuld  not  i)uri'liase  it  hy  an 
net  of  treason  ;  that  the  prince  whom  he  served  was  pow- 
erful enou^^h  to  reward  him  in  a  way  to  ;,'ivo  him  no  reason 
t(t  reptret  the  olTers  ma(h'  him  ;  and  that  at  all  events,  his 
fidelity  would  i)e  a  sulHcient  reward. 

On  receiving  this  unexpected  reply,  the  ..i.licr  returned 
on  board,  and  the  next  day  wrote  in  the  most  tench'r  and 
ju'cssing  terms  to  his  son  ;  but  this  letter  also  failed  to 
produce  any  eil'ect.  At  last  he  assured  him  that  he  was 
able  to  carry  by  force  what  he  had  been  unable  to  obtaur 
by  entreaty;  that  when  he  had  laiuh'd  his  fl-o()])s,  it  would 

'  Di'iiyH,    DoBcriiitioii    (irufiniphi-  tinns.  i..  |i|),  l!07-;iO!).    An  iHtHi-cn  la 

que  lira  Costt'S,  I'ti'.,  i.,  p.  (111.  'I'dur  iinil   irAulniiy,  Driivs   ahviivs 

'  III.,  p.  TO.     Dfiivs  was  iviilciillv  (-peaks    liittfily   of   tliu    liittcr    wlm 

iiiisiut'oniii'il  lis  tci   tills.      I,a  'Pmii'  Iiad    wi'(iiii,'('il    liliii  ;     iiikI    pi  i'lm|i8 

was  iiuiili'  a  Baimut  ufXnva  Srolla.  Iimi  ciisily  citiHi.iI  ilc  la  'I'luii'.      See 

iSt'f  I'uunt  iu  llu/.urU,  Hist.  t'uUuc-  (.'huuipluin  (Eil.  W62),  p,  iitiU. 


IliSTOHY  OV  NKW   FHANCK. 


127 


lie    too   lati'    to  rc;^i(l    liiiviii;j;   rcjt'i'tcil   Iiis   lulvimtiifjcniis      1^)70. 
olt'ci'H,  mill  tliiit  lie  cDiijiiriHl  him  iih  u  fiitiu  r  not  to  cniiipil 
liim  to  Hit  as  an  riicniy. 

Tlirsi'  tliirats  iicif  as  iiiiav iiiliii^,'  as  his  snlii-italioiis  ami 
]iroiiiisi's  hail  Inni.  Thi>  tlilcr  hi  Tour  wishril  to  carry 
tlicm  out,  ami  tho  Kii;;lish  huvin^  i\uu\v  their  iipproaclicH, 
thr  (•oiiiuiamlauL  maiU-  sui'h  a  vij^orous  ihlViirr,  lliat,  at 
till'  ('Mil  of  two  (lavs,  tin-  I'ln^^lisli  ^^Turral,  who  hail  not 
reckoned  on  the  slij^'htest  resistance,  ami  hail  ah'eaily  lost 
Hiune  of  his  l)est  soldiers,  thou^;ht  it  unadvisaMe  to  push 
tile  sieM|.  any  further.  On  liis  announcing'  this,  the  elder  la 
Tour  was  in  u  tcrrilile  dilcinina.  llelurn  to  Kni^land  ho 
durst  not,  much  less  to  Fi^anco ;  iiiid  the  only  course  left 
to  him  was  to  throw  himself  on  the  clemency  of  his  son.' 

lie  lnoached  tlui  matter  to  his  wife,  and  told  hertiiat  Im 
had  felt  assured  of  rendering'  her  happy  in  America;  but 
that  as  untoward  fortune  had  hlij^hted  his  prospects,  ho 
was  unwillin;^'  to  require  her  to  live  there  unhapiiily,  and 
that  he  left  her  at  full  liberty  to  return  *o  her  family.  Tho 
lady  replied  that  she  hud  not  married  him  to  abandon  him  ; 
that  wherever  he  chose  to  take  her,  and  in  whatever  condi- 
tion he  might  be,  she  should  always  bo  his  faithful  cminian- 
ioii,  and  make  it  her  happiuosH  to  alleviate  hi.s  disappoiut- 
ineuts.  La  Tour,  charmed  aiul  afl'ected  by  this  great  gener- 
osity, besou<j;lit  his  son  to  allow  him  to  remain  in  Acadia." 

The  young  man  replied  that  lie  would  not  ex])ose  him 
to  lose  his  head  on  an  English  scall'old ;  that  he  would 
clieerfuUy  give  him  an  asylum  ;  but  that  ho  could  not 
permit  either  him  or  his  wifi^  to  enter  his  forts,  lliat, 
moreover,  he  pledged  his  word  not  to  let  them  be  in  want 
of  any  thing.  The  condition  seemed  somewhat  hard,  but 
he  had  to  submit  to  it.  With  the  consent  of  tho  English 
commander,  la  Tour  and  his  wife  lauded  with  all  their 


'  Driiys,  l)i'si-iii)tioii(ii'o};nii'hiim(',  Srutcli  rulnnists  in  I'orl  Itoviil.    Ilin 

ill's  Ciisti'S,  I'll'.,  i.,  i))!.  70-4.  wm  wus  nlicvcil  liv  tun  shi|is  imdiT 

■■'  lb.,  p.  T.").     Till-  ililrr   la  'I'mir.  ('apt.   .Miuol,  ami   liaviim   li.rii,   in 

al'tur  his  rt'pulst',   ri'tiivd   with  his  Fob.,  lUJl,  iiiadu  Lt.-Hfii.  of  .Vcailia, 


mi 


I  ii 


m\l 


,n    - 


'ii-' 

I 


III 


I:; 


I 


(i' 


f  is 


128 


HISTORY  OF   NEW  FRANCE. 


1670. 


projiorty,  two  valets  and  two  cliaiiibormaids,  and  tlic  two 
sliips  sailed  baek  to  England.  La  Tour  built  a  suitable 
liousc  for  his  father  at  some  distance  from  the  fort,  agree- 
ably situated  on  a  fertile  spot,  and  took  care  of  their  anp- 
port.  The  Sieiir  Deuys  states,  in  his  "  Descrijitiou  of 
North  America,"  that  he  met  them  there  in  1G35,  and  that 
they  were  quite  comfortably  situated.' 
All  that  the  English  had  wrested  from  us  in  Acadia  and 
^,'i- 'f?"  °"  ^'^®  neighboring  coast,  during  and  before  the  war  of 
Rochelle,  having  been  restored  in  1-G32,  as  previously 
stated,"  all  that  part  of  New  France  was  divided  into  three 
provinces,  the  government  and  proprietorship  whereof  were 
conceded  to  the  Commander  of  Eazilly,"  the  younger  la 
Tour,  and  Mr.  Denys.  The  first  had  for  his  share  Port 
Eoyal,  and  all  south  of  it  as  far  as  New  England ;'  the 
second  had  Acadia,  properly  so  called,  from  Port  Eoyal 
to  Camctaux :'   and  the  third  had   the   eastern  coast  of 


l>r(iviiK'i's 
lluil   c•on^^i- 

tiitc 
tilt*  (Ki\'L'rii- 

IllCllt 

of  Acii.lia. 
1647-70. 


Fort  St.  Louis,  Port  dc  la  Tour,  hi; 
wrote  to  his  t'uthcr  m'{;ing  hiiu  to 
ri'turn  toliis  <luty.  ('liaiiii)lain(llj:)3), 
p.  iiH. 

'  Denys,  Description  Oroijriipliiciue, 
i.,  p.  77,  snys  "  nboiit  Kjii.")."  Tlie 
Scotch  left  at  Port  Uoyal  liy  the 
elder  de  la  Tour,  were  all  killed  by 
till'  Indians  ex<'ept  two,  who  joined 
the  Freneh.    Ferland,  i.,  p.  "^4^. 

'•'  By  the  treaty  of  St.  (ierinuin, 
March  2i),  MV.Vi  :  Menioires  des  Coin- 
niissaircs.  ii.,  j).  5  ;  Denys,  i.,  p.  2^8. 
Ante,  vol.  ii.,  p.  613. 

■'  Itiaac  de  ]{a/illy,  Knijrht  and 
then  Coimnander  of  the  Order  of  St. 
John  of  .Jerusalem,  was  related  to 
Richelieu,  and  was  first  Captain  of 
the  West.  In  l(i21  he  distinguished 
himself  against  Kochelle.  In  1(128 
lie  got  ready  a  scjuadron  of  seven 
bhips  to  relieve  Quebec,  Imt  as  peace 
was  signi'd  with  England,  sidled 
against  Morocco,  thus  eiialiling  Kirk 
to  capture  Quebec  after  ])eace  was 
declared.      The   next   year   he   was 


Royal  Commodore  off  Brittany.  In 
1U;;'2  he  was  Lieutenant  for  the 
King  and  Cardinal  Richelieu  in 
New  Franco,  and  as  such  received 
Acadia  from  the  English,  llt^  was 
then  made  Lieutenant(>eneral  there, 
having  under  him  as  subordinate 
commanders  his  kinsman,  Charles 
de  Menou,  Seigneur  d  Auliiay  ilc 
Charnisay,  and  Charles  de  la  Tour. 
He  ilied  at  Fort  La  Ileve  in  l(iU0-7  : 
Ferland.  C(uiis  d'llistnire,  i.,  p.  2."),"). 
As  to  his  earnest  etl'orts  at  coloniza- 
tion, see  Denys,  i.,  ]>p.  .'54,  !).'),  lOL 
lie  had  Capuchins.     II).,  p.  lOll. 

^  His  concession  on  the  St.  Croix 
River,  is  dated.  May  1!),  1«;{2.  Mem. 
des  Cominissaires,  ii.,  y.  lUl. 

'  The  concession  to  Charles  de  St. 
Etionne.  Sieiir  de  la  Tour,  was  on 
the  St.  John  River,  Jan.  1.5,  10o5  : 
Menioires  des  Commissaires,  ii.,  p. 
■1!);).  On  Feb.  10,  l();i8,  he  was  mado 
Lieut. -<ien.  on  the  coast  of  Acailia, 
trom  the  miildle  of  the  main  land 
of  the  Bay  of  Fundy  to  Camceaux 


HISTORY  OP  NEW  PRANCE. 


129 


Canada  from  Cixinooanx  to  Gnspi''.'  Yet  tlio  first  sooms  to  164- 
liavc  had  at  iir.st  a  riyht  over  the  wliolo  of  Acadia  ;'  but 
that  ho  made  arrangements  witli  ]Mr.  de  la  Tour,  and  lio 
ccrtaiidy  made  a  settK'Uient  at  Tort  do  hi  Heve,"  whieli 
■was  then  and  subsecjuently  in  tlio  district  of  the  latter, 
■who,  on  his  side,  did  the  same  on  the  river  St.  John.  These 
gentlemen  very  prol)ably  made  a  friendly  exchunjijo  of  do- 
mains with  each  other,  at  least  in  part ;  for  Fort  Pentagoet," 
which  had  been  built  by  hi  Tour  before  the  war,  remainei 
to  this  comnuinder,  during  whose  life  the  good  understand- 
ing between  the  three  governors  was  unbroken. 

After  the  death  of  Mr.  de  llazilly,  Mr.  d'Aunay  de  Char- 
nise  succeeded  to  his  rights  by  an  arrangement  which  he  Civil  wnrs 
made  with  the  brothers  of  the  deceased,'  and  lie  obtained,  "Kreudi."' 
in  1017,  a  commission  as  Governor  of  Acadia,  which  is 
ajtpareutly  to  be  undei'stood  only  of  that  part  of  the  pe- 
ninsula which  bore  more  properly  the  name  of  Acadia,  as 
I  have  alreaely  several  times  remarked. "  The  first  thing 
that  ho  did  on  taking  possession  of  his  government,  was 
to  abandon  la  Heve,  which  is  undoxibtedly  the  best  port, 


(lb.,  li.,  ]).  4!).')),  mid  secured  in  piissos- 
gioii  (if  l'"(irt  St.  Johns,  but  I'xchidi'd 
from  \.a  Ili've  iind  Port  Royal  (II).,  i., 
]).  Hi).  Louis  XIII.  to  d'Aidiuiy, 
F('b.  10, 10;38,  L'Abrillc,  vii.,  \o.  I'l 

'  On  till'  oOlh  of  .lanuaiy,  Hi'ii, 
Nicliolas  IH'iiys  was  made  governor 
ill  all  the  I'xtcut  of  tin'  Groat  Hay 
St.  l.awrcnoc.  and  the  adjacent  isl- 
ands, from  Ca]ie  Caiiseau  to  Cap  des 
Hosiers:  Mem.  des  Com.,  ii,,  ]>,  oOU. 

'■'  La  Ueve  was  in  the  conc'essi(m 
made  in  UI!i4,of  La  lleve,  Port  Royal, 
and  Sable  Island,  to  the  l)rotlier  of 
the  Coinmander,  ('apt.  Claudede  Ita- 
zilly.  'I'lie  Commander's  own  district 
extended  from  the  middli'  of  the 
mainland  of  thi'  15ay  of  Kiindy  tow- 
ards Viriiinia,  ineludins  Pentajroet. 
All  this  passed  to  d'.\iilnay;  lb., 
ii.,  p.  '195.  ],etter  of  Louis  Xlll., 
L'Aheille,  vii..  No.  1>. 
Vol.  III.— It 


■'  Penta^oet  was  on  a  iieninsuUi 
on  the  east<'rn  side  of  Penobscot 
Bay,  near  the  present  Castiue  :  Wil- 
liamson's Maine,  i.,  |).  ;i08  ;  Maine 
Hist.  Coll.,  vi.,  p.  1011. 

■*  U'Auliuiy  administered  La  HeV(^ 
and  Port  lioyal  in  tlienamecpfClaudo 
de  IJazilly,  brothiT  and  heir  to  tho 
Commander,  and  in  Kil'J,  ae(]uired 
all  his  riu'hts  by  purchase;  Ferland, 
Coiirs  d'llisloiie,  ]).  o48. 

'  'I'his  commission,  dated  Febru- 
ary, 1047,  recites  his  zeal  for  the  eon- 
versiim  of  the  Indians,  his  establish- 
ment of  Capuchins,  his  recovery  of 
I'eiitayoei  from  the  l'"u,:;lish.  liis  re- 
duction of  llie  liirt  on  St.JoIin  liiver 
rebelliously  hel<l  by  la  Tour,  and 
makes  him  (iovernor  and  Lieuteu- 
anl-(ieneral  from  the  S*.  lyawrenco 
to  \'ir;iinia,  with  very  ample  pnwers  : 
Mumoires  des  C'ommis.,  ii  ,  i).  ^7'J. 


*^1 


i'i 


■:--i 


'    III' 


'■!( 


i:, 


130 


HISTORY  OF   NEW   FRANCE. 


!i. 


i  1 

"i 

(' 

f 

1647-70.  and  the  best  soil  in  the  avIioIo  ponntiy.  Ho  transferred 
all  the  inhabitants  to  Port  lloyal,  where  ho  began  a  great 
establishment.' 

But  Avhether  Port  Eoyal  belonged  to  Mr.  dc  la  Tour  by 
virtue  of  the  exchange  he  made  with  Commander  de  P»a- 
zilly,  or  that  the  two  governors  Avere  too  close  to  each 
other  to  remain  long  friends,  a  misunderstanding  soon 
arose,  and  they  were  not  slow  in  coming  to  arms.  After 
some  unimportant  acts  of  hostility,  Charnise  learning  that 
de  la  Tour  had  left  his  Fort  St.  Jean  with  the  best  part  of 
his  garrison,  thinking  it  i^  favorable  opportunity  for  seizing 
it,  marched  thither  with  all  his  troops. 

Madame  de  la  Tour  had  remained  there,  and  although 
surprised  Avith  a  small  number  of  soldiers,  she  resolved  to 
defend  the  place  to  the  last :  which  she  did  so  couriigeous- 
ly  for  three  days,  that  slie  compelled  the  besiegers  to  draw 
off ;"  but  on  the  fourth  day,  which  was  Easter  Sunday,  she 
was  betrayed  by  a  Swiss,  who  was  on  guard,  and  whom 
Mr.  de  Charnise  succeeded  in  corrupting.  Yet  she  did  not 
deem  her  case  hopeless :  when  siic  learned  that  the  enemy 
were  sealing  the  M.'ill,  she  rushed  forward  at  the  head  of 
her  little  garrison  to  defend  it. 

Charnise  thinking  this  garrison  stronger  than  ho  had  at 
first  sui)])os('d,  and  who  feared  a  rejndse,  proposed  to  the 
lady  to  give  her  terms  ;  and  she  consented,  in  order  to  save 


Uinvortliy 
coniliiot 

of  lie 
C'lmruisc.'. 


'  He  tnmsl'crn'il  from  La  lli'vc  to 
Port  Kovul  the  ;!()  or  AO  fiiiiiilics  s<'t- 
tli'd  by  C'oiiiuinndi'r  tic  Uiizilly.  Di'- 
iiys  ifiiys  :  "  IJ'Aulimy  fcarid  tluU  tlio 
country  ..•oulil  be  settlwl.  IIi'  took 
nil  the  iiiliabitants  from  \.a.  IIi'vi'  to 
Port  lioynl,  iiUvays  hoUliii;^  them  ii.S 
slaves,  and  allowiiii;'  tlicm  to  iiiak(^ 
noprofit ;"  l)('S('ri]itioii,utc.,ili's('o8tcs 
di'  rAmt'riiiiii'  Sr|iti'utrionali',  i.,  p. 
101.  D'Auliiay  luul,  too.a  fortoiitlio 
eastern  shore  of  the  Penobscot  (Pen- 
tufioet).  Oenys,  i..]).  2'2,  mar  the  pres- 
ent t'asline,  and  a  post  on  the  Kenne- 
bec.   Having-  brought  over  Capuchin 


friars  about  l<ll;>,  these  had  a  house 
at  Pentapiet,  the  ll<is|iice  of  Our 
Lady  of  licjly  Hope  ;  and  sulisecjuent- 
ly,  it  seems,  one  (ju  the  Kennebec. 
'J'hey  seem  to  have  been  carried  off 
in  1049  or  1()."iO:  Historical  Mafra- 
zine,  viii.,  p.  ISOl.  After  his  death 
his  daufrliters  endeavored  to  <ibtain 
compensation  from  the  court  for  his 
losses:  Canada  Doc,  iii.,  pp.  l:,i(i,  1 JT, 
''  AVilliamson,  History  of  MaiiJ, 
i.,  pp.  Iil8,  ;)'J0,  is  in  error  in  repre- 
sentinjx  Madame  de  la  Tour  as  twicn 
attacked  liy  d'.Kulnay  in  10-15  and 
1017.     See  note  1,  next  page. 


IIISTOKY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


131 


.^     i 


f 


the  lives  of  tlu^  iVw  l)riivo  men  wlio  liad  si)  well  suppovttHl  i65+-70- 
li(>r;  but  Chiirnise  hud  no  sooner  entered  the  I'ort  thiiu, 
ash.'uned  of  Imviufj;  nnide  terms  with  ;i  womiui  who  hud 
met  liim  only  with  her  cour!ij:;o  and  u  handful  of  men 
pieked  up,  he  complained  of  having  been  deceived,  and 
deeminj,'  himsi'lf  absolved  from  the  articles  of  capitulation, 
hung  all  Madame  de  la  Tour's  men  except  one,  whose  lifo 
he  s])ared  on  condition  of  his  acting  as  hangman  to  tho 
rest ;  and  he  forced  his  prisoner,  Madame  de  la  Tour,  to 
■vvitni'ss  the  execution  with  a  ropts  around  her  neck.' 

Ml.  Denys,  who  relates  this  tragic  event,'  does  not  givo 
the  date  or  the  sctjuel ;  ho  ctnitents  himself  with  stating 
that,  after  the  death  of  do  Cliarnise,'  one  lo  Borgno  of 


'Dcnys,  Ocscriiiticm  (M'ogriipliique 
di'sCcwti's  (U'  l'Anii'ri(nii',  ftc,  i.,  ])]). 
08-!).     Clmrluvoix  Uuh  lii'ie  greatly 
coiifiisi'd  miittiTS.     In   lO^lS,  as   wc 
have  seen   till)  ilivisiou  was*  mack', 
till-  bounilary  being  the   niiildle  of 
the  niahiUuid  of  the  Uay  of  Fiinily 
(Clugneclo  Hay).    February  IJ,  UiU, 
d'Auluay  obtained    an  ordei   to  ar- 
rest la  Tour  and  send  him  to  France  ; 
his  commission  lii'ing  revoked  Feb. 
21,  Kil'',  and  a  new  one  issued  to 
d'AuUiay  next  day:    Canada    Doc, 
II.,  i.     La  Tour  invoked  tlie  aid  of 
A\inthro|),  Dovernor   of   Massachu- 
Betts,  and   April   10,   101:!,  entered 
Boston  harlior  in  an  armed  vessel. 
After  long   and  bigoted  deliates,  he 
was    allowed   to    raise    volunteers: 
Winthrop's    New    iM-gland,   ii..    p. 
lOT  ;  Ilulibard's   History,   i.,  p.   lot). 
V\'ith  tills  aid  he  forced  d'Aidnay  to 
raise  the  siege  of  Fort  St.  .bihii  and 
retire    to   I'ort     Hoyal   (Winilirop). 
Here  he  imrsiied  him,  doing  some 
damage.     In  Sept.,  Id  II,  liolh  .Ma- 
dame de  la  Tour,  and  Mr.  .Marie,  en- 
voy of  d'.Vulnay,  wen'  in  Hoston,  and 
the  latter  coiicluled  a   treaty  with 
(iovernor  I'hidicot  :   iiulil)ard's  New 
Fnglaiid,  11.  -1^'S  ;  W'imlirop's  .lour- 
uul,   1).  oO(.     Mttdame   do  lu  Toiu- 


succeeded  in  reaching  her  husband's 
f,)rt  on  the  St.  John  in  three  ships 
with  supjilies,  but  was  invested  there 
and  taken  in  April,  104."),  as  stated 
in  the  text  :  Denys,  Descrii'tiiin,  etc., 
i,,  p.  1311.  .Maiuime  de  la  Tour  died  in 
three  wc'eks  after.  Her  husliand, 
who  liad  lost  ','.")(l,0(IO  crowns,  retired 
to  Sir  David  Kirk,  in  Newfounil- 
land,  and  in  Aug.,  Ki-Ki,  to  Quebee: 
(.)es.  .Journal).  D'Aulnay  then  forced 
Massachusetts  to  a  new  treaty  ;  Hub- 
bard's New  England,  p.  41)0. 

-  Ferland  ^I'ours  d'llist.,  pp.  317- 
S'h)),  gives  a  clear  account  of  these 
transactions.  Willianison  (History 
of  .Maine,  i.,  pp.  ;)0r-:i'J4),  with  all  his 
research,  mars  his  work  by  the  (ic- 
tion,  that  it  was  a  religious  war, 
W'hereas  the  insincere,  captivating 
la  Tour  was  certainly  a  Catholic  ; 
anil  the  same  seems  true  of  his  wife. 
This  leads  him  to  draw  a  picture  of 
what  the  Capuchins,  with  d'Auluay, 
taught  the  Indians.  The  only  evi- 
dence extant  is  to  the  efl'ect  that 
they  did  not  atteniiit  any  Indian 
mission,  and  the  absurdities  ascrilied 
to  the  friars  are  simply  inventions. 
'  lie  died  in  lll.")l),  three  years  after 
the  commission  mentionc'd  on  p.  129, 
u,  0 :  Canada  Uoc,  111.,  i.,  p.  iii'i. 


'         ) 


igl 


:i^.;l 


i 


:i 


h 

'I  '  ij 


li 


132 


HISTORY  OF  NEW   FRANCE. 


,'  i :  ' 


1654-70.  Eocliollo  obtfiinocl  a  docreo  of  the  Parlinmcnt  of  Pari.s,  in 
^"""^  '  piusuiuu'c  of  wliifli  lu)  took  possession  of  every  tliiiij,'  in 
Acfulia  that  had  liclonj^ed  to  that  gentleman,  whose  eredit- 
or  he  was.  lint  J  lind  in  anotlier  memoir,  tliat  Mr.  do  la 
Tour,  who  had  apjiarentlj  lost  his  Avife  soon  after  th'>  re- 
verse above  related,  married  his  enemy's  widow  :  that  he 
not  only  beeame  oner  more  master  of  the  I'ort  on  St. 
John's  liiver,  but  that  he  also,  for  some  time,  held  that  at 
Pert  Eoj-al,  Avliere  his  second  wife,  who  survived  him,  had 
a  very  tine  establishment  some  years  afttn-.' 

On  his  side,  the  Bieur  Ic  Borgne  omitted  nothing  to 
divisions  of  give  foreo  to  the  decree  which  lu.  had  olitained  from  tho 
contuuie'l.  parliament,  and  assumed  to  be  Lord  of  Acadia.  He  even 
imdertook  to  ex])el  Messieurs  de  la  Tour  and  Denys  from 
their  domains  ;  and  he  began  by  the  latter.  Learning  that 
he  had  arrived  at  Cape  Breton  with  a  commission  from 
the  AVest  India  Company,  to  settle  inhabitants  there,  he 
dispatched  sixty  men  with  orders  to  carry  him  oft".  The 
commander  of  this  detachment,  on  landing,  discovered  that 
Mr.  Denys,  after  si'tting  all  his  people  ashore  to  begin  a 
clearing,  had  gone  to  visit  Port  Saint  Anne.  He  thought 
it  a  favorable  opiKntimity  to  di'stroy  the  ncAV  settlement 
without  anj'  risk  :  ho  surjuised  the  nu'n  at  work,  who  did 
not  suppose  they  had  enemies  to  guard  against,  took  them 
all  prisoners,  and  seized  the  ship  which  brought  them  over, 
and  which  had  a  cargo  valued  at  fifty  thousand  livres.° 


D'Aulnny  had  been  17  yi-nrs  in  Aca- 
dia. His  soiif,  by  a  liist  wife,  in- 
ti'ivd  tbu  aniiy  mid  were  killed  in 
tlie  si'rvici'.  One,  .losi'iili,  in  Hi'>S, 
Bought  a  Cdnlinniition  nt'his  father's 
patent :  C.  1).,  II.,  i.,  1..  -Jl^O.  By  his 
sec'iind  wife  lie  Imd  11  diuijiliter  wlio 
became  ('anoness  ol'  I'diitisay  ;  Fer- 
lund,  i.,  ]).  ti)."). 

'  Denys,  Deseriptinn.  euv.  i.,  \>.  ','A. 

Chaiies  Ai!>ad()i' de  la  Tour,  aller 
tlu,  dciitli  of  (I'Auliiiiy,  was  iu:ii!e 
iioverneiand  Lieiiteiiaiit-<ieiiei'al  for 
tliu  kiug  ut'  Nuw  Fraucu,  uu  tliu  coutit 


of  Acadia.  See  Cana»ln  Docninents. 
II.,  i.,  J).  200.  After  Ins  fort  was 
taken  liy  Sed^'wick.  he  ol]tained,  Au- 
gust 9,  l(l.")d,  tVoiii  Cromwell,  a  grant 
to  Idmself,  Thomas  Teini)le,  and 
William  Crown,  of  Acadia,  and  i>art 
of  Nova  Scotia:  Memoires  des^  Com- 
mi.sxaires.  ii,,  [i.  ."ill.  ]>tit  over- 
win  Imed  witli  debt,  he  sold  out  to 
his  co-ijroiirietor.s.  an<l  ilied  lieforu 
the  treaty  of  Ure'^a,  leaving  fivo 
young  children  liy  his  -{'cond  wife, 
Dame  .Jiiue  Mdtin  :  Fi'iliiud.  p. -197. 
'  UuuyB,  Dcborijjtion,  i.,  pp.  4-5. 


I 


HISTORY  OF  NEW   FRANCE. 


183 


Ho  tlu'u  sent  twenty -five  men,  Avi'll  armed,  on  the  rniul  16,4-70. 
that  Mr.  Denys  would  have;  to  take  on  returning  from  Saint  ■ 
Anno,  witli  orders  to  lie  in  ambush  on  the  road.  Denys, 
utterly  unsuspicious  of  danger,  found  himself  surrounded 
when  he  least  expected  it,  and  carried  off  to  Port  Royal, 
where  he  Avas  eontined  in  a  dungeon  like  a  criminal,  with 
his  feet  in  irons.  Ho  still  had  a  fort  on  Capo  Breton,  culled 
Fort  Saint  Pierre.  Of  this,  too,  le  Porgno  got  possession 
the  next  year,  placing  in  it  a  commandant  on  whom  ho 
could  depend. 

Nor  did  ho  stop  here.  La  Hove,  sinco  Mr.  de  Charniso 
had  retired  from  it,  had  recovered  cpiitc  prosperously, 
Put  this  party,  who  had  carried  of!"  Mi'.  Denys  from  Cape 
Breton,  passing  la  He^  c,  by  lo  Borgne's  order,  set  tire  to 
all  the  buildings,  not  even  sparing  the  chapel.  The  loss 
was  estimated  at  one  hundred  thousand  francs. 

Some  time  after,  the  Sieur  Denys  recovered  his  liberty 
and  proceeded  to  France,  to  lay  his  com[)laint  before  the 
king  and  the  company.  His  representations  were  hoard, 
and  ho  obtained  a  new  commission,  which  was  confirmed 
by  letters  patent  of  his  majesty,  and  which  restored  him 
to  all  his  rights.'  Armed  with  these  documents,  ho  em- 
barked in  1054:,  and,  on  his  arrival  at  Capo  Breton,  the 
commander  of  Fort  Saint  Pierre  surrendered  the  place  to 
him.'' 

Lo  Borguo  received  tidings  of  this  just  as  ho  was  pre- 
paring to  surprise  Mr.  do  la  Tour  in  St.  John's  River,  under 
pretext  of  carrying  him  provisions,  being  aware  that  that 
gentleman  was  in  absolute  want.  This  project  ho  deemctl 
more  expedient  to  defer  to  another  season,  although  he 
was  already  on  the  march.  Ho  turned  back  towards  Port 
Royal,  his  project  being  to  seize  all  the  papers  of  the  mes- 
sengcn'  who  came  to  notify  him  of  Denys'  commission  and 
the  king's  orders,  so  as  to  follow  it  up  by  falling  upon  that 


'  Jan.  ."0,  IC.-) 4 :  MomnirLS  tUs Com-        -'  Drnys,  r)fS(Mii)tiou U^ographique, 
iai6t>aiit»j,  ii.,  p,  oO'<i.  etc.,  i.,  pp,  4-7. 


■1 
■I 

!    t 

I      'iii 


'  .■ 


:i ' 


■(    !i 


134 


niSTOUY  OF    NEW   FRANCE. 


II   f 


1654-70.  <f()V('rnor,  wlioiii  ho  hoped  t(i  fiml  entirely  oil'  his  <i;nfiril.' 
'--^'      ■   Ho   hiid  not  yet   reuehed   Port  lioyal,  when  the  English 
U))peai'ed  before  the  fort  on  St.  John's  lliver  and  snnin)on- 
ed  Mr.  do  hi  Tour  to  surrendi'i  it  into  their  hands. 

"Want  of  provisions  compelled  him  u,  yii'ld,  and  tho 
cneni}  thin  proceeded  to  Port  lioyal,  Mhero  they  sum- 
moned the  Hieur  lo  Borf^aus  as  they  had  done  Mr.  do  hi 
Tour.  He  replied  at  first  (piito  stoutly,  and  the  English 
having  landed  three  hundred  men  to  attack  him,  he  dis- 
jiatcJied  his  sergeant  Avitli  part  of  his  force  against  him. 
They  engaged,  and  tho  French  fought  quite  bravely  till 
the  sergeant  fell  dead,  when  all  his  soldiers  took  to  flight 
and  reached  the  fort  in  disorder. 

Le  Borguo  now  found  himself  in  great  ]ierplexity.  Ho 
had  only  one  hundred  and  Mty  men,  inchuling  the  settlers, 
but  there  was  not  a  singl,  one  ea])ablo  of  taking  command  : 
he  himself  knew  nothing  of  war,  having  never  served. 
Thus  with  a  very  fair  garrison  and  aimndanee  of  ammuni- 
tion and  stores,  in  a  place  which  the  (>i;emy  was  not  in  a 
condition  to  carry,  he  deemed  it  best  to  surrender  ou 
terms. 

The  English  promised  much,  and  thou  made  sport  of 
h'.m,  not  deeming  themselves  bound,  they  said,  to  keep 
their  word  with  people  who  had  shown  so  little  courage.'' 


u 


'  Di'iiys,  Description  (ir()grai)lii(iue, 
ptc,  i.,  p.  '(". 

'-■  II).,  jip.  8-0.  Pdi't  l?oyiil  •surren- 
dered Au>r.  Ki,  Km!  :  Capitiilulion  in 
M"Mnoire:j  des  ('(iinniissiiires,  ii.,  p. 
.lOT.  In  tliis  (liicunient,  made  be- 
tween Mr,  de  la  \'i  rdnre,  captain 
coniniandine-  t'nr  tlie  kiiii;-,  and  guar- 
dian tit'  d'Aulnay's  eliildnn,  and 
Sedirwick,  le  liiirfjne  is  meiitidned 
only  as  claiming  tlie  Cliateaiirort, 
with  its  cargo  and  some  goods  in 
the  fori.  F.  Lednard  dv  Charlres, 
Viee-j'refect  and  Custos  of  the 
(.'apneliin  mission,  willi  his  lellow- 
rulitfiouB,  wcru  to  liu  ut  liberty  to  ro- 


niain  or  return  to  France:  Th.,  pp 
oO!!,  olO.  This  Knglis'i  expedition 
was  commanded  by  Robert  Sedg- 
wick and  Caiitaiii  .lohn  Leverett, 
and  contained  a  detachment  of  \ew 
Kngland  troo]is.  It  was  raised  to 
reduce  Xew  Netherland,  but  on 
peace  beinjr  made  with  Holland  it 
was  turned  against  .\cailia, although 
I'',ngland  was.al  peace  with  France: 
Hutchinson's  Massachusetts,  i.,  p. 
101)  :  Halibnrtou's  Nova  Scotia,  i., 
ji.  ill;  (.)'('alhighan's  New  NettuT- 
lau.i,  ii.,  |i.  ','5!).  As  to  Sedgwick 
ami  l,e\eriil.  see  TaU'rey's  New 
KiiglttuU,  ii.,  p.  'Jb4. 


'  ( 


HISTORY  OK  NEW  FHANCR. 


185 


Pontapoi't  sdoii  sliaivil  tlic  f;ito  of  Fort  St.  .lolm  and 
Port  Itoyal  ;  tliiis  all  Aciuliu  iiml  the  southern  part  ()f  Now  ' 
Friuici'  for  tht!  third  tiuio  foil  into  tho  hands  of  tlu'  Enj,'- 
lish.  Sonic  tinio  after,  the  son  of  tli(>  Sienr  le  ]}or<j;MO 
returned  to  Acadia  with  a  Itochelle  merchant,  named  (inil- 
bant,  whom  he  had  taken  into  ])arfni'rshi[),  entered  Port 
111  Heve,  and  threw  up  a  stockade  fort.  No  sooner  wero 
the  ICnj^lish  aware  of  it  than  tlusy  marched  to  La  Hevo 
to  dislodj^'e  the  French.  On  their  apjiroacli,  le  J'.orjj,ne,  as 
unwarliko  as  his  father,  tied  to  the  woods  with  some  of  liis 
men;  but  this  did  not  prevent  (inilbant  from  making;  a 
vi^'orous  defence.  Several  of  tlu;  English  wero  killed  in 
tlio  tlrst  assaults,  inchidiug  their  commander,  and  this 
forced  them  to  retire.' 

Ni'vertheless,  they  wero  preparing  to  renew  the  assault 
when  Ciuilbaut,  who  had  no  interest  at  l^a  lleve'  except 
that  of  his  property,  proposed  an  arrangement.  This  was 
accepted,  (inilbant  agreed  to  surrender  the  fort  on  con- 
dition that  every  thing  belonging  to  him  and  his  men 
should  be  restored  to  them.  This  was  done.  He  in- 
tended that  his  partner  should  bo  included  in  this  treaty, 
but  the  English  not  finding  le  I'.orgne  in  his  fort,  obsti- 
natt'ly  excluded  him  from  tiie  c.apitidation,  and  as  ho  was 
soon  forced  by  hunger  from  his  retreat,  ho  was  forced  to 
put  himself  in  the  hands  of  the  victors,  who  carried  him 
oif  to  Boston  a  prisoner. 

Hero  they  retained  him  (puto  a  time,  after  which  they 
enlarged  him,  and  made  a  treaty,  not  over  well  observed 
on  their  side.  This  caused  many  hostilities,  the  details  of 
which  arc  not  very  interesting,  and  would  take  up  too  nmcli 
space.  It  is  enough  to  state  that  the  Ihiglish  retained 
their  new  conquests  till  the  treaty  of  Jireda,  of  which  I 
shall  soon  speak.  Sieur  Denys,  dtdiverod  from  all  fear  of 
the  elder  le  Borgne  profited  by  the  interval  of  calm  to 


i^'vi-- 


r.u.l  laitli 
(il    tic 


'  D<'nys,Dos('rii)tion(M'oirni)iliiqU(',  ■  Lii  IIi'vc  wns  mi  tlic  riibit  siilr  of 
i.,  pi>.  U)-ll.  Ho  wntc(j  (iuill)iuilt :  ii  river  tluii  siill  hiars  ilio  iiuinf,  in 
lluliburtou's  Nova  Scotiii,  i.,  p.  02.       Luuciibdurg  t'ouiity,  Nova  Scotia. 


'J. 


i  >■ 


I 


!  i! 


I,' 


136 


niSTOHY  OF   NEW  FHANCE. 


(I      I, 


Fi 


r    '  i. 


> 


1634-70.  rotricvo  his  losses  in  part,  and  to  stirnf^tluMi  liis  ]iosition 
"^■~Y— "^  against  tlic  Englisli,  from  whom  lio  eouUl  not  cxi)t'c't  bcttt'i' 

treatment  than  liis  two  colleaf,'ues.' 
''^of  sieiir"**  "^^'^^  interval  was,  however,  sliort,  and  although  tho 
l)on}».  enemies  of  the  State  did  not  think  of  disturbing  him,  his 
condition  was  not  more  favorable.  He  oceujiied  quite 
poacefiilly  a  fort  which  he  had  erected  at  C'hedabouctou,' 
on  the  eastern  coast,  when  a  person  named  La  CJirau- 
diere,  who  had  by  false  statements  fraudulently  procured 
a  grant  of  tln^  port  of  Caniceaux  fron'  the  West  India  Com- 
paii ;. ,  arrived  in  that  port,  where  he  knew  Mr.  Denys  was 
hourly  exjjecting  a  vessel  loaded  with  provisions.  The 
ship  actually  arrived,  and  la  Giraudicre  notified  tho  cap- 
tain commanding  it  of  his  commission,  forbade  him  to 
deliver  any  thing  to  Mr.  Denys,  and  sent  to  summon  that 
governor  to  surrender  Chedabouctou,  with  all  that  he  pos- 
sessed as  far  as  Cape  St.  Louis,  as  being  comprised  within 
his  grant. 

Mr.  Dt'nys  replied  that  the  Company  had  been  imposed 
upon,  and  that  it  was  not  likely  that  th(>y  would  give  to 
another  what  tluy  had  sold  to  him.  La  Giraudiere  re- 
plied that  he  had  a  commission  iii  due  form,  and  that  if 
Denys  would  not  give  up  his  fort  with  a  good  grace,  ho 
had  means  to  compel  him.  At  the  same  time  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  men,  who  were  with  Sieur  Denys,  learning 
of  tho  seizure  of  his  ship,  and  seeing  themselves  thus  on 
tho  point  of  running  out  of  provisions,  asked  for  their  dis- 
charge. He  told  them  that  he  did  not  pretend  to  keep 
them  by  force  ;  but  ho  induced  them  bj*  encouraging  words 
to  complete  the  work  actually  in  hand  ;  and  when  he  saw 
himself  in  a  position  to  entertain  no  fears  of  La  Girau- 
diere, he  transported  them  all  to  Capo  Breton  except 
twelve,  who  would  not  abandon  their  governor." 

As  soon  as  La  Giraudiere  was  informed  of  their  dcpart- 


'  Denys,  Dcsoriiition,  etc..  i.,  \).  13.    euiiics  tin  site  :  llaliburtou,  i.,  p.  93. 
'  The  town  of  MancLestur  now  oc-        ''  Douys,  DL'scription,  etc.,  i.,  p.  15k 


niHTOHY  <;!<'  NEW   FHANCK. 


137 


uiv,  ]i(^  prcpai'oil  io  vcilucc  Cliodabouctoii,  Imt  lio  wasi  not    i(,;^'-o. 

a  little   siiri)iis('il   (,>    lliul    the    ^'ovcnior  well    intrciirlii'd    — ^ ' 

tlioii:),  with  I'aiiuou  iuul  swivtls.  Ho,  iicvoitlicU'ss,  iigaiii 
Bumiuoiu'd  liiiii  to  sunviidcr  his  fort,  assuriiif^'  him  that  lio 
was  most  uiiwiso  to  risk  liis  HlVs  in  dclVni-o  of  a  post  that 
he  eoukl  not  hojjo  to  hold.  Mr.  Di'uys  nplliHl  that  ho 
W'onld  risk  more  in  attackiut,'  than  in  defcndinp;  it,  and 
tliat  tlie  jnstic'o  of  liis  ciuiso  would  combat  on  his  sido. 
La  (iiraudierc,  wjio  had  hoeu  joined  by  do  J]ay,  his 
brother,  remained  oil'  the  fort  for  throo  day<.  doin^'  noth- 
ing but  move  around  it,  to  discover  a  we  ,,t  where  ho 
mij^ht  attaek  with  security,  but  finding  i,    ,.,-,  retiretl.' 

Some  time  after,  de  Bay  went  alone  to  Chechdiouctou, 
and  asking  to  parley  with  the  governoi-,  told  him  tliat  his 
brother  had  taken  Fort  Ht.  Pierre,  on  Cape  Bretim,  and 
proposed  to  liim  an  arrangement  which,  after  some  dis- 
cussion, was  at  last  settled.  TJie  conditions  wen;,  that  la 
Giraudiere  should  restore  Fort  St.  Pierre  tcj  Sieur  Di'iiys, 
who,  on  his  side,  would  surrender  Chedabouctou,  and  was 
then  to  bo  taken  to  Franco,  where  both  were  to  submit 
their  mutual  rights  and  claims  to  the  West  India  Com- 
pany, and  abide  by  its  decision.' 

To  this  Mr.  Denys  .  onscnted.  Tlio  company  declared 
that  it  had"  been  imposed  upon  ;  it  revoked  and  annulled 
its  grant  in  favor  of  la  Giraudiere,  and  restored  Denys  to 
all  his  rights,  but  it  did  not  indemnify  him  for  the  damago 
which  this  affair  had  caused  Iiim,  and  which  amounted  to 
fifteen  thousand  crowns.  To  crown  his  misfortunes,  this 
governor  having  retired  to  his  fort  St.  Pierre,  in  order  to 
repair  his  losses  by  the  fur  trade,  was  completely  ruined 
by  a  lire,  at  the  moment  when  the  arrival  of  a  great  con- 
course of  Indians  assured  him  of  great  prolit.  After  this 
blow,  he  was  no  h)nger  able  to  undertake  any  thing  of 
moment,  and  this  was  a  great  misfortune  for  that  part  oi 


'  Di'nys,  Description  (u'ographiquo, 
etc.,  i.,  p.  10. 


■•'  Donys,  IX'seription  Oi'ugrapliiquc, 
etc.,  i.,  p.  17. 


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HISTORY    OK    NEW    FIJANCE. 


All  tlicso 
|>riiviiic'i!s 
ri'>liiri;'l  to 
Kriiiii'ii  liy 
till!  tnaty 
of  lire. la. 
1667-70, 


16:14-70.  Now  Fmnco,  which  never  hiul  11  iiiom  citpablo  or  attentive 

-^  >~'~-'  c'oniniiUKhiut.' 

Tlio  treaty  of  13ri>(hi,  at  last,  in  lfi07,  rcHtored  to  the 
Fniich  all  that  tht^  Kii^'lish  had  wrcstiil  iVoiii  them  in 
North  Aniciica  ;'  hut  this  restitution  was  not  aetnally 
made  til'  KmO.  On  the  7th  of  July  in  that  3'oar,  Sir 
(Thonias)  Temple,  witli  ^lowers  from  the  King  of  Cirt-at 
Ih'itain,  and  IIul)ert  d'Aiidigny,  Chevalier  de  Gnind-Fon- 
taine,  plenipotentiary  of  the  ^Jost  Christiiin  King,  signed 
a  doennient  at  Boston,  whieli  sceured  to  France  all  tho 
country  extending  from  Pentagoet  to  the  island  of  Ca))0 
Brt^ton  inelusively. 

As  the  whole  htid  l)een  compristnl  in  the  treaty  unch'r 
luider  the  name  of  Aeadia,  under  whieh  the  neighboring 
coasts  are  often  confounded.  Sir  (Thomas)  Temple,  it  is 
true,  refused  to  give  up  Pentagoet,  whert;  he  commanded, 
on  the  ground  that  that  jilaee  was  not  in  Aeadia."  He  was 
right,  but  as  a  very  good  understanding  then  existed  lie- 
tweeu  tho  two  mouarohs,  he  was  subsequently  obliged'  to 


b  ' 


I 


'  Dt'iiys,  I)t!sci'iiition<li'<ii;nii)lii(|iii', 
oti'.,  i.,  lip   ly-19. 

'Till"  Innty  of  lirciln,  .July  III, 
KKiT,  restored  "  tliccoiinliy  wliicli  in 
ealli'il  Aaidin,  lyiiifr  in  North  Aiiiiri- 
ca.  wliicli  the  said  Most  Cliristimi 
King  did  formerly  enjoy  :"  Mi'iiioires 
des  ( 'oninnssaireti,  ii.,  ]i.  ;!.'!.  The  net 
r  "  ''ession,  l''eli.  17,  l(i(iT-H  (il).,  p. 
2iir>),  names  '' I'entaj;oi't,  St.  tlohii, 
Port  Hoyal,  la  Ilevc',  and  Cap  <le 
Snl)h' ;''  1/a  I'ondiiite  des  Kraiii;..  p.  ill). 

■'  Tliere  is  strong  ground  to  infer 
that  the  government  of  I'entagoCt, 
of  wliieh  Sir  'I'homas  Temjjh'  was  in 
])osses.si(in  ul  the  Peace  of  Ureda, 
comprisi'd  also  Acadia  and  its  lisli- 
eries,  since  it  is  stated  tliat  merely 
from  till'  fees  which  he  derived  from 
the  Knglish,  lie  made  )S(l,Oli(l  livres 
nniuially  :  diinli  i-nir.  See 'Pempti's 
order  to  Walker,  July  7,  11170;  Me- 
moires  des  CunimiggaireB,  ii.,  p.  10 ; 


Act  of  Hestoralioii,  111.,  ]i,  Dl!).  lie- 
sides  the  fort  containing  guurd- 
house,  slorehiuise,  and  cliaiiel,  tliere 
was  an  outliouse,  and  a  garden  con- 
taining .")()  or  (10  fruit  tre(s.  Act  of 
surrender  of  Port  Oeiuisick,  on  the 
St.  .lohn's,  and  of  Port  lioynl,  to 
I'ierre  .loyliert  de  Soulanges,  Aug. 
27  and  Sept. ',>.  1(170;  lli.,  ]i|i,  :;2:!,  ;)2."). 
■■  His  letter,  Nov.  2-1,  KitJS,  says 
that  he  refused  to  give  it  u|)  in  con- 
formity with  a  letter  of  the  Uing, 
dated  Aug.  1.  He  adds:  "  Thosi! 
parts  and  places  named  in  my  first 
orders,  were  jiart  of  one  of  the  colo- 
nies of  New  l'",ugland,  Pentagoi^t  be- 
longing to  New  Plymouth:  .Mem. 
(lea  C'ommissaircs,  ii.,  p.  2!)!(.  In  his 
letter,  Nov.  (1,  1111(1,  he  takes  the 
ground  that  some  of  the  jilaces  are 
in  Nova  Scotia,  inid  th:;t  Acadia  only 
is  mentioned  in  the  tf'aty  of  Breda: 
111.,  pp.  303.  ail. 


IIISTOUY  OF  NEW   KHANCR. 


i:y.) 


to  tlio  Clicviilii  r  (Ic  (ii/iiid-Fontaiiic  a  post  wliicli,  as  tlif  166--70. 
Kii^'lish  (liciiisclvcs  avowed,  Inoii^lit  liiiii  an  iiicoiiM'  of  "—y—^ 
HO.OOO  livi'cs.'  'I'lic  I'oiiniiissioii,  lpy\irtuc  of  wliicli  (lio 
French  ^'ovenior  was  put  iu  possession  of  tliis  plueo, 
Ix'ais  date  March  .">,  KmO,"  and  f^'ives  the  hniits  of  Ins  f^'ov- 
crnniiiit  IVoni  tin.'  Quinil)e(|ni  1  Kennel)ec)  to  tlio  river  St. 
Lawi'ence,  accordin;^'  to  tlie  act  of  taking'  possi'ssion  dniwu 
up  in  lt;:!l),  hy  ('oniniaiuler  de  ilazilly,  iu  tlie  name  of  King 
J-onisXlII. 

^Nfatters  liein^'  thus  arran^'ed  in  repaid  to  Acadia  and 
the  Provinces  l)oi(h'ring  on  it,  and  the  court  of  Frunco 
having'  rcc();,aiizcd  tlm  uoci'SHitj  of  faeilitiitin<,' the  (hiiving 
of  any  assistance  to  bo  had  from  (^uehec,  in  onh'i'  to  i)nt 
them  heyoud  ivaJi  of  a  lU'w  invasion,  it  was  necessary  to 
open  a  convenient  road  between  tiifit  capital  aial  Port 
I'loyal,  or  Penta<j,oet ;'  for  at  first  thiy  confiued  tlu-niselvea 
to  tlu!  restoration  of  tliest'  two  pos's;  ]\rr.  de  C'onrcelh'H, 
in  the  same  letti  r  to  Coll)ert  in  wliieh  Iu;  solicited  his  recall, 
iiil'ormed  tliat  minister  that,  but  for  his  ill  lu-alth,  ho  would 
himself  have  already  carried  out  this  project.  ()u  his 
failure  to  do  so,  :\[r.  Colbert,  who  had  its  execution  much 
at  heart,  sent  Mr.  Patoulet,  Commissary  iu  the  Navy,  to 
Acadia,  with  order.s  to  visit  all  the  posts,  and  ^'ive  him  au 
I'xact  accouut.  The  visitation  was  performed  with  all 
])os.sible  care,  but  the  pr(«j(>eted  road  was  not  made,  and 
Acadia  has  ever  .siueo  remained  in  the  same  lanj^niid  state, 
tVom  which  they  .seemed  so  d(^termiued  to  rescue  it.  The 
EngHsh  have  contiuu(Hl  to  conduct  abundant  fisheries 
there,  which  have  enriched  New  England,'  and  that  at  the 
tinu3  when  men  were  asking  in  France  of  what  nse  that 
province  could  be  V  And  yet  this  was  only  the  least  of 
the  advantages  which  it  might  afford  the  province. 

'  Onl(M-of('liarli-sII.,  All,--.  0.  lOCi):  ■  .V  111.  di's  ('oiiiiiiis..  ii..  ,,.  •J!|f). 

^''7.i;-  •"•'•  '  '1  ■•  l>lvv.Mlt  tlir  l.cyisliiluiv  fl-oill 

'■'  '•''" mmissidii     iirodi 1     to  ini-j^ctiing   tlir  tishiiii;   intiTcsts,   ii 

'I'diiplr,   Imiv   dill,'   .Inly   ■.'•J,   KKIK:  W(i(»l,.n  cidlisli   lias  long  Imim-' in 

>h-nu>\vw  dcs  C()mnii.ss..my  Uu  Uoi,  fli,.  l„tll  of  iLc  Masbuchubciu  Lo-i,s- 

U.,p.317.  lature. 


il 


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—     I 


140 


I  f>70. 


Alliiir«  III' 

KfH  I'miiikI. 

Inrhl. 


'     '■■■ 

L  ,1  ■¥ 


I      ' 


HISTOItY  OK  NFAV  PIIANCE. 

Tlic  isliiiid  of  Ncwfoniiillnnd  Imd  not  been  lews  ji(';,'l»'<'t»'(l 
lli.iii  Ac.iiliii,  1111(1  thr  Kiii^'  also  wislicd  proiicr  iiii'iisiins  to 
Ik.'  taken  to  Hrcinc  tlif  itortof  Pliiccntia,  and  all  llic  s(Mitli- 
orn  coast  on  wliicli  tluit  jiort  lies.  Speaking' of  tiiis  island, 
wlinc  tlic  I''i(iicli  h.'id  an  <  stalilislinicnl,  mar  ('ape  ILicc, 
as  early  as  l.")(l|,'  we  stiippcd  at  tlie  vovaj^'c  of  Sir  Hiini- 
beit  Ifnnifrev/  who  had  taken  posMession,  in  ISHK,  for 
(^iieeii  I",liza1i<  til  and  liiniself,  that  princess  liaviiif,'  manted 
liini  the  dciiiain,  The  vessel  on  which  lie  was  reliirninj^ 
to  Eurojie,  having  licou  wrecked  on  Sahlo  iHlaiid,  where 
Bonie  have  declared  that  he  lived  two  years,'  liis  ])rojects 
and  iireteiisions  perished  with  him,  and  the  I'rciich  llslier- 
lUL'U  continued  their  iishcries  on  Newfoundland,  as  they 
had  done  for  a  century  back,  without  dreaming  of  fortify- 
ing their  position. 

In  KiO"),  John  Cliiyas,  of  Ilristol,'  r(>vived  the  ])roiccts 
of  the  Chevalier  llnnifrey  ;  he  began  an  establishment  at 
Conception  Uay,  which  was  afterwards  removed  to  Saint 
John;  and  the  English  Hubso(iuently  formed  several  others 
on  the  East  coast,  from  Conception  15ay  to  Cape  llace  ;" 
but  beyond  that,  the  right  claimed  by  that  nation  over  tlio 
whole  island  was  never  recognized  either  by  virtue  of  the 
first  discovery  by  .lohn  and  Sebastian  Cabot,  under  lleiiry 
VII.,  nor  liy  virtue  of  Gilbert  Huuifrey's  taking  po.ssessiou 


'  Si'c  Ant.',  vol,  i.,  p.  ion.  Till' 
first  Kni;lisli  voviifif  was  in  I.VJT,  in 
the  l)i)iiiiiiUH  A'dliisi'iini :  lliililiiyt, 
iii.,  p.  l'J!l.  Si'i',  tiM),  Aiidri noil's  ('(I- 
loiiinl  Cliiircli,  i.,  ]).  S. 

■  Mr  Iliiniplii'i  y  (iillxTt,  hnitlici- 
in-liuv  of  Sir  NN'ultcr  Itnlcifrli.  Sio 
I'litciu  ill  Iliilvluyt,  iii,  |i,  l.'!"). 

■•  His  expedition  consislril  nl'  tuur 
vessels— tlie  Delifilil,  (loldeii  Hind, 
Swallow,  and  S(]nirrel,  mid  nticlieil 
St.  .lolin's,  NewroiiiidlaMd,  in  .\ii- 
gnst :  llaliluyt,  iii.,  |i.  Is. 

^  Alter  takinjr  possesion  in  tlie 
Queen's  millie,  and  ereelilii^  llie  Klifr- 
liiih  uruiu,  he  suiluU  on,  but  tliu  Dii- 


liglit  WHS  lost,  niid  Sir  lliiniiilirey 
liiiiiHelC  went  down  on  the  wallow: 
IliiUhiyt,  iii..  |).  l.")T.  Whii  Ixjiiriie's 
Discourse  ol'Newronndlaiid,  I'edley's 
History  of  Ni'wronnillaiid,  p.  Hi. 

'  .lohntiiiy  :  I'liichas,  Pil^nini,  iv., 
p)).  IsT'.l,  ISHO,  issi  ;  Wldtbonrne's 
Discourse  of  Neu  iiiinilland ;  Wliiie's 
Newfoiindlaiul ;  Voynf^es  uu  Nord, 
ix.,  Ji.  mil. 

'■  Aiiionjr  these  was  the  settlement 
of  Lord  Maltimore  at  I'enylaiid.  in 
Avaloli.  in  Ki'i'^  :  W'liite,  p.  illil  ; 
\\'liitlioiniii.''s  Discourse  of  New- 
foiiuillanil.  i>p.  riU-Tl  ;  Purchas,  iv., 
pp,  l^',\),  16S8. 


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I 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


141 


under  that  of  Elizabeth,  tho  more  especially  as  both  wore      i66g, 
clisput<'(l  by  the  Basques,  Bretons,  and  Normans,  for  tea-  ^— r-—^ 
sons  -which  I  have  elsewhere  explained.' 

The  French,  at  last,  be<>iui  to  settle  in  Placentia  Bay, 
where  they  found  a  commodious  harbor,  one  of  the  finest, 
formed  by  nature,  in  North  Americ.i.  It  is  indeed 
oidy  a  port,  and  th(3  most  essential  necessaries  of  lif'. 
can  be  ol^taiued  only  b}-  importation  :  but  as  the  cod- 
fishery  is  extremely  abundant,  and  the  place  affords  every 
facility  for  drying  tlio  fish,  tliis  consideration  should  alone 
apparently  sutHco  to  induce  those  whose  affair  it  is  to  set- 
tle xVcadia,  to  give  all  their  care  to  the  cultivation  of  tho 
soil,  which  is  excellent ;  these  two  colonies  being  iu  a  posi- 
tion to  aid  each  other  easily,  and  by  their  mutual  corre- 
spondence enable  both  to  subsist  and  defend  themselves 
without  dei)ending  on  aid  from  France  and  Quebec, 
which  has  almost  always  failed  them  in  tho  moment  of 
nee>u 

Placentia  Bay  is  eighteen  leagues  in  length,  and  the  oe.or.ptioa 
port  is  at  the  extreme  end.  The  entrance  to  the  bay  is  a  °''^'];;';^"t'* 
narrow  inlet,  affording  passage  for  only  one  ship,  but  the 
largest  vessels  can  enter.  The  port  can  hold  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty,  .sheltered  from  every  wind,  and  there  they 
can  fish  as  trancpiilly  as  in  a  river.''  Before  the  inlet  lies 
a  roadstead,  a  league  and  a  half  iu  extent,  but  not  suffi- 
ciently sheltered  from  the  north-northwesters,  which  fre- 
quently blow  on  this  coast,  and  are  almost  always  violent. 
The  channel  of  the  inlet  is  rendered  narrow  by  dangerous 
rocks,  which  must  be  left  on  the  right,  and  above  which 
we  had  built  Fort  St.  Louis.'  The  currents  there  are  vio- 
lent, and  rush  over  a  bed  of  rock,  so  that  they  can  be 
ascended  only  by  towing,  by  means  of  a  hawser  which  is 
fastened  on  the  great  Grevo.' 


'  -^n''''  ■^■"1-  '■•  P-  l'"J-  foi-i'f  11  vessel  nlonj,',  by  huuling  in  a 

■'  Dc  111  I'oiliorie,  i.,  p.  15.  cnliie  nttui'lied  t<i  iiu  anclior,  wliifli 

»  Lii  lloiitmi,  ii.,  1  .  -.Vl  is  ,.i„Ti,.,l  Cir  alien,!  i„  a  bcint  in  tlio 

*  2'ouvr  or  iiwiiUr  a  la  tuaii  in  to    dh-octioii   in  which  it  is  desired  to 


f 


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142  IIISTOUY  OP    NEW   FRANCE. 

i66g.  TIio  fnrt  ivas  at  tlic  foot  of  a  mountain,  a  little  over  one 

Imndri'il  anil  twtjnty  foot  liijj;li,'  on  wliicli  a  rrdonht  Lad 
been  Imilt.  The  great  Greve,  which  was  a  lea<,'uo  in  ex- 
tent, lies  between  two  other  vorv  steep  mountains,  one  of 
wliieli,  that  on  the  south-southwest,  is  separated  from  tlu^ 
Greve  by  a  little  stream  which  issues  from  the  inlet,  and 
forms  a  kind  of  lake  called  the  Little  Bay.  Quantities  of 
salmon  are  taken  hei'C.  The  great  Greve  can  hold  at  once 
a  cargo  for  sixtj-  vessels.  There  is  a  smaller  one  for  the 
use  of  the  colonists,  Avho  fish  along  the  land.  On  both 
these  fish  can  be  dried  without  any  risk.  They  are 
beaches  covered  Avith  galots  or  flat  stones. 

Along  the  little  stream  just  mentioned,  were  subsequent- 
l}-  erected  a  kind  of  cabins  of  fir  leaves  and  branches,  called 
seaflblds,  to  dry  the  codfish  in  rainy  seasons.^  The  houses 
of  the  settlers  were  quite  near,  and  formed  a  street  which 
constituted  the  town  of  Placentia.  Fort  St.  Louis  ren- 
d(a'ed  us  masters  of  all  the  southern  part  of  Xewfoundland, 
and  of  the  islands  of  St.  Pierre,"  which  lie  off  it,  and  are 
inhabited,  as  well  as  Chapcaii  Rouge,  and  sonu;  other 
])laces  on  the  coast.  The  St.  Malo  men  fish  a  little  far- 
ther on  at  a  jilace  called  Petit  Nord.  The  fish  are  sr.ialler 
here  than  in  Placentia  Bay,  but  are  better  adapted  for  the 
Mediterranean  and  Levant  Trade.' 

Authors  who  have  treated  of  this  island,  are  far  from 
agreeing  with  each  other ;  some  aver  that  the  sky  is  almost 


m 


go.  Tlifsc  ciiblcs  arc  oftUivc  strands, 
anil  arc  calli'il  nu^Kii /■(>!.  They  say 
(ii'i'vc  in  Anu'virii :  the  French  word 
is  (iravo. — Clinrh  nd-r. 

'  IV  In  l'i)tli('ri<>  siiys  1:!0  toiscs. 
H<'i',  as  to  thi'  t\V(i  liii-ts  licrc.  Whiti''s 
Ni'wr.iuiulland,  Vciyayrs  an  Nord, 
ix.,  p.  ys:!,  and  la  lldiitiin's  [ilan  nf 
Ln  (ii'andi-  Bayi'dc  Plaisancr,  vn).  i., 
|i.  31  :  tiii-thi-ir  |ii-rsi'nt  .■■lati'.  rii>liii|i 
Mullcick's  Lcctnns  cm  Xcwl'ouiiil 
laud,  p.  \'i. 

''  De  la  Potherie,  Hist,  de  I'Auit'- 


riquo  Spiitcnti'ionalt',  x.,  \i\i.  l.j-l(l. 
This  authiir  ji'ivrs  a  view  of  a  si'af- 
fold,  as  well  as  of  a  lioiise  with  a 
slu'C])  ]iaslun'd  on  the  roof. 

■■  This  liltk'  island  and  that  of 
Miqiiclon  now  const ituti' all  that  '.s 
left  to  Franci'  of  tho  vast  possessions 
whose  histor\  i'harlevoix  uives  in 
these  volumes. 

^  On  l?ellin's  niaj),  l.e  Peiit  Xord 
seems  applii'd  to  tlie  whole  western 
coast  :  Canada  Uocunieuts,  UL,  ili., 
pp.  8-9. 


Puuile  an. 
JJannand 


'^  :;:?~--«Wv^ -f-   fl"-  <>"■ 


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dansl'isle  deTen'cNeuve 

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ParyB  Inmufii^  '^'^  ^^  ''^  '^  <^' '  f/aruw . 

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IIISTOHV   Ol''  NKW   KliANCK. 


It.-J 


ahviiysi  sorcno,  that  tlicn>  iirt^  fiiK'  forests,  fields  cov- 
cri'il  witli  flowers  and  Htrawhcriics ;  tiiat  tlic  Imslius 
arc  almost  all  rasphorries,  \\illi  fruit  of  iiiarvillous 
tasto;'  that  tlio  water  is  {^ooil ;  lliat  there  are  ferlilo 
valleys;  that  it  produces  spontaiicoush- a  khid  of  l)arlev, 
wiiich  is  \fvy  nutritious;  tliat  p;anie  swarius  on  all 
sides,  and  that  wild  animals,  such  as  caribous,  moose, 
stags,  hears,  I'oxtjs,  dciT,  anil  beavei',  are  found  by  tlio 
thousan(h 

Others,  on  tlic  contrary,  represent  Newfouullaml  as  a 
fearful  country,  and  say  tlnit  this  island  is  almost  every- 
where a  moss-covered  rock;  that  in  t!ie  lino  season  a 
(|UMntity  of  strawl)erries  and  raspberries  arc^  j:,athered  ;  but 
that  it  ))roduees  no  other  fruit;  that  tlie  wood  is  g(jod  for 
nothing,  and  lumting,  excejjt  for  partridges  and  river  1j1 /ds, 
im]iracticablfc,  on  account  of  the  precipitcms  mountains 
that  cover  the  country  ;"  that  the  fogs  of  tlic  Great 
Bank  extend  to  the  island,  and  that  it  rarely  enjoys  a 
fine  sun ;  and  when  the  sun  does  ap])ear  in  sumiuer, 
its  ardor  is  intolerable,  and  burns  the  tisli  on  the 
Greves.  Finally,  that  for  six  mouths  of  the  year  the  cold 
is  excessivi>. 

To  reconcile  these  two  opinions,  we  have  only  to  distin- 
guish the  dill'erent  quarters  of  the  island,  which  have  been 
frequented  by  Europeans.  It  is  true,  that  the  southern 
and  cjistern  shores  have  not  usually  a  very  clear  sky,  and 
I  have  elsewhere  ol)served  that  this  conies  from  its  vicinity 
to  the  Great  Bank,  where  an  almost  eternal  fog  prevails. 
But  this  is  uot  the  case  iu  the  uorthern  and  western  sec- 
tions, where  wintm'  and  summer  are  very  serene.  As  to 
the  interior  of  the  island,  that  cau  be  spoken  of  only  from 
conjecture ;  for  it  is  alnicst  impossible  to  penetrate  far 
inland  ;  and  I  could  never  hear  that  any  person  had  ever 


iM< 


% 


li! 


'  Di'lii  Potlirrit'.IIist  (li'TAiiu'ricnic        '•'  I.ii  Tlontmi.  Mimoircs  di'  rAme- 
Si'pt.,   \..  ]<   M);  Wliitu's  Ni'wlouiul-     I'uiUL' Si-ptciilrkiuulu,  ii.,  p.  iJl. 
land  ;   Vovuf^os  an  Noi'd,  ix.,  \>.  lioi) 


I 


144 


\6ftc). 


If>  t  aluo 
ilihitbituiiis 


Y 


nrSTOHY  CF  NEW  raAM'E. 

y(;t  (loiio  it.  Ainon^'  tliosc  wlio  li.ivo  iidviiiiccd  fiirtln'Ht, 
it  iiiiiy  l)i<  tliiit  sonic  |)('i<'(iv('il  tliu'  viillr\s,  wiiilc  oIIk  is 
iliscovurt'il  only  iii't'cii)it()us  rofks.  TIutc  ai'o  no  niouii- 
tiiins  without  vull('>s,  Imt  tin  sc  vallrvs  urn  soinntinics  prn- 
cij)icos,  or  filled  with  I'oi-ks  and  stcrih;  sands.  ^loifovi  r, 
iu  80  extonsivo  a  country,  it  is  iniitos.siblo  Imt  that  thoro  is 
Honio  variety. 

In  the  ni'i^hhorlinod  of  Iho  jiort  and  l)ay  nf  Placentia 
there  are  ponds  and  fitrtaiiis,  whieh  attract  (piantities  of 
game  ;  but  it  is  almost  iniposHible  to  Iniiit  wild  aninnds  in 
l)arts  so  little  frciiuentod,  and  almost  impnietiorhle.  Heneo 
they  must  multiply  intiiiiicly,  and  no  oni?  can  jirofit  by  it, 
except  rarely  and  by  accident.  Nor  can  the  cold  fail  to 
l)e  very  sevi're  in  that  island,  not  so  jinich  on  aoccmnt  of 
its  situation  between  the  Kith  and  ")"Jd  de;^rees  of  north 
latitude,  as  on  account  of  its  mountains  and  woods,  the 
wi'st  and  north  wind  wliicli  often  ju'evail,  and  especially  of 
those  monstrous  iceboi'^'s,  which,  comin.t,'  from  the  northern 
seas,  are  arrested  by  its  slioivs  and  loii^'  remain  there. 
Finally,  it  is  not  surprisin;^'  that  tlie  heat  should  '>e  ex- 
treme in  open  spots  where  the  sun  darts  its  riiyt  a  bare 
rocks  and  beaches  covered  with  pebbles,  which  reflect  them 
(Ui  all  sides. 

Nor  do  writers  better  ap;roe  as  to  the  native  inhabitants 
of  Newfoundland,  than  on  the  eharactt'r  of  the  interior  of 
the  cfaintry.  From  the  exj)iessioiis  used  by  some  histo- 
rians, they  lead  us  to  infer  that  they  believed  it  inhabited; 
but  accoidin  ■•  to  the  more  common  opinion,  it  is  not  in- 
habited by  any  sedentary  nation.  On  the  coasts  none  are 
seen  but  Esikmaux,  who  })ass  over  to  it  from  the  mainland 
of  Labrador,  in  order  to  hunt  and  to  trade  with  the  Euro- 
peans ;  but  these  Indians  have  often  spoken  of  other  tribes 
with  whom  th(>y  have  commercial  intercourse.  They  in- 
termingle, it  is  true,  much  that  is  fabulous  with  all  that 
they  say  about  it,  as  I  have  elsewhere  remarked,  and  it  is 
ditlicult  to  conceive  now  ^\■ll(Jl(>  nations  i  an  keep  them- 
selves so  shut  up  in  the  centre  of  an  island,  however  ex- 


s.< 


% 


s 


'  ■/■ 


IIISTOIIY   OK  NEW   KIJANlE. 


li:> 


I 


tensive  it  iimy  1)0,  tliut  no  iiidiviilual  beloiigiiiy  to  it  hIkiuUI 
oviT  l(e  seen  on  tliu  const.' 

Till'  <"lmiiiii!l  wliicli  scpiirntes  tho  islniid  of  Newfonnd- 
liiml  I'l'oiu  tin)  coutinciit  of  Aiiiciiv'ii,  is  iiillrd  tlir  Strait  of 
13i He  Islo  ;  it  runs  llol'til^v^•^it  ami  soiitliwcst,  AftiT  jtass- 
iiif^  it,  (lesceniling  Houtliwartl,  you  find  ut  "jil  on  the  nuiin- 
l.ind  of  Labrador,  a  j^'reat  bay,  where  we  liave  a  fort  tliat 
bears  tlu^  name  of  Poncliartrain.  'I'liis  post  uow  l)elon^'rt 
to  'I'illy  d(>  Cinutemani'lu','  a  Canadian  tj;entlt'man,  a  Nor- 
mnn  by  orij,'in.  Tlie  eodtisjiory  is  abundant;  but  there 
is  no  profit  to  be  mado  witli  tlio  Indians,  wlio  arc  tlu)  most 
intractable  of  all  men,  and  wiiom  they  liavu  despaired  of 
ever  improvinj^. 

Yet  wo  have,  on  tlio  wlio!(\  turned  Newfoundland  to 
better  account  than  Acadia,  whicli  is  not,  lii,,,.  ver,  nnich 
inferior  to  it  in  the  f,'eneral  fishery,  and  witli  wliieh  it  can- 
not enter  into  comparison  in  oilier  respectn  ;  but  thi'  profit 
was  actually  visible,  and  did  not  retiuire  a  f,'reat  capital ; 
noi-  were  settlements  required,  which  need  concert  and 
resolution,  but  simply  a  four  or  five  months'  voya;^'e,  at 
tho  end  ef  which  they  return  to  the  bost)m  of  their 
family. 

Much  stress,  too,  was  laid  on  tho  oonvoniouce  of  tho 
port  of  Plaeentia,  which  was  deemed  a  necessary  stoppinj,'- 
place  for  ships  retiu'iunf^  from  tlio  French  and  Spanish 
isles  in  the  West  Indies ;  as  thouf^h  Acadia  did  not  oll'er 
jiorts  as  connuodions  nuich  nearer,  nioro  easy  of  access, 
and  where  they  could  be  supplied  with  stores  that  they 


'  A  century  bus  not  gettled  this 
(|ucstiiin.  It  is  Htill  a  niuttcr  of 
(Idulit  who  ai'o  till'  native  inlialiit- 
aiils  (if  the  i>hintl,  niid  wiiat  are 
their  niiiMliei'S,  etc  Ak  to  tlieso 
Hoiillis,  or  Red  ludianK,  gi'e  Rir-lion 
Mullock's  Leetures  on  Newfound- 
lund  (ISIKI),  p.  !l;  and  I'edleyV  IHh- 
t"i'y  of  Newfoundland  (IS(i;|i,  ii]). 
^'■,'r,  :!;jS,  4v,>,,-,uy;  L'lmrlevoix  Jour- 
nal, p.  ITS. 
Vol.  m.— 10 


\(i^«). 


I'ho  (irunt 
11»). 


•  See  Canada  Documents,  II.,  x., 
]).  4.V.i ;  Ki'i-landV  Lalmidor.  ]>.  ;>U"» ; 
Hind's  l.aliradoi',  ii..  p.  l'.3S.  Xiar 
St.  I'a\d's  UiviT  in  tlie  ]iort  of  Hi'est. 
frecpieiited  in  .hu'iuu'S  (  aitierV  day, 
and  represented  aliout  KiOO  as  the 
chief  jiost  in  New  France:  Holiert's 
Oietionary  of  (  (ininu'rce.     It  is  tlie 

I'll  '..(■  /'"'/V  nil  tlie  niai>  of  Newfi  11111(1 

land  in  tliis  volume.    Tlie  old  Ksipa- 
luaux  fort  was  on  St.  I'aul's  Hay. 


1  \   : 


II 


t  1 


fi 


11' 
f' 


i 


)  I 


rin 


\M<). 


First 

GovciMcir  ( 

I'liici'iiiia. 

1660. 


Y 


TIISTOIIY   <»K  NFW   FUANf'K, 

coiiM  Mill  i'\|H'ct  to  fliiil  at  Pliicnitiii,  Still  tlu'  liij^'h  cHtl- 
iiiiition  with  wliicli  tlu'V  wt'ic  prcpoMSfKHcil  in  I'.ivur  of  tiii-i 
last  poi't,  wliicli  it  was  indct'!.!  of  f^rcat  iiiiiiiiitiiiicr  I'di'  iis 
to  |in'si'i'v»>,  lias  caused  it  to  be  visited  from  time  to  timo 
1)}'  royal  Hijiiailnms,  and  thn  iiei;^lil)oiIiood  of  tli»>  Kiip,'liHli 
llilH  given  rise  to  seveial  (>N|)editioiis,  roilnuildiii;^  tu  tlio 
^'lory  of  our  nation,  as  wo  shall  see  in  tho  Hocjuel  of  this 
history. 

Tlioro  \n  not  0110  of  theso  posts,  which  thoso  aiinoyinjj; 
neij^hhors  havo  occupied  there,  from  \vhi<'h  wo  have  not 
driven  them  more  than  once;  our  hrave  Canadians  havinj,' 
found  tlie  secret  of  j^atlierin^'  laurels  in  the  most  arid  coun- 
try in  the  world,  and  almost  always  amid  snow  and  ice.  A 
stroke  of  the  pen  has  deprived  us  of  the  fruit  of  so  numy 
victories.'  The  island  of  Ntswfoundland,  larj,'()  as  it  is, 
could  not  contain  all  our  fishermen  and  those  of  Kii^'laml, 
as  Sii'ily  of  old  could  not  satisfy  the  amliition  of  Itoiiie  and 
Cartha^'e  ;  yet  with  this  dillereiice,  that  Sicily  reiiiaiiii  d 
entirely  in  tho  hands  of  those  who  wrested  it  from  their 
rivals;  while  Newfoundland  has  been  left  to  those  Avho 
were  always  heateii  llieiH.-. 

JJefore  the  year  1(1(10,  tho  court  of  France  h.id  interfered 
but  little  in  the  a  flair- of  tho  island;  it  h>ft  almost  all  in 
the  hands  of  iiidivi(bials,  who,  at  their  own  cost,  litted  out 
tishing  vessels  to  send  tlioro.  At  last,  this  same  year, 
Sicnr  CJarm'ot  obtained  from  the  king  a  grant  of  tho  port 
of  Placontia,  with  a  commission  as  governor."  Ho  met 
great  o])])osition  to  his  taking  possc'ssion,  and  he  was  ap- 
parently oblig(,d  to  desist  at  lirst  from  his  rights,  and 
maintained  his  title  of  governor  bnt  for  a  short  timo  ;  for, 
aftiM'  a  few  years,  tho  Sicur  do  la  Poy]io  having  been  sent 
to  riacentia  with  a  royal  commission  to  take  possession, 
in  the  king's  name,  of  tho  fort  ami  settlement  at  that  jjlaco, 
and  rouiain  there  in  tho  character  of  governor,  it  was  laid 


'  Fiuncf  pivp  11,    Nowfoundluml    t.'iiniiuis.,  ii.,  p.  1"J7 ;  ■;  ID,  of  Treaty. 
l).v  the  treaty  ol  I'lrrclit:  Mum.  ik'8        ''  fanudu  Doc,  111.,  iii.,  \i.  13. 


lIlSTitltY  Ot-'  NKW    FIIANCK. 


Ii7 


tlowii  ill  liix  iiisfniclioiH :  Tliiit  liis  iimjcHty  Iwid  boon  in- 
(liiciil  to  srcuic  tlint  M|)ut,  and  cMtiililish  a  culony  tln'rt>  to 
liiuiiitiiiii  his  Hulijrcts  in  llic  I'ij^lit  wliii'li  tlicy  hiul  lon^ 
j)ohhi<hsim1,  of  K"'"K  tlicro  I'vcry  yt'iir  to  t'lirry  on  a  conHiil- 
I'liililc  fislicry  of  dry  llsli,  mid  Ity  tlm  fciir  of  tlirlr  licin;,' 
forcstidlcd  liy  tlio  I'lii^disli  :  tliiit  lie  liiid  iiiiiiu:illy  incimi-d 
(.•oiisiclnMlilc  t  xpciisc  to  fiialilc  tin'  iiilialiitanis  ti>  siilisist 
l»y  tlicir  labor:  that  tlio  fishory  had  apprarcd  to  him  tho 
muvHt  and  roadirst  way  to  snciTcd  ;  Imt  that  tlif  coiu- 
inaiidaiits  had  a|>|iaiiMlly  ciidfavoicd  to  iisn  tliis  to  ol>h;^() 
the  inhaliitaiits  to  ^'ivc  thcni  a  portion  of  their  lishcry  in 
I'xchanp'  for  provisionH,  wliii'li  they  distriliutt'd  anion<^ 
the  III,  ahhoiij^h  tlii'Ho  wfro  drawn  from  the  liiii^''s  stori-- 
hoiiscs  :  that  Sii'ur  dc  la  Poypc  was  to  put  an  end  posi- 
tively to  this  disorder,  and  examine  whether  by  leaviii;^ 
the  inhidiitants  of  tho  colony  all  the  finit  of  their  lalior, 
tiiey  will  lie  in  a  stato  to  subsist  the  whole  yi'ar  throiif^h, 
or  at  least  a  jiart  of  tlie  yi'ar,  and  that  in  case  they  needed 
iii'lp,  lie  slioidd  inform  his  niajesiy  what  they  woiilil  ro- 
(|uii'e  of  Iiini,  whether  provisions  or  nierehandise,  a^'ainst 
wiiirli  they  could  j:;ivo  in  cxchan^'e  the  piolit  of  tlu  ir  lish- 
t'ry  ;  which  joined  to  the  cultivation  of  the  soil,  the  raisin;^' 
of  cattle  and  hunting',  by  which  also  they  could  aid  them- 
selves, would,  in  a  short  time,  jiut  them  at  their  ease.' 

Such  was  tlie  state  of  atVaiis  in  ail  parts  of  Now  Franco 
when  Mr.  Tulon  returned  to  resume  tho  functions  of  In- 
teiidant.'  Puriiifj;  liis  whole  sojourn  in  Eurojie,  ho  had 
been  occupied  with  nothing'  scarcely  1  ut  Canadian  mat- 
t(  rs.  lie  had  especially  in  view  the  restoration  of  tho 
llecoUoi't  Fathers,  who,  on  their  side,  woro  on  the  alert  in 
re^'ard  to  it.  Tho  Company  (jf  a  Hundred  Associates  had 
constantly  refused  its  consent  for  reasons  which  I  have 
touciied    iiiioii    elsew  here  ;     and   this   refusal,   although   it 


\r,f,n 


'  Cimadn  Due,  HI,,  iii..  pp.  l'^-4!).  ■'  .Ante,  vol.  ii,,  p.  (i.'i,     lii-  Clcrci], 

■'  UclnliDii  (Ic  III   Noiivc'llc  Kiaiii-i',  Ktablis-^rinciit    ilc    In     I'ni..    i  ,    pp. 

KitO,   p.   :.' ;    1.1'    Clncii,    KtablisNf-  l:;-J  511,  diliiiU   tlic  cllliris  ni  Uiv 

uieiit  dc  lu  Fui,  ii,,  p,  b7.  UuculluctH  tu  rcturu  tu  Cuauiiu. 


Mr.  Tiilon 

ri'tlU'lls  tn 
<.'iiiukIu. 


■!\l 


% 


148 


1669. 


i: 


He  lirinsrs 

back  tlio 

liucullocts. 


4       1 


t   ^i 


He  is  sliiii 

wreckeit 

with  tlieir 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FHANCE. 

regarded  tliom  only  in  goiiorid  as  a  mendicant  order,  had 
been  very  mortifying  to  them.  Among  the  colonists  opin- 
ions were  divided ;  some,  and  in  fact  the  njajority,  still 
thought  as  the  Company  had  done ;  others  desired  the 
Eecoll(>cts  in  hopes  of  finding  them  less  rigid  than  the 
secular  clergy  and  the  Jesuits,  in  regard  to  the  liquor 
trade,  and  some  other  disorders,  which  began  to  revive 
again  in  Canada. 

They  Avere  undoubtedly  deceived ;  but  as  they  inces- 
santly clamored  that  consciences  were  hampered ; '  Mr 
Talon  thought  it  best  to  put  them  in  the  "Tong ;  and  't 
miist  be  admitted  that  if  the  clamors  of  libertines  contrib- 
uted to  the  recall  of  these  religious  to  America,  a  bad 
cause  never  produced  a  more  hai)py  effect.  These  Fa- 
thers have  since  that  time  rendered  and  still  render  great 
services  to  all  this  colony,  where  they  are  much  beloved 
and  are  at  least  as  well  established  as  those  avIio  returned 
thirty-five  years  before  them.' 

It  M  as  in  !()()',),  that  they  obtained  of  the  king  the  edict  for 
their  re-establishment."  Father  Ciosarius  Herveau,  accom- 
panied by  two  other  priests  and  a  lay  brother,  embarked 
for  Quebec  on  the  15th  of  July  in  that  year,  with  Mr. 
Talon  and  a  party  of  the  five  hundred  families,  whom  the 
king  had  granted  to  that  Intendant  to  settle  Canada ;  but 
after  three  months'  very  stormy  navigation,  the  ship  which 
was  conveying  them  was  forced  to  put  into  Lisbon,  and 
having  cleared  from  that  port  towards  the  (^nd  of  Decem- 
ber to  return  to  Ilochelle,  it  was  lost  almost  in  sight  of 
port,  and  only  a  part  of  those  on  board  were  saved.' 

In  the  montii  of  May  following.  Father  Germain  Allard, 


'  Lo  ClciTi],  KtHbUHBi'im'nt  do  la  ■■  Lo  Clercq,  Etiiblisscincnt  dc  la 

Foi,  ii.,  \i.  S4  ;  Talon,  Mcmoiri'  sur  Foi,  ii.,   p.   87.      Father   licrvcau's 

I'Etat  (In  Canada  ((Jucbi'C,  1840),  l>.  ;J.  Cdiiiiianiona  were  Fatlici'H  liomualil 

■  That  iii,  the  Jisuits.  Paiiillion  and  llihiiii)u  (iueniii.  with 

^  Kdict,  Letter  of  l.onis    X'lV.  to  the   lay  brother   Cosnias  (iiavcran. 

F.  Alhird,  c'itei'  by  Fiullon,  llistoire  Kallur    Ki   iiuiild    died   at   «ea:    lb. 

de  la  Colonif ,  iii.,  \<.  1!IS  ;  l,e  Clercii,  M.  Maiy  ol  the  Incaiualiou:  Lettres, 

Elftblii<>:'j.iifut  do  lu  Foi,  ii.,  j).  b7,  p.  U4U. 


f^ 


% 


T 


T 


p 


Jb 


HISTORY  OP   NEW  FRANCE. 


149 


Provincial  of  tlio  Rocollocts,  and   aftcnvarils  Bishop  of     1669. 

VciK'o,  fiiibarlcca  witli  Mr.  Tali.n,  who  liad  filled  up  his  ' ^ 

([uota  of  settlers  by  iiieaiis  of  soaio  conipauios  of  Cariguau, 
wliich  had  returned  to  Franco  ;  throe  other  priests  of  tlio 
order,'  a  deacon  nainod  Brother  Luke,  estocmod  for  his 
l)aintiii<,'s,'  and  a  Lay  brother.  Tlioir  voyage  was  prosper- 
ous,' and  the  Provincial,  after  putting  his  religious  in  pos- 
session of  tlio  lands  at  Quebec,  which  they  had  occupied 
before  the  English  invasion,  returned  to  France.'  The 
accident  by  which  Mr.  Talon's  vessel  was  lost  the  year 
before,  was  Hko  a  general  tempest,  which  extended  its 
etlects  to  Quebec,  where  it  caused  a  damage  of  one  hun- 
dred thousand  francs.  Nevertheless,  they  consoled  tiiem- 
selves  for  this  loss  more  easily  tiian  they  did  for  that  of 
the  settlers,  of  M'hich  it  had  deprived  the  colony.  The 
only  thought  then  Avas  ot  peopling  the  country,  and  they 
were  not  as  scrupulous  as  they  had  been  in  the  choice  of 
settlers ;  the  consequence  was,  that  vices  theretofore  un- 
known were  soon  prevalent. 

Sometime  before  Mr.  Talon's  arrival,  three  French  sol-     i„,,i„„ 
diors   having   nu;t   an   Iroquois   chief,  who   liad   a  largo  'by  Frcmlu-'^ 
quantity  of  furs,  plied  him  with  licpior,  and,  when  he  was      "'""•  ' 
intoxicated,  murdered  him.     Notwithstanding  the  precau- 
tions which  they  took  to  conceal  their  crime,  they  were 
discovered  and  thrown   into   prison.'      While   their  trial 
was  progressing,  three  other  Frenclimon  found  six  Mohe- 
gans  who  had  go(xls  to  tho  value  of  a  thousand  crowns ; 
they,  too,  rendered  the  Indians  intoxicated,  and  after  mur- 


'  L.-  Cl.Tcq,  Etab'i.s,-niont  dc  la  '  The  v.iyag,.  wa,.  I„n,r,  an.l  tlioy 

I'oi.   .1.    S^<.     Tho  kiiifr,  by  Lottivs  w.-rn  nearly  wredv,.d  at' Tu<l,„,,sa<- • 

dr   (  aclu't,   April   4,    lOTO,   or.hTed  HeUulon    de    hi    x\ouv,.|l,.    France' 

I'atlier  Allart  to  go  in  jxTson  with  1070,  11.  ;.'.                                            ' 

li.wr   tViars.     His  .■otapaniuns   were  ^  L,.  Ch.rcq,  Kfal.lissemont   de  la 


Father  (iahriel  de  hi  liibourde,  Sim- 
liliciiis  Luiidon,  llih'riun  tliiesnin, 
Bnlher  Luke  le  Fraiieoiti,  an<l  Bro- 
ther Anselm  Bardoii.  lay  brother. 

•  For  I5r.  I.uke  le  Fraii.;ni.s'  puiut- 
iugs,  suo  Le  C'lorcq,  ii.,  p,  WU. 


Foi.ii,,  pp.  !(1 -!):).    Tlieir  new  chapel 
was  opened  0<'t.   I  :   lb.,  p.  !):). 

'■  Moth-r  Mary  of  th,'  Incarnation, 
Letiivs,  Oct.,  i(j(j|).  l,,,,tn.fi,  p.  (;4,-i_ 
'J'he  a^sii->iiis  vs-ei'c  thvtr  scjldiers  ol' 
the  garribou  »1  Muutreal, 


:l 


:  , 


H.  1 


'\ 


% 


'm 


i^-y 


\li\ 


I   I 


1, 


'V*. 

•>-i 

\ 


J  if 


f. 


150 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


1670.  ("".oring  tlicni,  had  the  effrontery  to  go  and  sell  their  booty, 
^""^'Y—^  passing  it  off  as  tlio  fruit  of  their  own  hunting;  they  did 
not  even  take  jiains  to  make  away  with  the  bodies  of  their 
vietinis,  wliich  were  recognized  by  some  of  tlieir  own  tribe.' 
The  rosult.  These  at  first  snspeeted  the  Iroquois,  with  wliom  they 
had  just  conehided  a  treaty  of  peace,  and  tlie}'  were  pre- 
paring to  malce  reprisals,  when  a  rumor  arose  that  French- 
men liad  committ'Ml  tlio  d(-ed,  One  of  the  three  murderers, 
falling  out  with  !iis  accomplices,  revealed  it  to  a  friend, 
■who  did  not  keep  his  secret ;  it  soon  spread  from  mouth 
to  moixth,  till  it  reached  the  Indians,  and  the  two  tribes 
which  were  on  the  ])oint  of  engaging  in  a  bloody  war, 
joined  against  us.  The  Mohegans  were  the  first  in  the 
field,  and  four  of  their  braves  were  so  hardy  as  to  besiege 
a  French  house  in  open  day.  The  master  was  absent,  but 
his  servants  made  a  vigorous  defence ;  two  Indians  were 
killed,  but  the  other  two  having  set  fire  to  the  house,  it 
was  impossible  to  extinguish  the  flames  or  resciie  the  mis- 
tress, who  was  bixrnt  to  death.' 

The  Iroquois,  on  their  side,  were  not  slow  in  learning 
the  particulars  of  the  uuirder  comniitted  on  the  person  of 
their  chief,  and  they  were  even  assured  that  U\  o  of  the 
murderers  had  been  accused  by  the  third  of  a  plot  to 
poison  all  Indians  of  tlieir  nation  whom  thej^  could  find. 
It  did  not  require  all  this  to  rouse  them  to  fury,  and  they 
resolved  to  carry  their  resentment  to  the  last  extremity. 
The  French  had  not  a  moment  to  lose,  to  escape  being 
plunged  once  more  in  a  war  which  could  not  but  be  disas- 
trous in  its  consequences  ;  and  Mr.  de  Courcclles,  who  con- 

'  Cliarlrvoix  licri'  I'ollows  Motlici'  lli^tciin^  de  la  Coldiiii',  iii.,  ]>.  IJil, 

MiU'v   ()('   till'    Iin'urimtum   (|i.   (>!")),  citiiiir  On-lariitiunor  LiiSiilli',.Inly  r), 

l)Ut  tliis  miinier  rciiU.v  iirccN'di'd  thi'  KiilU.  mid  siiitcnrt'  by  d'Aillclxmst, 

otlicr.     It ',vus  cniiiiiutlc'd  during- the  Sip..  II,  l(i(i!l.  iu  tlic  ProtlioiiDtiiry'H 

wintiT  of  ItiliH-i),  liy  tlirt'c  FniicU-  dtlici',  M<iMtniil.     Tin'  iiiurdcrfrs  of 

luou.     The   vicliiu.s   wcrf   Oiieidas ;  this  jiarty  escuiied,  but   wei'C  tried 

Relation  de  la  Nouvi'lle  Frmu'e,  KhO,  and   ('(judrinned  :    Faillon,  iiii.   :!'^li, 

[ip.  V,  l."),  Tii.     Three  men,  a  woman,  U'iT. 

and  two  cliildreii,  who  were  killed  '  ^Mother  Mary  of  the  Inearnalion  : 

ou  ihu  Kivei-   MuBcuuchu  :   Faillon,  lb.    The  fuct  is  not  otatud  elsuwhero. 


1 


1 


HISTOHY    OF   NEW   FRANCE. 


151 


ceiveil  at  a  Kliinco  tlio  wliolo  importanco  of  tliis  affair,  at      1670. 
onco  started  for  Montreal,  where,  as  he  liad  leariuid,  In-  — "'' — 
dians  from  all  the  nations,  Iroquois  oven,  and  Mohegaus 
had  just  arrived. 

He  assembled  them  as  soon  as  he  landed,  and  told  them  j,,stioe.io.io 
bv  tlie  mouth  of  Father  Chaumonot,  who  spoke  Huron  i.Hii';!,,''',^ 
and  Algonquin  with  equal  facility,'  such  plain  trutlis,  to  P™""^'- 
convince  them  that  it  was  their  common  interest  to  remain 
united  with  the  French,  that  they  Avcrc  intluenced.  Ho 
then  had  the  three  soldiers  brought  in,  who  had  assassi- 
nated the  Iroquois  chief,  and  had  them  tomahawked' 
before  their  eyes.  This  prompt  justice  disarmed  the 
Iroquois,  who  could  not,  it  is  said,  withhold  their  tears 
at  the  sad  end  of  these  wretches.  The  Governor- 
General  said  that  he  would  neglect  no  means  to  secure 
the  arrest  of  the  murderers  of  the  Mohegans,  and  that 
he  would  treat  them  as  he  had  just  treated  the  others. 
In  conclusion,  he  made  compensation  to  the  two  nations 
for  A\hat  had  been  taken,  and  the  assembly  broke  up  well 
satisfied. 

This   afltair   thus   happily   terminated,   there   remained     Mr.  iie 
another,  not  less  important  or  less  delicate.     The  Ottawas  m\^^^m 
and  Iroquois  began  once  more  to  send  war  parties  against  t,l',vl',;'!i',;'ui 
each  other,  and  there  M-as  reason  to  fear  that  tliese  sparks      •"^"^■'^' 
would  produce  a  general  contlagratiou.    Mr.  de  Courcelles, 
who  always  assumed  a  very  high  tone  with  the  Indians, 
and  who  had  in  this  way  taught  them  to  respect  him,  told 
both  parties  that  he  would  no  longer  permit  them  to  dis- 
turb the  peace  of  the  nations,  and  that  ho  would  punish 
with  the  same  severity  that  he  had  just  exercised  beft)ro 
their  eyes  on  Frenchmen,  all  who  refused  to  agree  to  rea- 
sonable conditions.     Both  were  accordingly  to  send  him 


'  It  Is  nowhoro  stiitcd  that  lio  un-    Cliarlcvoix  says,  ■'  fit  cnsscr  la  trte." 
dorstood  Al-oiKjuin,  not  nvn  in  his     Tlii.y  weiv  apiiarrntly  shot  :  Dollirr 


Lile. 

''  iliithoi-  .Mary  of  \.\iv  Iiujaniatioii. 
Lcttres,  p.  04,5 ;  ULlatioii,  lUTU,  p.  4. 


di'  Casson,  llistoiro  d,-  .Mounval 
Tli.y  wiTi-  .•xirutrd,  .July  U,  lUiJU 
FaiUijii,  iii.,  p.  324. 


'I; 


!|i 


% 


I  ..n 


ri 


I 


>'i  1 


ir>2 


1670. 


Enptisiu 

of 
Uar:iUijii- 

tiu. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW   FRANCE. 

dcpntios,  tlicu  lio  would  listen  to  their  complaints,  and  do 
justice  to  all.' 

He  was  obeyed ;  the  chiefs  of  all  the  natives  came  to 
Quebec ;  those  who  deemed  themselves  ag<,a'ievcd,  made 
their  complaints,  and  by  the  prudence  of  Gavakontie, 
who  had  come  to  rejircsent  his  canton,  and  the  firmness 
of  the  (Jovernor-Geueral,  concord  was  established  to  tho 
general  satisfaction.''  Garakontie  then  addressed  the 
Ottawas  on  the  unbecoming  manner  in  which  they  treated 
the  missionaries,  whom  the  French  had,  he  said,  the  good- 
ness to  intrust  to  them,  and  as  though  ho  liad  awaited  the 
occasion  of  some  such  numerous  gathering,  to  make  pro- 
fession of  his  faith,  he  declared  himself  publicly  a  worship- 
per of  Jesus  Christ." 

He  added  that  ho  liad  long  been  a  Christian  in  heart, 
that  he  had  all  his  life  detested  the  sujierstition  in  which 
he  had  been  brought  up,  and  that  he  could  no  longer  de- 
lay securing  for  himself  the  benefit  which  he  had  enabled 
so  many  others  to  obtain.  Then  addressing  the  bishop, 
Avho  was  present,  lie  conjured  him  to  receive  liim  without 
delay  into  the  number  of  the  childreu  of  God.  All  con- 
curred to  induce  the  prelate  to  grant  such  a  proselyte  what 
he  so  earnestly  sought.  An  apostle  before  he  avowed  him- 
self a  Christian,  lie  had  always  ajipeared  to  have  the  es- 
tablishment of  Cliristiauity  in  his  nation  as  much  at  heart 
as  the  missionaries  themselves,  and  tho  whole  colony  was 
under  tho  deepest  obligations  to  him. 

Nothing,  moreover,  was  more  adapted  to  accredit  re- 
ligion among  all  tho  nations  of  this  continent  than  to  let 


'  Tlie  condiu't  of  (le  Coui'i'dlc  is 
Bonii'wliiit  iiia^nirird.  He  sent  In-ltH 
to  Oni'iilii  unci  Siiiccn,  wliicli  were 
received  <niitL' coldly  :  IJelalion,  1070, 
PI).  70,  77. 

'  The  Uelntion  (1070.  ji.  2)  repre- 
sents tln^  coming  of  the  Irixiuois 
dejiuties  to  meet  the  Otliuvas  us  the 
spuutaneous    work    of   (.farukontie. 


lie  arrived  at  Montreal  just  as  tho 
last  Imnd  of  Ottawns,  in  80  or 
i)0  canoe.-  came  in.  I)e  Courcelle 
would  not  come  to  meet  them,  but 
summoned  all  to  Quebec.  The  jiro- 
ceediiifTS  are  p;iven  in  the  Relation, 
1070,  y]>.  4-0. 

■'  ]{elation  do  la  Nouvelle  France, 
1070,  p.  5. 


\ 


I 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


153 


their  deputies  Avituess  tlie  couvcrsiou  of  a  man  so  Rouevally 
esteemed.  The  bishop,  accord higly,  had  uo  hesitation  in 
admitting  this  illustrious  proselyte  into  the  bosom  of  the 
church ;  he  knew  that  he  was  sufficiently  instructed,  and 
baptized  him  himself.  The  governor-general  acted  as 
godfather,  and  Mademoiselle  de  Bouterouc,  daughter  of 
the  intendant  as  godmother.  The  former  gave  him  the 
name  of  Daniel,  which  he  bore  himself.  Nothing  was 
omitted  to  give  lustre  to  the  ceremony,  all  the  deputies  of 
the  Indian  nations  attended,  and  were  afterwards  plenti- 
fully feasted.' 

While  Mr.  de  Courcelles  thus  maintained  his  colony  iu 
profound  peace,  and  adopted  the  most  sagacious  measures 
to  meet  whatever  could  disturb  the  good  understanding 
between  the  French  and  Indians,  the  North  of  Canada 
was  ravaged  by  a  contagious  disease,  which  almost  en- 
tirely completed  the  depopulation  of  those  vast  countries." 
Many  Christians  died  in  their  baptismal  innocence,  and 
in  sentiments  which  tended  greatly  to  console  the  gospel 
laborers  for  so  many  losses  ! '  The  Attikamegues  among 
others  have  not  appeared  since  those  times,  and  if  some 
remain,  they  must  be  intermingled  vith  other  tribes  who 
have  no  intercourse  with  us.' 

Then  too,  it  was,  that  Tadoussac,  where  hitherto  scarce- 
ly ever  less  than  twelve  hundred  Indians  were  seen  at  the 
time  of  trade,  began  to  be  almost  entirely  abandoned, '  as 
well  as  Three  Iiivers,  from  which  the  Algonquins  with- 
drew to  Cap  de  la  Magdeleino;'  but  there  was  this  difi'er- 
ence  between  these  two  posts,  that  the  French  continued 
at  the  latter,  while  the  former,  where  we  had  no  permanent 


1670. 


Mortiility 
iu  thu 
Kortli. 


'  Relation  de  la  N.  P.,  1670,  cli.  ii., 
pp.  0-7;  107;i-0,  pp.  lS(i-fl. 

''  Rt'lation  do  la  Nouvclle  France, 
1070,  1).  7.  Chauiiionot.  lb.,  p.  '..'0, 
says:  "  Fortlii'  Inst  yeartlu'small -pox 


^  Relation,  1070,  pp.  7,  14,  etc. 
■■  The  Attikameifiies  a.Xi\  not  men- 
tioned after  lO.TS,  except  as  indi- 
viduals. All)anel  8]ieaks  of  a  woman 
in  l{elation,  1070,  \i.  1-1.  See  as  to 
has  fiii-ionsly  desolated  this  colony,  them  the  Heliition,  Kill.  ]). '.3!). 
The  MontaKiiais  and  Algomjuins  '■  lii'lation  de  la  N.  F.,  1070,  p.  11. 
have  almost  all  died  of  it."  '^  lb.,  p.  14, 


i    ii 


\ 


^^^•J 


ii 


11    :^ 


{  ■*( 


f 


154  IIISTOHY  OF  NEW   FRANCE. 

1670.     estiiblishmcut,   li.'is   remained   dosortctl '     This   mortality 
^^'~'r-~~^  ^vas  caused   especially  by  small-pox,"  wliicli  some  years 
later  entirely  destroyed  the  town  of  Syllery.     Fifteen  hun- 
dred Indians  were  attacked  and  not  one  recovered. 
Kstiibiisii-       The   Hnrons,  altliougli   always  intermingled  with   tlio 
Iiur'm  ii!wn  Froncli,  wlio  comnnmicatcd  the  disease  to  the  Indians, 
oi  Lnruiie.  ^,t,p.q-,^,(i  it  better  than  other  tribes;'  and  it  was  abont  this 
time   that  Father  Chaumonot  having  collected  them  all 
two  leagues  from  (Jnebec,  founded  the  Mission  of  Loretto,' 
now  more  flourishing  in  the  fervor  of  those  who  inhabit 
that  settlement  than  by  their  number.     At  this  time,  too, 
an  event  occurred  which  showed  that  not  in  vain  did  they 
labor  to  sow  tha  seed  of  the  Word  in  the  Iroquois  cantons, 
and  especially  in  that  of  the  Mohawk,  at  aU  times  most 
opposed  to  the  missionaries. 

Some  Dutch  people  settled  near  this  canton,  attempted 
to  disseminate  tlieir  dogmas  among  these  neophytes,  and 
tried  the  women  first,  hoping  to  succeed  more  easily.  They 
attacked  them  especially  on  the  Devotion  to  the  Mother 
of  God,  the  worship  of  Saints,  the  Cross,  and  Images  ;  but 
they  found  instructed  Christian  women,  firm  in  the  belief 
of  what  had  been  taught  them  on  these  points.  Ministers 
then  tried  to  inspire  them  with  distrust  of  their  mission- 
aries. This  plan  met  with  still  less  success  ;  these  good 
Christians  replietl  even  in  a  way  that  covered  them  with 


Tlie 

tl.l-  lluijllili- 


'  Ji'ffcrys.,  Fri'iich  Dominions,  p. !}. 

'  Fiithcr  Alliant'l  tho  luipsionnry 
at  Ttidoussac,  was  tilvi'wiso  attuclvcd 
by  it.     delation,  KiTO,  p.  10. 

■'  Almost  ul!  the  Ilurons  were 
siMZc'd  with  tlic  sniall-jxix.  Clinu- 
iiionot  in  liclation,  KITO,  j).  iO,  who 
attrilnitrs  their  recovery  to  Our 
Laily  of  Foyo.  The  mission  was  then 
1  alleil  ■'  Annunciation  of  our  La(fy," 
and  was  near  ^iueliec,  at  a  jilace 
wliicli  now  lieais  the  name  of  Ste. 
Foie,  a  corruption  of  Notre  Dame 
de  Foyc,  so  called  liy  (iiaumonot 
after  a  liauctuary  of  that  nauio  near 


Dinan  in  Belgium.  Relation,  1C71, 
1>.  T ;  1072,  p.  2  ;  KiTi),  p.  1 ;  Relations 
Inedites,  i.,  pp.  149,  2!)5. 

■*  Loretto,  Ancionne  Lorettc,  was 
founded  in  [iwrsuance  of  a  long- 
cherished  desire  of  Father  Chaumo- 
not, who  had  visited  the  celetiratod 
gnnctuary  in  Italy.  He  erected  a 
('haiiel,  which  was  an  exact  counter- 
part in  size  and  arrniigenunt  ot  the 
Santa  Casa.  See  Chaumonot,  Aut(*- 
biograpliie,  pp.  !)t)-4  :  Helation  de  la 
Xouvelle  France,  1(17:!-!),  pp.  200-1 ; 
l{elati(]ns  Inedites,  i.,  \\  ;!().").  It  was 
opened,  Noveml)er  4,  1074. 


I» 


i. 


I 


4, 


.ir 


1 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 

confusion,  roproacliiiiL?  tlicni  witli  tlio  fact  tliat  no  one 
could  see  in  them  citlicr  tlio  ])ii«tj,  iv-ularity,  or  disintor- 
estodiicss  wliicli  rcndcnvd  tlu'ir  pastors  so  wortlij  of  re- 
sjH'ct,  and  wliicli  liad  at  all  times  seemed  to  thom  a  strong 
iu<,'ument  in  favor  of  the  doctrines  tliey  tau^dit. 

The  Dutch  thought  that  they  would  succeed  l)etter,  by 
intimidation,  and  gave  tlicm  to  understand  that  it  would 
not  he  very  safe  fen-  them  to  apjiear  in  tlio  settlements  of 
Xew  York  with  their  beads  and  other  marks  of  the  Itomau 
faith  ;  but  they  laughed  at  these  threats,  and  declared  that 
they  would  be  only  too  happy  to  lay  ihnvn  their  lives  in 
defence  of  tlieir  faith.  One  was  even  bold  enough  to  enter 
a  meetnig  while  the  minister  was  giving  instruction,  and 
there  recite  her  prayers  before  them  all.  These  lujroines, 
■n-ho  were  generally-  heads  of  cabins,  sIiowcmI  no  less  zeal  to 
prevent  any  tiling  being  done  in  the  tt)wns  prejudicial  to 
Christianity  ;  they  took  very  great  care  to  instruct  their 
children  well,  and  their  fervor,  supported  by  their  intluence, 
led  tlie  preachers  of  the  Faith  to  conceive  great  hopes  of 
seeing  the  Cliristian  religion  one  day  become  the  prevail- 
ing religion  in  this  canton.' 

At  tirst  very  few  adults  presented  themselves  to  receive 
baptism,  nor  did  all  who  sought  it  obtain  their  request 
from  lack  of  perseverance,  or  because  they  would  not  re- 
nounce their  unjust  wars  or  their  supcn-stitions  ;  1)ut  a 
tritle,  which  Father  Pearou'  who  governed  that  church, 
had  tlio  dexterity  to  convert  into  a  serious  aflair,  dis- 
posed many  to  range  themselves  among  his  neophytes.  A 
chief  one  day  undertook  to  silence  him  in  a  public  assem- 
bly, and  on  anotlier  occasion  commanded  him  to  leave  the 
council,  wishing  to  bo  free  to  perform  some  superstitious 
ceremony,  wliicli  he  knew  the  missionary  would  not  ap- 
prove. The  Father  thought  it  expedient  to  sliow  his  dis- 
pleasure ;  he  even  declared  that  he  could  no  longer  cou- 


155 


ifco. 


.\(laross 

Ot'H 

ini.-sic.|i:ify 

lillli  its 
SUCCU.SH. 


'  T5''l^"i"".  1'''0,  ,,,..  ;I0-(1.  r„|„.  i„  1078.     n,.  i,,,,,,,,.,,,,  ,„  ^j^^ 

Jolin  Pa'iron  c;iin..  to  Canndii,     I'roviuc..  of  Clmnipagnu.    Ciiruyon 
June  27,  IGUT,  and  rtturncd  to  Eu-     Doc.  luedits,  xiv. 


f 


■V 


i '    I 


f  'i' 


it 

I 


•■i'«i' 


15G 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


t  O 


1670.     tinno  in  a  plfico  whoro  tlioy  did  not  liositato  to  insult  liiin; 

'  ^  '  -  but  that  ho  would  not  answer  for  tho  way  in  which  Onontliio 
would  talio  his  withdrawal,  when  ho  know  what  had  forced 
Lim  to  retire. 

Tlie  missionary  was  far  from  ontcrtainin}^  in  heart  any 
such  resentment  as  ho  ovhiced;  but  among  tho  Indians 
ono  afl'ront  draws  lit  .inothcr,  covers  tho  ono  who  bears  it 
with  CO  .:np*  ..d  d<prives  him  of  all  credit.  True 
patience,  iii-.  fn  of  charity  and  humility  of  heart,  must, 
commonly  ^' !>!<it;,;'.  raise  us  above  all  these  considera- 
tions; yet  lu:  '.oncev  "  -  regulate  it  by  circumstances.  It 
required  time  to  render  iiiv  Indians  capable  of  appreciating 
all  the  greatness  of  soul  contained  in  Christian  humility,  and 
Father  Pearon  was  well  satisfied  that  tho  Iroquois  would 
omit  nothing  to  appease  him,  and  prevent  his  carrying  his 
complaints  to  the  governor-general :  nor  was  he  deceived, 
except  in  that  ho  acquired  gi'oater  advantage  than  he  had 
expected. 
Orcat         Tho  Iroquois  chiefs  camo  that  very  day  to  make  him  in 

t^M-Viilnity  P^^l>lic  mar.y  apologies  for  having  insulted  him,  and  the 
M'.lhinvk  nii«*^ioii''ii'y  after  accepting  them  quite  graciously,  profited 
ciiiitoii.  \)j  the  disposition  in  which  he  saw  all  minds  to  express  his 
regret  at  the  indocility  of  most  of  them  in  not  yielding  to 
tho  great  truths,  which  he  announced  to  them  :  ho  added 
that  ho  could  no  longer  tolerate  so  many  odd  customs,  nor 
their  attachment  to  fables,  tho  absurdity  of  which  ho  had 
so  often  shown  them;  that  since  he  was  losing  his  time 
speaking  to  a  people  that  would  not  hearken  either  to  the 
voice  of  Heaven  or  that  of  reason,  he  considered  it  his  duty 
to  bear  to  other  parts  the  word  of  God.  The  chief  sought 
to  justify  himself ;  but  the  Father  replied  in  the  tone  which 
ho  had  assumed,  and  of  which  ho  already  perceived  tho 
good  eflect.  "  I  see  clearly,"  said  tho  Indian,  "  that  to 
appease  you,  we  must  all  become  Christians.  If  it  de- 
pends on  me,  you  shall  soon  have  that  satisfaction." ' 


f 


I 


'  Relation  de  la  Nouvelle  France,  1670,  pp.  39-40. 


w 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


167 


r 


He  tlion  took  him  apiirt,  and  «nf,'gostoil  to  him  tlio 
mcfiiis  wliioh  he  cousideied  bust  fitted  to  obtain  liis  desire.  ' 
He  promisod  him  to  uso  every  eudeivvor  to  gain  the 
bachoms :  ho  visited  them  all,  and  when  ho  thou^dit  tliem 
in  the  desired  disposition  ho  convoked  a  general  as- 
sembly, in  which  lie  spoke  as  a  real  missionary.  Father 
Pearou  then  rose  and  completely  shook  the  obstinacy  of 
all  present ;  in  which  ho  was  marvellously  seconded  by 
Garakontliie,  wliom  chance,  or  rather  a  Divine  Providence 
had  brought  to  the  village,'  so  that  by  uiumimous  consent, 
three  resolutions  were  adopted,  which  were  supported  by 
presents,  and  all  that  could  render  them  irrevocable. 

The  first  not  to  permit  any  public  invocation  of  Af.  is- 
koue,''  or  even  recognize  him  as  Author  of  Lif-  .  the 
second,  not  in  future  to  call  in  medicuie  men  to  -  'o  '^o 
sick;  and  the  third  to  abolish  superstitious  and  ind^fit 
dances.  This  was  almost  aiitheutically  ]n'oelaiming  Aie 
Christian  religion,  the  only  one  of  which  it  was  ni'^^ed 
to  make  public  profession:  and  in  fact  the  wh^io  town 
subsequently  camo  very  assiduously  to  the  missionary's 
instructions.  The  sequel  did  not,  indeed,  correspond  to 
the  hopes  that  an  affair-  so  well  managed,  led  men  to  con- 
ceive ;  but  most  of  those  who  profited  by  this  first  ray  of 
grace,  and  did  not  too  long  defer  avowing  themselves 
Christians,  always  inviolably  preserved  their  baptismal 
promises,  and   merited    to    become    founders   of  one  of 


If.; 


f 


'  Qandaoungur',  the  modern  Caugh- 
nawaga.  It  was  here  tliat  .Ti>gue8 
had  buen  killi'd.  See  Ante,  Vol.  II., 
p.  140. 

''  The  Iluroun  say  Ariskoui,  and 
the  Iroquois,  Agreskoui'.  Churkv<jix. 
The  Huron  missionaries  wrote  it 
with  a  pause  after  tlic  first  letter, 
giving  nearly  the  sami^  sounil  as 
tlie  Innpiois.  As  ♦(>  this  deity,  called 
also  Tebaronliiawagon,  see  Lalitau, 
Manirs  di's  Sauvuges,  i.,  p.  i;J2  ; 
Jogues,  Letter,  August  5,  1643  ;  Re- 


lation, 1070,  pp.  47,  GO  ;  il>.,  1071, 
p.  17  ;  Cusick's  Ancient  History  of 
the  Six  Nations,  p.  80.  The  rejec- 
tion of  Agreskoue  effected  at  this 
time  was  pennanent ;  he  is  appar- 
ently now  unknown  to  the  Inxiuois, 
and  even  in  their  pagan  rites  they 
worship  Niio  (Dieu)  or  Ilawinnio 
(He  is  the  Lord)  Cuoq,  Etudes  Plii- 
lologiipies,  p.  14.  In  Morgan's  League 
of  the  Iroquois  there  is  not  the 
sl.glitest  trace  of  Agreskoue  or  Tlia- 
ronhiawagon. 


'?■      'i 


Ilt'fi* 


'•  ", 


I  1 


f  '1\ 


158 


1670. 


Stiito  of 
religion  in 
the  (itlirr 

cuiituna. 


Ainonit 

tlio  Alu'on- 

<]iuri 

niilioiis. 


niSTOnY  OF   NEW  FnANCE, 

the  most  flonrisliiiif^  CIiriHtiun  communities  wliicli  Nortli 
AiiKnit'ii  lifts  l)('li('l(l,  Its  wv  siiitll  soon  sliow. 

Fitt'ior  Brnyiis  did  not  rciip  noitr  as  niucli  fruit  in  tlio 
oantou  of  Onoida.  A  quantity  of  liquor  had  bocn  hrouj^ht 
iu  thoro  from  Now  York,  and  druuktuincss  caused  foarfid 
disorders.  Moreover,  no  man  of  mark  and  no  nnitron  of 
influeneo  had  declared  in  favor  of  the  missionary.  Tlio 
jieoplo  did  not  even  go  to  his  instructions,  and  his  soli? 
consolation  was  the  groat  uuraber  of  children,  whom  ho 
baptized  at  death,  and  with  whom  ho  peopled  heaven.  A 
visit  which  Garnkonthie  paid  this  canton,  gave  rise  to  a 
gleam  of  hope  that  things  would  change  in  appearance, 
and  it  was  not  the  fault  of  that  zealous  ncophyto  if  the 
Oneid.ia  did  not  correspond  to  tho  impressions  of  grace, 
which  called  to  them  ;  but  ho  derived  scarcely  any  fruit 
from  his  zeal.  All  went  better  in  tho  other  three  cantons. 
Tho  strong  liquors  of  tho  English  and  Dutch  did  not  roach 
them  as  easily  as  it  did  Oneida.  Garakouthie  had  more 
influence,  tho  Huron  Christians  were  in  greater  numbers 
there,  and  tho  war  with  the  Andastes,  in  which  tho  upper 
Iroquois  had  recently  sustained  pretty  severe  losses, 
having  humbled  their  pride,  also  rendered  thorn  more 
docile.' 

Next  to  tho  Iroquois  missions,  those  established  among 
the  upper  Algonquins,"  more  particularly  attracted  the 
attention  of  those  who  governed  New  France.  They 
opened  a  vast  field  to  tho  pubUcatiou  of  the  gosjiel,  and 
gave  a  great  liberty  to  trade.  Sault  St.  Mary  was  the 
centre,  and  to  fix  the  Indians  there,  the  missionaries 
cleared  extensive  grounds  and  sowed  a  quantity  of  grain, 
tho  cultivation  of  which  did  not  require  much  prepara- 
tion. This  succeeded,  and  iu  the  first  two  years,  they 
baptized  at  least  three  hundred  persons,  most  of  them 
apparently  dying  children. 


'  Kelatiou,  1070,  pp.  45-78. 


» lb,,  p.  81. 


I    ! 


II 


4 


BOOK    X. 


H  * 


If 


lljfii 


U^l'        'I 


I 

Ij  ■ 


Ij';i' 


1 


i 


1 


IIISTOIIV   OK   Ni;\V    FHANCK 


ICl 


BOOK    X 


i 


NoT\ATrTtsTA\nrs-n  nil  tlio  oxortiniiH  iimdo  l.y  Mr.  do  Coiir-  1670, 
ccllfs  to  iiiaiiitiiiii  peace  anion;,'  t!i(>  nations  of  Canada,  it  -^r— ' 
was  not  easy  for  it  to  Hnl)Mist  lon^'  iimon^,'  so  nmny  ditlevelit 
trilies,  wlioni  tlie  least  disioiiteut  aruiH  agiiiuHt  ouch  otlior, 
and  wlio  are  resti'ained  l>y  a  superior  power,  only  in  so 
fur  as  tliey  iiave  something  to  fear  or  hope  at  its  liunds. 
Unfortunately  for  tlio  govornor-genoral,  Fianeo  did  not 
continue  to  send  him  the  roinforcenionts  which  had  boon 
promised,  and  he  maintained  his  infhieneo  over  the  In- 
dians only  by  the  asfU'nch'iicy  \\hich  he  was  vrise  enough 
to  assunio  over  them  after  do  Tracy's  expedition  a^'ainst 
tho  Mohawks.  He  could  not,  in  tiuo,  prevent  the  Sonocas, 
th(>  most  remote  of  all  thi^  Iroquois  from  tho  French  set- 
tlements, from  yieldiu!'  to  tho  hicUniition  which  led  thorn 
to  nudvc  war, 

AVhon  least  expected  they  attacked  tho  Pottiiwatomies ;  w,irnn,nn« 
Mv.  do  Courcelles  was  soon  informed  of  it.     Ho  told  them  'collrsoot'" 
th.at  he  took  it  quite  ill,  that  notwith.standinn;  his  orders,  courcellus 
and  in  violaticm  of  their  ])romise  to  him,  attested  liy  oath, 
they  had  attacked  a  peaceful  tril)e,  relying  on  tho  faith  of 
treaties-;  that  ho  would  not  i)crmit  a  i)eace  to  bo  troubled, 
TV-hich  they  wore  to  resjx'ct  as  his  work  ;  that  ho  desired 
them  to  give  up  to  him  tlie  prisoners  whom  they  had  taken 
from  his  allies,  and  should  they  refu.so  to  send  them  to 
him  sound  and  in  good  condition,  ho  would  go  and  wrest 
thorn  out  of  their  hands,  and  treat  their  canton  as  ho  had 
don.  that  of  Mohawk,' 


Ui 


f'V 


Relation  dc  la  Nouvelli!  Frnncc,  1071,  p.  3. 


V    i 


.'« it' 


102 


1670. 


1671. 

HaptisMi  of 
t'liMma 

Cl'lifl'. 


HISTORY  OF  ^EW  FRANCE. 

So  fierce  fv  summons  provoked  the  Sonccas  :  tlu\y  aslced 
whether  all  the  iintions  of  this  ^rcut  ooutinout  became 
Freuch  subjects  as  soon  as  missionaries  fixed  themselves 
iimonp;  them,  and  Mh(>ther  they  wore  no  longer  at  liberty 
to  demand  satisfaction  for  insults  received  ?  That  tlio 
Iroquois  cantons  had  made  peace  with  Ononthio ;  but 
that  Avithal  they  did  not  pretend  to  have  become  his  vas- 
sals ;  that  they  would  rather  perish  than  diminish  in  the 
slij^htost  deforce  theii'  liberty  and  independence,  and  that  it 
might  be  remendM'rcd  that  the  v  had  more  tlian  once  made 
the  French  t'ei^  that  they  were  not  allies  to  bo  treated 
with  hauteur  or  enemies  to  be  despised. 

All  this  was,  nevertheless,  said  in  ]"»rivate,  and  before 
serious  reflection  was  made  on  the  consequences  of  a  rup- 
ture for  which  men  were  not  prepared.  The  Seneeas  held 
a  council  to  deliberate  carefully  on  the  course  to  bo 
adopted,  and  the  result  Mas,  that  (nght  of  the  thirty-fivo 
]>risoners  taki-n  from  the  Potawattomies  should  be  sent  to 
Mr.  do  Courcellcs.  The  general  believed,  or  perhaps  pre- 
tended to  believt',  that  they  had  no  more,  and  did  not  think 
it  advisable  to  drive  to  extremity  people  whom  he  was  still 
conq)elled  to  luunor.' 

These  captives  were  brought  iu  by  the  great  chief  of  tho 
Cayngas,"  who,  f)n  fulfilling  his  commission,  declared  that 
he  had  been  induced  to  undertake  it  by  his  desire  of  re- 
ceiving ba])tism  at  the  hands  of  the  bishop,  and  in  pres- 
ence of  his  Father  Ononthio.  Tins  chief  was  the  same  one 
of  whom  we  have  already  spoken  mon-  than  once."  He  was 
after  Garakonthie  tho  most  illustrious  Iroquois  in  the  five 
cantons.'  IJaptism  was  adiuiiiistered  to  him  with  all  pos- 
sible solemnity.  Mr.  Talon  who  had  recently  arrived,  acted 
as  godfather,  and  named  him  Louis,  after  which  ho  gave, 


'  Ki'liition  di'  In  Nouvclli' Franco,        ^  Ante,  p.  71. 
1G71,  p.  ;i.     'I'lir  iirisnni'is  iiunibci-cd         '  llisniinn'  is  not  tliat  of  a  sachem. 

25  or  ;iO.     II).  Sec   -Morgan's    L(:aj,'Uo   of    tlie    Iro- 

'■' i^aoni'Liogoiia.     Kd.,  IUTI,  j).  .'J.  quois. 


1 

rf 


li 


t 


HISTORY  OF  NEW   FRANCE. 

ill  tlic  iu'opliyt"'s  iiinno,  a  ^leat  i)nn(|net  to  all  the  Chris- 
tian fiidians  at  (^ucbfc,  Lovctto,  and  Syllciy.' 

It  Avas  also  about  tlio  siiino  time  that  most  of  tlio  ^Fo- 
liawhs  mIio  had  (Miibraccd  f'liristianity,  forrsocM'nt,'  that  thcv 
would  Uy  \ov  Piijoy  in  their  own  country  full  lilicrty  to  live, 
iiecordini;-  to  tlic  maxims  of  their  rcliniou,  formed  a  ]U'ojeet 
of  poin^  to  live  with  the  Hurons  of  Loretto.  Among  their 
number  Avas  a  woman  distinguished  by  the  rank  of  Oi/^  diIi'i; 
wliieji  gave  her  great  inlluenec^  in  her  canton,  together  with 
tlie  riglit  of  attending  the  most  secret  councils.  H(>r  rel- 
atives molested  her  in  her  dcvoti(uis,  and  she  at  last  de- 
clared that  she  was  dt^termined  to  go  down  to  Queb(>c  to 
end  la-r  days  with  the  Christians.  Xothing  was  omitted 
to  dissuade  her,  and  after  many  useless  efforts,  she  was 
degraded  in  full  council.  Far  from  b(>ing  moved  by  this 
airr(uit,  she  showed  i.iiiy  greatei'  ardor  to  obtain  that 
liberty  to  live  as  a  Christian,  which  she  des])aired  of  find- 
ing in  her  owii  country,  and  she  ])rocceded  to  Loretto, 
where  she  adhered  to  the  end  iu  the  generous  course  which 
she  had  adopted.' 

The  conversion  of  aiiotlier  woman  f)f  the  same  canton, 
was  attended  Avitli  circumstances  sufficientl}-  remarkable 
to  entitle  it  to  a  jilacc;  in  a  histoi'v,  which  purposes  to 
omit  nothing  remarkable  that  can  codify  my  readers,  and 
undeceive  those  among  whom  it  has  most  iuappositely 
been  published  that  the  Indians  had  turned  a  deaf  ear  to 
the  ]neaclua's  of  the  gospel.  This  woman  wliilo  travelHng 
fell  among  a  pnrty  of  Mohegans,  from  whom  she  received 
two  or  three  tomahawk  blows  on  the  head.  She  at  onco 
felt  iuspii'ed  to  have  recourse  to  the  God  of  the  Chris- 
tians, and  she  conjured  him  not  to  permit  her  to  die  uu- 
ba[)tized. 

Scarcely  had  she  ended  her  prayer,  when  she  no  longer 
beheld  any  enemies,  nor  could  she  ever  say  what  became  of 


'  l?rl!i!i<m  (If  .la  Nimvrlli.  I'miicc,        "  IJchitinn  di.  ];\  X,  F..  K'.Tl,  ]).  (J. 
Kin,  i>.  4.  Mary  .Magdalen  SUaiuii-ii(lci<. 


103 


1671. 


Tho 

</liri.--ti;in.s 
think  of 

lu!lVi!ljr 

tliuir 
country 


Sinjjiilar 

con\'(;ryioii 

ul'  im 

lrn.|uoi.s 


I 


Ui 


1«n  I 


,? ,  t ' 


\{. 


ri    1 


i 


1 


164 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


\\ 


1671.     tliom,  altliongli  slio  did  not  lose  consciousness  for  a  mo- 

'^~^  nioiit.     She  oven  ridlicul  stvcnKtli  and  courage  enough  to 

drag  herself  to  her  town,  related  her  adventuro  to  Father 
Pearon,  and  added  tliat  she  would  bo  very  glad  to  retire 
to  Lorette,  because  she  durst  not  prouiiso  hersi-lf  great 
fidelity  if  she  remained  among  her  kindred.  The  mis- 
sionary look  ami)le  time  to  try  and  instruct  her;  he  hmnd 
her  docile  and  firm  in  her  resolution.  In  a  short  time  she 
recovered  perfect  health,  then  gained  over  her  husband, 
and  induced  liim  to  accompany  lier  to  Loretto,  where  they 
were  both  baptized,  with  their  little  daughter.' 
Mission  of  Mr.  do  Courcelles,  wlio  had  been  carefully  informed  of 
Loiiis  be-  till  this,  was  charmed  to  see  the  Iroquois  neophytes  moving 
8"""  to  settle  among  the  French.  He  saw  that  as  their  num- 
ber increased,  they  might  form  a  town,  which  would  in 
time,  serve  as  a  barrier  against  the  cantons  themselves,  if 
wai'  broke  out  again.  He  accordingly  received  with  open 
arms  all  who  jjresented  tlu-mselves,  and  took  great  caro 
that  they  should  want  nothing. 

Tluy  were  at  first  in  very  snuill  numbers,  but  a  short 

time    after.   Father  Loniface  having    brought  in  several 

families  from  the  Mohawk  canton,  he  deemed  it  best  to 

sejiarate  them  from  the  Hurons,  and  2)laco  them  opi)osito 

Montreal,  on  the  south  side  at  a  spot  called  Prairie  do  la 

Magdeleiue.'     In  my  Journal  I  liave  explained  how  this 

town  was  transferred  to  Hault  St.  Louis,  and  how  it  has 

always  continued  to  bear  the  name  of  that  rapid,  although 

now  located  two  leagues  higlier  up.' 

Talon's         0»  the  other  hand  a  number  of  tribes  of  the  Algonquin 

'"™,~Iru7iii'' ltii>gi^ii>ge,  who  felt  their  indebtedness  to  the  Fiench  for 

Omi'ii'ia'tn   the  i)eace  which  tluy  enjoyed,  liecanu!  more  cljsely  at- 

Fiiiiiee.     tached  to  them  than  they  had  hitherto  done,  and  Mr.  Talon 


'  Ki'liiticin  <lc  111  Xoiivrlli'  Fmiii'c,  onr  ol'  llic  Cuiiiimiiy  of  11  Ihindrrd 

Kill,  )).  .">.  Ass(iciiit> ,.     Sic  C'rcuxius,  llistdria 

•  'I'liis  iiliic'c  was   so  caiiiMl   t'roiu  C'anudi'iisis,  RclatiDii,  li'A7,  p.  77. 
tilt' iiuiiii- ot' till-  (iisi  ^raiii -i',  (1.-  la         '  flmrluvoix,    .louiiuil,    i>['.    17o, 

FiTti',  llie  Aljbi'  lit'  In  Mu^i'U'lciiu',  17U. 


1 


HTSTOKY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


ir.5 


-1 


availed  liiiiisclt'  of  tliis  f'avovfililo  dispositiou  to  establish  1671. 
tho  riti'lit  of  tlio  crown  in  tlic  most  ronioto  qnai'ters  of 
Canadii.  llv  hail  conceived  tho  desi<fu  during  his  first 
term  of  ofllce,  and  before  leaving  Fi'anco  for  his  second, 
he  wrote  to  ^Mr.  do  Courcelles,  and  explained  to  him  tho 
advantage  of  s(>nding  to  tlie  nations  of  the  uortJi  and  west 
a  man  Icnowii  to  them,  in  order  to  induce  them  to  meet  by 
deputy  at  a  convenient  place,  Avliere  ho  might  treat  with 
them  accoi'diug  to  thti  king's  intentions.' 

Tliere  was  no  one  l)etter  fitted  for  this  important  charge 
than  a  voj'ageur  named  Nicholas  Pei'rot."  Ho  was  a  man 
of  ability,  of  quite  a  good  family,  and  of  some  education. 
Necessity  had  obligiul  him  to  take  service  among  tho 
J.  suits,  and  tliis  had  led  to  his  intercourse  with  most  of 
iho  tribes  in  Canada,  and  to  his  acquiring  their  languages. 


'  Climdo  ill'  Bnutcroiic  was  a  na- 
tiv"  (if  P;iris,  and  is  di'srvibril  by 
MoiIrt  .Iiiclirri'iui,  Ilif-t.  tli'  I'Hoti'l 
Dicu,  ]i]i.  lilCp.  207,  as  a  mun  of  lliii' 
tiiTiiri',  inirllcctiiiil  cuunlcnancc,  ]iol- 
ishcd  and  gnu'cl'id  m;iiiiiris,  yet  iilili- 
to  ins]iire  ri'S])i;(,'t.  In  l(i.)4  lie  was 
admittfd  lounscllor  in  tlic  ('nuv  di's 
Moiiiiairs.  Ih'  WHS  ail  antiqiiariaii, 
and  in  l(j(ii)  iml)lislu'd  Ilic'ierr/hn 
Ciifit'i'sfx  ili.i  Mill  '(Oiii'<  ill  Fram'i', 
iirii'  iJiH  OliS'  rnitiiiiix,  ih.t  I'll  iii-ii  it 
di K  Fiijiirifi  ih  n  Miiiiiiniji x.  lie  caiiic 
to  Caniida  as  Intciulani  ip.  1  iilili. 
His  daui^litcr,  Mary  Dorothy,  ac- 
coiniianit'd  liini,  and  lived  gi'Ucrally 
at  tliu  Hotel  UifU,  iShc  was  one  of 
the  sponsors  ofGarakontliii'.  Mr.  di' 
lioutfruiic  rcturniMl  to  Friincc  in 
llin.and  diod  in  KisO.  L'Abi'ilU', 
vii.,  Xo.  24. 

■•'  Niidiolas  Pi'rrot,  tlir  voya^'i-i-.r, 
must  not  111'  roiifoiiiidcd  with  Muiy 
I'i'rrot,  f;-iivriiioi'(if  Montreal.  Niclio 
las  I'crriit  wns  horn  in  Hill,  lie 
Iji'iiaii  his  stii'lii'S  wiih  th'' .li  siiiis. 
but  soon  aif.'r  cnli'i'  I  ili.i'  si  r\ '.ci' 
in  the  Wi'sicrn   missions,     lie  was 


ono  of  the  earliest  explon'ri  (De  la 
I'otlierii',  ii.,  S!)),  and  acquired  i^reat 
iiilliii'ni'e  with  the  Indian  tribes,  es- 
jieeially  the  Foxes,  who  ealled  him 
Metaiiienens  (Lit  lie  Mai'/.e).  He 
broufiht  down  a  tlotilla  in  KiTO.  In 
Kin  lie  was  at  Sault  St.  Mary,  lu 
KiSJ  he  raised  an  Ottawa  force  to 
Join  lie  la  Barro.  At  a  later  date 
he  built  a  fort  in  the  Sioux  country 
above  the  month  of  the  \\'isconsin 
(Charlevoix,  Journal,  Ji.  :i!)S).  In 
KisT  he  led  down  a  Western  force 
to  join  Denonville,  but  duriiijo;  his 
absence  lost  aP  by  the  burning  of 
his  establishment  at  (ireen  Bay.  In 
KlilO  he  assisted  in  the  formal  tak- 
intr  possession  of  tlii'  Sioux  country. 
He  discovered  a  lead  mine  which 
loufr  liore  his  name,  was  comman- 
dant in  the  Miami  country  in  lli'.12, 
was  nearly  liurnt  at  the  stake  liy  the 
Ottawas.  Alter  all  his  labors  he  re- 
turned a  ruined  man  to  Montreal, 
and  (lied  subsequent  to  171S  ;  Tail- 
han  s  Peridt,  p.  olO  ;  Hisiorical 
Maynzir.e,  ix..  p.  2l)o. 


t '    1  ti 


I    . 


-% 


IGG 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FHANCE. 


1671.  Ho  liad  fjfiincd  their  esteem,  and  hud  gradually  so  wormed 
'""""Y"— '  himself  into  their  coiifidtnice,  that  he  easily  persuaded 
tliem  to  any  course  at  jileasure.  Mr.  do  Coureelles  cast 
liis  eyes  on  Perrcjt  for  the  negotiation  in  question;  Mr. 
Talon,  who  had  meanwhile  landed  at  (Quebec,  approved 
the  ehoiee,  and  dis]»atehcd  Perrot  with  wise  instructions.' 
This  deputy  visittnl  all  the  northern  nations,  with  whom 
wo  had  any  intercourse,"  and  invited  them  to  meet  in  tho 
following  spring  at  Sault  St.  Mary,  where  the  great  Onon- 
thio  of  the  French,  that  is  the  king  (jf  Fiance,  wcmld  send 
one  of  his  cajitains  to  imi)art  to  them  his  will.  All  having 
promised  to  send  de])uties  there,  ho  proceeded  to  tho 
■western  quarters  ;  but  he  turned  south,  and  went  to  Chica- 
goiT,  at  the  lower  end  of  Lake  Michigan,  a\  liere  the  Miamis 
then  were."  As  ho  apjnoached  their  village  with  an  escort 
of  Pouteouatamis,  given  to  him  as  he  passed  (Green) 
Bay,  inasmuch  as  war  was  enkindling  between  the  Sioux 
and  the  Mascoutins,  a  troop  of  young  nnm  from  liis  escort 
left  him  to  announce  his  arrival  to  tho  Great  Chief  of  tho 
Miamis,  named  Tetinchoua. 
Tiie  This  chief  could  put  on  foot  four  or  iive  thousand  com- 

r'ttiiu  batants,  and  n -ver  marched  except  with  a  guard  of  fcn'ty 
soldiers,  who  patrolled  night  and  day  around  his  toit, 
while  he  was  there.  Perrot,  from  whoso  memoirs  i  liaw 
these  details,  adds  that  Tetinchoua  rarely  communicated 


\ 


'  Prrrot  was  si-lcclcd  '.,  vi'ly  as 
inter) iivtiM-  auil  guidi'  to  iln'  Sicnr 
dr  St.  Ijiissdii :  IVi'icit,  Ma'iii'H  t* 
Coustunic's,  p.  I'ii).  'I'lii'  Kchitinii, 
1071,  !>.  -(),  nc'cordinjrly  alludrs  ouly 
to  St.  Lusson. 

'■'  St.  LussDii  winlcri'd  aiiioiif;  the 
Aiiiikoui's,  and  near  tin-  Saiilt  In- 
dians, will)  wii-i'  (in  Manitiiidinc 
Island.  I'crriit  si'nt  inr.-si  nu'<'i's  to 
tlic  noiilirrn  nations,  and  sci  out  in 
n  cannr  Ironi  tliat  ishmd  io(;i..ii 
Bay:  I'l-rmt,  .Mn-ui-.s  ct  ('Mii,-,tui-ir.s, 
y.  Uij. 


pi'vt::l  cnt  no  further  than 
(li'iii  'J.i_, ,  wliicli  he  calls  tli(^  bay 
ot'thu  Koxes  an<l  Miands  :  Ih.,  ]>.  \i(i. 
'I'lie  Miands  were  not  tlu'n  at  Chi- 
Cairo.  See  Kallier  Tailhan's  note, 
III.,  p.  ','00;  Kelation,  KiTl,  pp.  4a, 
'l."i,  IT;  kit;).  !>.  ]S8  ;  Hehition.s  Ine- 
dites,  i.,  p.  12(1;  ii.,  p.  I',>','  ;  Hela- 
ti.in,  l(;r:;-'.t.  pp.  101.  lar;  Di.scuvery 
and  Kypliiratinn  of  tlie  Mississippi, 
pp.  a.'j;-','li4;  Dela  Piitii.  rie,  Ilisloiro 
<li'  rAnieri'iue  Septi  niri;>nale,  ii., 
p.     Ii.")  ;     Hi^torical    Magazine,    v., 

pp.  yj-io-i. 


HISTORY  OF    NEW  FRANCE. 

with  ]jis  sul)joc'ts,  coiih'iitiii!^'  liiiusclf  with  impfirtiiip;  his 
(ii'dt'vs  tliron.i^li  owo  of  liis  ollicci's.  I  do  not  ,mi;u'aiitoo 
these  fixc'ts  ;  but  it  is  ecrtiiin  tluit  if  Perrot  did  not  some- 
M-hiit  cxiigfi.orato  the  trutli,  things  have  changed  gn  atly 
sinee  tlien  ;  yet  it  is  true,  as  I  have  myself  witnessed,  that 
tlic  chiefs  of  the  Miamis  are  more  respected  and  h^ss  ac- 
cessil)]e  than  those  of  most  of  the  otlier  Indian  tribes  of 
Canada.' 

Be  that  as  it  may,  Tetinchoua,  says  Perrot,  informed  of 
the  coming  of  an  envoy  of  the  general  of  the  French,  wished 
to  give  him  a  reception  that  would  attest  liis  own  power. 

Ho  sent  out  a  detachment  to  meet  Iiim,  giving  it  or- 
ders to  receive  him  in  military  style.  The  detachment 
advanced  in  battle  order,  all  the  braves  adorned  vuih 
fi'athers,  armed  at  all  points,  uttering  war  cries  from  time 
to  time.  The  Ponteouatamis  who  esc(n'ted  Peri'ot,  seeincr 
them  come  in  this  guise,  prepared  to  receive  them  in  the 
same  manner,  and  Perrot  put  himself  at  their  lu>ad.  When 
the  two  troops  were  in  face  of  each  other,  they  stopped, 
as  if  to  take  breath,  then  all  at  once,  Pcni'ot's  took  tho 
right,  the  Miamis  the  left,  all  running  in  Indian  file,  as 
though  they  wished  to  gain  an  advantage  to  charge. 

Put  tho  Miamis,  wheeling  in  the  form  of  an  arc,  tho 
Ponteouatamis  ere  invested  on  all  sides.  Then  both 
uttered  loud  yells,  which  were  the  signal  for  a  kind  of  com- 
bat. The  Miamis  fired  a  volley  fiom  tlieir  guns,  which 
were  loaded  only  with  powder,  and  the  Pouteouatamis 
returned  it  in  tho  same  way ;  after  tliis  they  closed,  tonm- 
hawk  iu  hand,  all  the  blows  being  received  on  tJie  toma- 
hawks. Peace  was  then  made  ;  the  Miamis  jtix'sented  tli 
calumet  to  Perrot,  and  led  him  with  all  his  escort  into  th 
chief  town,  where  the  Great  Chief  assigned  him  a  guard  of 
fifty  men,  )'{>galed  him  splendidly  after  the  custom  of  tiio 
country,  and  gave  him  the  diversion  of  a  game  of  ball.' 


167 


1671. 


His 

reception 

of  the 

(iovornor's 

envoy. 


'  For  tlu'  Miiimi  rliii'f  :-ncl  tlio  re-  -  This  wlioli'  iiccoiint  ot'tli'  r.i>. 
sjiL'ct  shown  liiiu,  siu  Relation,  1(J71,  tion  i-.s  Inini  dc  hi  Pothcric,  Hi.stolro 
pp. -15-7.  do   rAint'i'ii|ui.!    Si'ptcntrioniUi',    ii., 


! 


i    i 


w- 


108 


167 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


/'•        Porrot  after  spomliiig  sonio  days  among  the  Miamis, 
'        and  treating  willi  tlicir  cliii'l',  rotnrnod  to  Hanlt  St.  Mary 
I'ossotisioii  ill  i)iirsuaiico  of  his  iustruotious.'     Tctiiu'lioiia  wished  to 

tnkcll  of  nil  1  •        •  1      l    ^  •  ^  :  1   ■ 

the  acconipauy  hini  lu  person  ;  but  his  aclvaneed  ago  and  m- 
th't-'Ll^^k"*!  firuiities  induced  his  subjects  to  fear  that  ho  would  bo  un- 
able to  stand  the  fatigue  of  the  journey,  and  persuaded 
him  to  remain  at  home.  He  did  not  even  depute  any  one 
of  his  nation  to  the  General  Assembly ;  but  ho  gave  the 
Pouteouatimis  full  power  to  act  in  his  name.''  Time  ap- 
parently did  not  jiermit  Perrot  to  go  and  invite  the  Mas- 
coutins  and  Kikap(nis  to  bo  present  at  the  rendezvous, 
still  less  the  Illinois,  who  then  resided  on  the  banks  of  the 
Mississippi,  and  among  whom  the  rrench  had  not  you 
penetrated.  It  is  certain  that  no  Indian  appeared  from 
these  three  nations,  nor  any  one  to  represent  them. 

Dei)uties  were  present,  however,  irom  all  the  northern 
tribes,  and  even  from  the  Monsonis,  dwelling  at  the  head 
of  Hudson's  ]3ay. '  The  Sieur  de  St.  Lusson,  subdelegate 
of  the  Intendant  of  Xew  France,  repaired  to  Sault  St. 
Mary  in  the  mouth  of  May,  1071,'  appointed  by  s[ucial 
commission  to  take  possession  of  all  the  country  occupied 
by  these  tribes,  and  put  them  under  the  king's  protection. 
Tlie  ceremony  began  with  an  address  in  Algonquin  by  Fa- 
ther Alltniez,  in  which  after  giving. all  these  Indians  an 
exalted  idea  of  the  king's  power,  he  endeavored  to  persuade 
them  that  nothing  could  redound  more  to  their  advantage, 
than  to  merit  the  protection  of  such  a  monarch,  which  they 


pj).  ]^."i,  I'iO.  Porrot  in  liis  work 
givftt  iiolliinjr  of  till.'  kind. 

'  III'  ri'iiclicil  tliL'  Simlt,  .\fny  .T, 
witli  till'  ..riiiL'iiml  cliii't's  of  t!io  Pot- 
tawatoiuii'^,  Suci-,  W.uucl)a>,'oi'.s,  Mi; 
nomonccn.  The  chii'fs  of  tlii'  Foxes, 
Mascoutins,  ami  Miamis  did  not 
cros.'^  tlic  bay. 

■  The  I'ottawatomiis  iinliicfil  tlio 
Miami  tliirf  not  ti  jxo,  and  lin  cm 
IHUvfrid  tliiin  to  ri'in'csini  luiii : 
Perrot,  jip.  I'JT-S. 


'  I'lrrot,  M'ffiurs  et  Coustumea, 
11.  128. 

■■  Francis  Daumoiit,  Sicnr  dc  St. 
Ln.sniin,  was  sent  w.'sl  liy  Talon  as 
soon  as  lui  landed.  lie  loft  Montn.al 
in  October,  KiTO  (Perrot,  p.  12(i), 
^^•intc■red  on  Lalio  Huron  (Holatiim, 
1(>T1,  p.  !?')),  among  the  Amikoiu's: 
Perrot,  |).  12(!.  He  reached  Sault 
St.  .Mary  in  May,  and  took  posses- 
sion .lune  4  ;  lb..  M,  Mary  of  the  In- 
carnation ;  Choix  de  Lettros,  p.  yr4. 


IIISTOIJY   OF   NKW    FltANCK 


109 


■would  oMiiiii,  lio  !u1(1(h1,  liy  iiclinDwk'dffinp;  him  as  their      '''T'- 
head  cliicf.'  -— — y— . 

Mr.  do  St.  Lussou  tlicu  spoko  bric^ily,  cdosiiif:;  Jus  rc- 
iiiiirks  1)}'  asking-  w]ictli(>r  all  coiisoiited  to  what  had  just 
Ix'cii  ])r())i()Si'd?  As  he  liad  spokcni  in  French,  ratlii.'r 
Allouoz  rui)oatod  in  Algonciuiu  what  ho  had  just  said,  and 
all  at  first  rp))li(Ml  by  presents,  and  then  by  hmd  cries  of 
"  /.'///(/  lire  11(1-  /:iiiii."  Then  the  Coniniissary  made  Perrot 
diu  two  holes  in  the  ground,  and  ])lant  in  ono  a  ^reat  cedar 
post,  and  in  Die  other  a  cross  of  tho  same  material,  tlio 
French  meanwiiile  sinj^iiiL,'  tho  ll.c///'/.  The  arms  of  Franco 
■were  then  set  uj)  on  the  post  and  cross,  and  the  Kxamliat 
intoned.  This  done,  Mr.  do  St.  Lusson  declared  by  tho 
mouth  of  Father  Allouoz  that  he  ]mt  tho  mIioIo  country 
in  the  king's  hand,  and  all  tho  inhabitants  under  his  majes- 
ty's ]m)tection.'' 

The  delegates  all  cried  out  that  thoy  would  have  no 
other  Father  than  the  groat  Ononthio  of  tho  French,  and 
the  subdelegate,  after  showing  them  great  attention,  assured 
tluMu  that  that  prince  ^^ould  never  allow  them  to  want  any 
thing  as  h)ng  as  they  maintained  the  tidelity  they  had  just 
promised  him.  Tlio  whole  concluded  with  the  7V  Damn, 
preceded  and  followed  by  several  volleys  of  musketry,  to 
which  there  is  no  doubt  thoj'  added  according  to  custom  a 
groat  banijuet.' 

St.  Lussou,  immodiatclj-  before  repairing  to  Sault  St. 
Mary,  had  by  Mr.  Talon's  orders  nuido  a  tour  to  the  south- 


The  fiPt  oftakinc;  pnssossion  was     Ilisloirn  do  rAiui'rii|no  Sept..  ii.,  p. 


Jiuif4,  KiTl.  Pcrnit  ^ives  it  wvo- 
neously  aa  KKiit,  p.  1^7.  Sec  the 
Proems  Vcrlial  aiul  Tnillinn's  iliscus- 
sioii  ■.  111.,  p|i,  'Jli'^-."). 

lichuidii  (Ir  lit  Xdiivfllc  Franc 


1:^!),  .-iays  that  a  I'rmvs  Vcrl.al  was 
ilravvn  up  and  siffncd  by  all  tlio  na- 
vions.  Hut  tlii'M'  si<_''naturc'S  <l(i  nfit 
apponr  in  tlio  cnpy  ^ivon  1./ 'raillian 
in  his  edition  (if  I'oi-nit,  ii.  ^'11'^.     'J'lio 


Kiil,   |).   ^li.     Till'   M'ttiii^'   up  tho    ai'iiis  woro  pullod  down  almost  ini- 


iirnis  piTcoilod  all  tlio  adiln 

■■  Ih'lation  t\f  la  N'ouvi-llo  I'ranci', 
KiTl,  j).  :>S  ;  Tahni  to  Colhrri,  X.  V. 


iiii'diatoly  attor  thr  <U']iarturo  of  tlio 
FiTiicli:  Do  la  I'otlui'it-,  ii.,  ji.  KiO. 
Tallin  carriod  tlii'  Procrs  Vorhal  to 


Col.  Doc,  ix.,  p.  "ri.   Do  la  l^JlhoJ■io,     Fraucf :  N.  Y,  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  p.  72. 


U|, 


,   i 
I 


-A 


/« 


170 


HISTORY  OP  NEW  FRANCE. 


1671.     ovw  count  of  C(U1!u1m,  .iml  Ii.id  dmnd  the  bniiks  of  the  Kcii- 
''^,:;         iicl)i'('  and  tlui  wliolc  sni-ooust  stiulili'd  with  Ki)"lisli  liouses, 

1  ho  _  _  n  > 

Kiifriish  set-  AVf  11  l)iiilt  and  in  Vfvy  irood  condition.     He  was  will  iccuivtul 

til-  nil  till.  1 

lull. Is  (if  iiio  everywhere  ;  the  two  courts  ot  En.nland  and  Franco,  -woro 

niilii'i'iih    then  closi'ly  united,  and  since  the  treaty  of  J'reda,  tlieso 

livu.i  I'mr-   two  nations  had  had  no  p;r(mnd  of  contcMition  in  America. 

tii'n'km'L.'^  ut' Tl'*'  '>i<'iir  de  Haint  Lusson  did  not  fail  to  notify  theso 

Isiiui'iuvli   *^>'ttlfi><  that  they  -wcmv  on   the    territory  of    the  kini,'  of 

%','cn,'."     i''i'""''' ;  ''>it  they  replied  that  they  were  deli<,dited  to  livo 

nndei'  the  sway  of  so  f;re,it  a  kinj;-,  and  they  l)e,t,';j;ed  him  to 

assure  the  [^oveinor-f^-eneral  and  intenihmt  of  New  Franco, 

that  tlioy  Avould  always  l)ohavo  as  must  faithful  and  siib- 

misHivo  subjects.' 

It  is  nevertheless  probable  that  they  were  soon  after 
recalled  to  Now  Enprland,  and  tho  letter  of  Mr.  Talon  to 
Mr.  Colbert,  from  which  I  have  drawn  tlieso  details  of  tho 
voyage  of  the  Hieni'  de  Kt.  Lnsson,  hints  that  tho  inteudaut 
had  some  doubts  of  the  sincerity  of  tho  English,  and  gives 
reason  to  think  tluit  this  recall  was  made  in  consequenco 
of  rennnistrances  of  tho  king's  council.  At  least  it  is  cer- 
tain that  from  that  tinu^  tho  Kennebec  was  regarded  as 
foiniing  on  that  side  the  separation  of  the  two  colonies,  as 
it  had  been  established  by  tho  treaty  of  B)'o(hi.'' 

In  tine,  this  same  year  tho  Tiononntatez  Hnrons,  weary 
of  leading  a  wandeiing  life,  never  to  the  taste  of  this  ua- 
'  ion,  settled  at  Michilliniakinac.  They  did  not  locate  them- 
selves on  the  island  itself,  which  bears  that  name,  and  has 
given  it  to  a  jiart  of  the  neighboring  mainland;  but  ou 
a  point  of  that  mainland,  which  advances  southward  and 
faces,  another  point  turned  northward.'     Those  two  points 


Tlio 
niirfins  at: 
Micliilli 
iiutUinae. 


'  Tftlon  to  Colbert,  N.  Y.  Cdl.  Doc,     tn  iM'wer  up  iIk-  jiosts  to  llic  French 

bi';;iiis  with"  I'cMtiiu'ort."  Mrinniri's 
(ii'H  Cimuui^isauvs,  ii.,  pp.  ;ir,,  o(!, 
;!1T. 

■'  Hcliitidii  di'  In  Nouvclle  ]■" ranee, 
KiT'i.  jip.  ;i.")-(i,  woulil  seem  to  inter 
(■rally  ■•  the  fouiitry  of  AcadUi."  luul  tUiit  ihey  settled  on  the  mlimd,  but 
even  the  peremptory  order  to  Temple    tlio  mup  places  the  mission  of  St. 


IX.,  p.   (','. 

'  Tills  repori  of  Colbert  is  not  in 
the  N.  y.  or  Canada  Dncunients. 
Tile  trra'y  of  iireda  docs  not  men- 
tion   tin;    Ivennebec.      It   savs   ^en- 


! 


«  :il 


HISTOIiV   OF    NKW   I'ltANC'E. 

fitriii  a  sti'ait,  \>y  wliii'l:  r,;ik('  Ifiiroii  coiiiiimiiic.'alcs  with 
Lake  Miclii^fiiii.  I(  was  l''iitli(i'  ^r;in|iiclti'  wlio  l)i'Oiif,'ht 
the  Ifiiroiis  to  this  post  ami  t'stahhsiicd  thcnu  thci'o. 

Tt  is  not  easy  to  know  for  wliat  reason  tiiat  laissionary 
fliosc  it  in  iiiclVrcncc  to  so  iiiaii\'  otlicrs,  whirli  seem  far 
more  ailvaiilai^Tons  for  sucii  a  scttlcinciit.  Ho  speaks  of 
it  hiiuself  in  liis  memoirs,  as  a  very  ineonvcnient  phicu, 
where  the  eoiil  is  intense,'  arising-  donlilless  from  tlio  fact 
tliat  tlie  (lii(  (•  lakes  lietwoen  which  it  Ui'S — the  snnillest  of 
^\hich  (liiike  ^riclii^an)  is  thi'ce  Iiundred  leagues  in  cirtaiit, 
without  countini;-  a  hay,"  t\venty-ei,i;]it  h'aj^Mies  in  lon<,'th, 
wliicli  empties  into  it — are  ordinarily  ajuitatcMl  Ijy  very 
violent  winds. 

Fathei'  MaripK  tlo  adds  that  (he  ine(|ua]ity  of  tho  tides) 
f^reatly  deran.nes  the  navi,L;ation  of  llii'se  lakes.  In  fact  I 
have  alicady  noted  (hat  Iheic  is  nothing  rep^'idar  about 
tiieni,  and  that  they  ai'e  (|iiite  stron.g  in  sonu.'  ])arts.  In 
the  neiL;hl)orhood  of  tlii^  htth'  island  f)f  Michillimakimio 
lliey  rise  and  fall  once  every  twenty-four  hours,  at  full  and 
new  moon,  and  always  run  towards  Lahc>  ^Micliij^'an.  Nor 
is  it  donlitful,  that  there  is,  in(le[)ondent  of  these  tides,  a 
curitiit  always  settin,tj,-  from  Lake  Huron  into  Lake  Miclii- 
f;an,  which  is  caused  ap])afently  hy  springs,  sucli  as  arc 
(juiti^  freipiently  found  in  the  open  sea.'' 

Yet  this  current  dues  not  prev(>nt  tiio  natural  current 
from  Lake  Michigan,  which,  as  well  as  Lake  Superior,  dis- 
cliarges  its  wateis  into  Lake  Huron.  The  former  of  these 
two  currents,  that  is  to  say,  that  from  Lake  Pluron  into 
Lake   Michigan,   is  moi'e  sensible,  when   the  wind   blows 


luiuitius  (in  tlif  nortlioni  i«iiiit  ;  iiail  tln'  striiit.     Pcrrnt  in  liis  Jfrpurs  ct 

tlicR!  is  notliiiitf  in  .Mtiri|Mi't(i''K  owi'  Coiisninics,  \>.  1(V,',  Is  not  (Irlinitc 

aci'oiint  i)t'  liis  niissiim  (Ui'lutinn  dc        '   Ilr   iliscnsscs   its   (idviinlai^cs— 

laN.F.,  l(iT'.i-3,  p.  11(1)  tliiit  allull^■^^tll  fislirriis.    ImntiiiLr,   iiro'ss — luid    its 

th'' isliiiiil.     I,a  I  Ionian  (i.,  I'l).  llKi,  disailvaulai.'-cs.        liclatidu,     KiTJ-^J, 

and  till'  Tiiap*  dv.scrilii'c  ii   as  on  tlic  \i.  '■)'!. 

sliorr  nofili  ><i  ihc  sti'ait.     Lc  ('li'ri'<|         -  Hayc  dps  I'niints,  ordrandi'  Mnyi; 

(ICtalilisscniuiil  di'  la  I'oi,  ii..  ]i    11^)  mnv  'iiicii  l?ay. 

Biij's  cxiiri'ssij  tliat   it   wu!«  iionli  of         '  Cliailcvoix,  Jounjul,  yi.  LiOl. 


171 


1671. 


Slniridar 

pIli'lM.iaiiill. 

OliMTVll- 

tions  on 
Tidi's  and 
C'arrciils, 


4't 


I 


■^i 


!,>! 


'Ui 


■  t 

i;    '    , 


i 


M 


>i    : 


hi 


>  t< 


172 


IIISTOHY   OF  NKW  FHANCE. 


1671. 


SiiiL'uIar 
plieiiuiiK'ii 


from  tlio  ()|>]i(i,sit(*  dii'ictioii,  Hint  is  lo  say,  tlic  snulli,  and 
at  siuli  tiii'"s  cakes  mI'  ice  liavc  liccii  {'allied  troiii  tlie 
former  lake  into  Hie  latter  with  as  iniieli  velocity  us  11  vessL'l 
M'onld  liiiv(!  with  wind  nsti'rii.  The  samo  thiii;^',  it  is  known, 
is  seen  in  the  Bahama  Channel. 

Fiithor  Mtirijuotte  also  obsorves  that  in  tlio  strait  liy 
which  Lake  Superior  empties  into  Lake  Huron,  thoro  uro 
under  the  surface  of  tlu>  water  numerous  currents,  so  stron>f 
us  at  tinu  s  to  carry  oil'  the  ni'ts  of  tlu>  tlshermeii,  wheiico 
lie  conjectures  that  this  j^reat  lake  discliar^es  part  of  itn 
waters  into  Luke,  Michij^'un  by  subtorrunoun  channels,  ox- 
cavuted  in  tlie  same  manner  us  th(>-.i)  by  which  the  Caspiun 
is  sup])osed  to  connect  with  tho  Black  Sea,  and  tiu^  latter 
with  tho  Mi'ditevruucun  ;  and  this  is  ull  tiie  more  probable, 
us  Luke  Superior  receiving  at  least  forty  rivers,  ten  or 
twelve  of  tlu'm  (juitc*  as  lai'i^'e  as  the  sti'ait  itself,  would  not 
discharjj;e  n(;ar  as  much  water  as  it  receives,  if  there  were 
no  other  issue  than  this  chauuol. 

The  same  is  apparently  to  be  said  of  IMichigan,  wiiicli, 
besides  tho  waters  of  the  groat  buy,  receives  also  a  great 
number  of  rivers,  some  of  them  quite  large,  and  coming 
from  a  cousidcrablo  distance.  For  besides  its  visible  dis- 
charge iuto  Lake  Hurou,  it  nuist  necessarily  have  excavated 
other  subterraneau  ones  as  has  boon  remarked  of  Lake  Su- 
perior, as  to  which  a  discovery  has  been  made  corroborat- 
ing the  conjecture  of  Father  Marquette.  This  is  that  all 
tlu!  rocks  found  at  a  certain  depth  in  tho  channel  at  Sault 
St.  Mary  are  pierced  like  sponges,  and  several  of  them 
hollowed  out  into  grottos,  a])paroutly  tho  work  of  tho  cur- 
routs  I  have  mentioned.' 

At  the  close  of  the  preceding  year  and  commencement 

'■  of  this,  quite   a  singular  thing  occurred   in  this  part   of 

Canada.      The  winter   did   not  begin  till  tho  middle  of 

January,  lOTl,  and  I'uded  in  the  middle  of  March.     This 

was  iincxampled,  and  both  periods  were  marked  by  phe 

'  Soi'  Muniui.ttu'o  rouiiii-ks  ou  ilirsu  lidos :  lirl.  do  la  N.  i*".,  lOTl,  p.  'M. 


f  ; 


.1 


nisTouv  or  nfav  FiuNfE.  173 

iiDiiu'ii.i  wliicli  Hur|)ris(>(l  the  Iiuliaiis  gn-iitly.  On  tlio  21st  i^>7 
oi'  J.iimui'V,  iiliiiiit  two  Iidiirs  licl'drc  suiiscl,  lli'io  ;i|iiit'iui  il 
ill  tlic  liiiv  two  ii.ii'lii'liii,  a('i'(Hii|i;uiii(l  \>y  n  ciTsciiil,  tho 
lioriiM  iKiiiitiiii^  ujiwavd.  Tliis  I'f'il  sun  was  tM[niilly  ilistivnt 
ridiii  tlic  two;  II  little  clond  witli  all  tlm  coIoih  oi'  tlic  raiii- 
bow  covcrt'd  and  slii^lilly  obscured  one,  ami  a  l)ii;^lit  li^^lit 
ill  a  iiianiu  r  veiled  tlie  otiier.  The  riidiaiis  took  it  foi'  aii 
iiil'alliblu  si;,'ii  ol'  cold,  and  it  I'lo/o  excessively  tlio  uc.vt 
day.' 

On  tin-  I'itli  of  ^lareli  ensuing'  tliveo  ]iarlielia  were  seen 
in  !!'■         '  lit  ]ilaees,  dilleiin;j;  also  in  re^'iird  to  their 

)i(i>u  .,  niinilier,  and  time  of  a])])earance.'  At  ^lieiiilli- 
iiiai<iiiae  the  aii])areiit  distance  of  the  tliree  suns  ])erceive(l 
tliere  was  liidf  a  league;  one  of  tiie  two  jiaiiielia  wasJ 
Rciircely  more  liian  an  iris  of  oval  form,  crowned  by  a 
fillet  of  ^'old:  the  oilier  was  so  bii.uht,  that  it  wumld  not 
have  been  easy  to  distin^'uish  it  from  the  true  sun,  but  for 
a  band  of  scarlet  which  bordered  it  on  the  side  farthest 
fioin  tlie  sun.  This  pheiionienoi'  last' d  several  days;  it 
was  seen  ill  the  morning-  soon  after  sunrise,  and  in  tho 
evi'iiin.u;  before  sunset.  The  llelation,  which  states  tho 
fact,  adds  that  the  parlieliou  .seen  smith  iu  tho  moruing 
was  iiiM-th  ill  the  evening,  tho  other  taking  its  place;  but  it 
apiiareiitly  clianged  its  figure  rather  than  its  ])ositioii.' 

In  Manitoulino  Island,  where  a  number  of  Sault  Indians 
were  w  intering,  three  ^a'uis  a])peared  in  tho  Avcst  on  a  lino 
pa  allcl  w  ith  the  lunizon  ;  they  were  all  of  equal  size  ;  tho 
true  sun  west-southwest;  one  of  the  two  ))arheli(nis  in 
till'  west,  the  other  in  the  southwi  st.  At  the  samo  tiino 
two  hemicycles  were  seen  parallel  to  the  horizon.  They 
were  blue  in  the  ceiitrt',  of  the  color  of  the  aurora  above, 
and  a  didl  ashy  gray  in  the  circumference.  Tlu;  sky  was 
a  little  overcast  on  that  side,  and,  indeed,  it  was  not  very 
sereno  iu  any  part,  although  no  cloud  was  discernible.' 


'  iji'iiitioii  (ic  111  X.  F.,  lun,  1).  10. 

'  March  10. 


'■  It.'liition  dv  la  X.  F.,  1071,  v.  40. 
■>  iOiU. 


■:M 


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• 


.^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


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I. 


1.25  i  1.4 


■  2.0 

1.6 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)  872-4503 


I     I 


171 


HISroHV  OF    N'KW   KIlANt'K. 


I ^'7 1-  A  quarttr  of  ,i  ciiclo  porpondicnlar  to  tho  horizon  liiiv- 

""■"^i^""^  iii;^  iicailv  tlic  siiiiif  coloi's  us  tlic  jtarlicliii,  fondicd  lliat 
wliicli  was  on  tlii'  soutliwcst ;  tlii'U  outtinj,'  one  ot  tlic  two 
lii-niicyclcs  parallrl  to  the  liorizou  was  ^'radually  lost  in 
tho  othiT.  Honictinics  the  tliici!  suns  (lisa])j)('ar('(l ;  Imt 
the  real  snn  was  invisihlo  less  I'riununtly  than  tiic  othrrs, 
Finally  a  third  i)aihflion  was  hch'U  ahovc  the  sun  ;  hut  it 
did  not  last  lon^'.  The  two  fonufr,  us  they  disapprarcd 
for  tiie  hist  tiii:i',  ht't  two  very  luminous  rainbows,  and  the 
two  hciuicyi-h's  also  ri'Uiainod  a  lon;^  tinio  'ftcr. 

At  Sault  St.  M.iry  threo  suns  were  socn  ono  niorniuf,', 
ns  in  the  (ttlu'r  two  plai-i's  ;  hut  a  little  after  noon,  ei^dit 
n])l>eaved  all  at  onei  ran^'ed  in  this  order.  The  real  sun 
was  in  the  centre  of  a  eirele  formed  of  the  colors  of  tho 
rainhow  :  four  parhelia  divided  this  circle  into  four  e(|ual 
j>arts,  and  were  placed  on  perpendicular  and  horizontal 
lines.  Another  cir'de  resembliuf^  the  first  in  color,  hut  nnicli 
lar;,'er,  passed  thro  i^di  the  centre  of  tho  rcftl  sun,  whii'h  was 
at  the  top,  and  three  otlu'r  jiarhelia,  with  the  real  sun 
divided  tiiis  circle,  as  the  four  former  did  the  smaller  circle. 
The  Indians  inm^'ined  that  all  these  parhelia  wore  tho  wives 
of  the  ical  sun,  who  chose  to  show  himself  to  men  with  all 
liis  spouses;  hut  they  were  undeceived  hy  a  natural  ex- 
]>lanatiou  of  thes(>  jthenoniena.  This  gave  occasion  to 
explain  to  them  that  this  luminary  was  any  thing  but  a 
genius  as  they  imagintHl.' 
1672.  T.owards  the  end  of  this  your  the  Iroquois  victoriously 

^Mn'.i't'  '  fl<»^"d  the  war  which  they  had  for  several  years  been  wa- 
Ciitariuony.  j^ring  ^yitli  tlio  Audasti's  and  tlu'  Shawnees'  their  neighbors. 


'  KclatiDii  (Ic  111  Nimvilli'  Friinic'.  N.  R,  lliT'l,  i>.  'i  ;  Iti'Iiitinns  Iiii'ilitcs, 

1071,  ]).  41.  i,    jp.    II:    ('(iIiIch'h     Five    NiiliiinH 

■•' ScuVc.l,  II.,  pp.ilOO,  :m.     Clinrl.--  (I.omlon  cdit.i,  i.,  p.  I'JO  ;  N.  Y.  ('..1. 

voix  luTc  t'lilliixvH  I'l-rnil,  p.  12'.l.  'I'lic  Dor.,   iii.,   p.  ;)',';!.     'I'licy  wrrc   thru 

Aii(lii*ii'H    vyiiipiiilii/iiiLr    with    die  iiii'iirponitcMl    into   tlii'    l.i'nu-in'.      \ 

IIiiriiUH.  H'iri'  L'l'iulimlly  dniwii   int'i  part  ri'tri'iitiiifjr  sdiitliuaid  wm' inns- 

till'  «ar.     'I'hry  luuirlii   hiuvclv,  lii\l  sucri'il  hy  llic  Mniyliiiid  mid  \  iifriiiia 

w.rc    filially   oviithruwn    in    Ki?,"):  Imnps.      'I'ln'    hist    rruiiiaiil    '■!    (hi- 

El«i   I'li'wiit,  nil.-) :    l!i  lalimi  ilc  lu  tiiho  wrw  hulcUrrcU  hv  thf  I'axtou 


t'>. 


inSTOliY   OF   SKW   niANCK. 


lii 


Tlio  snopo.ss  on  ( itln'i'  siMc  Imil  loiii,'  liecii  al)oiit  ('(iumI  ;  Imt  I'T-- 
at  last  tliisc  two  ii,itii)iis  were  aliiKtst  ciitiif'lv  "XtiTiiiiiiatod,  """"v""^ 
aii'l  tlic  victors  iiicor|ioiati'il  into  tlicir  cantons,  ('Sjjccially 
tliat  of  Seneca,'  a  j^rcat  ininilxr  of  cajitivcs  taken  from 
liolli  tiilies.  Tills  has  always  been  tlieir  policy,  to  leiiair 
at  tlic  ex|iense  of  tlicir  enemies  the  rava^'cs  caused  in  their 
nation  hy  war. 

'J'licn  ^fr.  (le  Couri-cllos,  convineod  more  than  ever  of 
the  ni'ccssity  of  opposing  a  harrier  to  a  restless  p(>o))](>, 
which  had  no  lon^'cr  any  tliin^'  to  occupy  it  aliroad,  and 
whose  power  and  renown  wero  daily  increasinj^,  sent  word 
to  the  ])rincii)al  chiefs  of  the  cantons,  that  he  had  an  im- 
jxu*  'iit  aflair  to  coninnuncat(>  to  them,  and  that  he  wouM 
forthwith  ])rocoed  to  Catarncouy  to  await  them.  Tlicy 
came  to  the  spot  in  ^'reat  iinmliers,  and  the  ^'eiieral  after 
lavishing'  >^yviit  marks  of  friendship,  and  very  tin(>  ])res- 
eiits,  told  them  that  he  dosif^ncd  buildiiifjf  a  f(U't  at  that 
jioiiit,  where  they  might  como  to  trade  more  conveniently 
with  the  French. 

Tiny  did  not  at  first  porcoivo  that  under  jiretext  of  sei-k-      ^l  •.  do 
in;^'  their  advanta<j;e,  tho  governor  had   in  view  solely  to   nti'iniVtri 
Jiold  them  in  check,  and  secure  a  de])ositoiy  foi-  his  jno-    J',!!,',-^,,!/ 
visions  and  military  stores,  in  case  they  forced  iiim  to  take  ('I'l'.'.n^emiy. 
u])  arms  again.     They  accordingly  replied  that  this  ])roject 
seemed  to  them  well  devised,  and  measures  were  at  oneo 
taken  for  its  exi'cution.'     Mr.  do  CourceUes,  howiver,  had 


m 


i 


i^i 


lliiyH  in  1T'1:3:  llistoricnl  MaLriizinc,  Sliawiii'cB,    liy    narvcy.   ('iiiciiinuti- 

ii..  I'll.  'J!l4-7  :    Piirkiiian's    I'rjiiiiai'.  Is.")."),    i.s    uscIi'hs   uh   to   their   early 

pp.  11  t.  41T  :  •lesnitH  ill  Nmlli   .\iiie  lii.story. 
ricn,  xlvi.     See  .Msiip's  Maiylimd.  '   I'ernit,    Mii'Iii-h    et    {'ouKluines, 

'I'lie   Sliawili'es  are   tlie  only  tlilie  |).  \'i'.K 
I   liuve  iiii't,  wliose  miiiie   was  lln'        ■'  I'erriit,  Mours  ei  Const  ,  ]>.  109. 

Mime  iiiiioni:  all  trilies,  Cliocliiw.  Iln  Tlii~  voVM^re   is  sini|ily  tin'  une  al- 

roii,  IriKiiioi.s,  or  .\l{.'iin(|iiin(('lniona-  reaily  nieiitioneil,  ante,  p.  l',il.     IJnt 

noiiidiioni.      The    history   it    their  Dollier  de  Casson  in  liis  account  of 

roviiifr  hands  is  very  vajriie  and  nh.  tlie   vovime.  does   not    iiieiition   tlie 

(iciire.     I).  Ii.  HrintMii,    Hist.   .Mau'ii  iii\  ilali^'ii  to  ihe  chiefs,  nor  ilie  ad- 

nine.  X.,  p.  1,  has  done  nio>i  to  trace  dress  to  them  ;  N.  V.  Col.   Doc.,  ix., 

their   history.     The  History  of  the  p.  75. 


y^ 


I  I 


it;*; 

I! 


I7r. 


inSTOIiV   OF  NKW   FHANCK. 


\i      I 


(( 


•  f»72.     not  tinu>  to  cfV«'('t  it.     IIo  had,  na  wo  liavo  hooii,  solicited 
^"-'^1'""^  Ill's  vt'oall  til  riaiu'c,  and  on  anivin<^  at  (Jiu^bcc,  found  tlicro 
tlic  Count  do  l''ront('nac,  who  liad   conn;   to  ri'liiivo  him. 
Hi' without  dillifulty  in<hu'i'd  liini  to  favor  tlio  dfsi';n  whicli 
liad  h'd  liiin  to  undcrtako  liis  last  excursion,  and  early  in 
the  following,'  spriiij,',  the  new  {^ciu'i'al  npaircd  to  Catara- 
c'ouy,  and  huilt   a  fort,  which  as  wi'll  as  the  lake,  at  tho 
entrance  of  wliidi  it  stands,'  lon^  boru  his  name.' 
Ml.  TaLii       Mr.  Talon  on  his  .side  did  not  slunil»er,  his  active  a)id 
liiH  n.iiii  to  vij^ilant  zeal  did  not  allow  him  to  remain  a  sin;,'le  day  idle, 
ami  «li>-.    anil  his  superior  f^jennis  j^avo  hirtli  only  to  j^reat  ])rojects; 
l)nt  the  dissatisfaction  which  he  constantly  received  frt)m 
Mr.  do  Courcelles,  and  thoso  which  he  foresaw  from  tho 
Count  do  Frontenac,  whoso  character  ho  was  not  slow  in 
reading,',    made    him    once    more  think  of    rctirini,'.      IIo 
deemed  it  imprudent  to  commit  himself  with  that  f,'eneral 
in  a  colony,  too  snndl  to  },'ivo  separate  emjiloynient  to  two 
men,  who  were  not  of  a  disposition  to  depend  on  one  an- 
other, nor  consec|U(ntly  to  act  in  all  thing's  with  that  har- 
mony, which  re(piircs  occasional  relaxation  and  yielding." 
Clinracterof      All  things  fairly  considered,   tho  departure  of   Mr.   do 
Co'iirciiios.  Courcelles  was  a  real  loss  for  New  France.     If  he  did  not 
])ossess  as  eminent  ijualities  as  his  successor,  he  had  but 
the  least  of  his  faults,  and  his  passions  were  much  less  vio- 
lent.    He  aimed  sincerely  at  good  ;  his  prejudices  against 
the  ecclesiastics  and  tho  missionarios  never  prevented  his 


'  linki'  Ontario.  CfmrliToir.  On- 
tnraiii  InxiuoiHiiK'ans  Lake.  Ontario, 
HcMiitit'ul  Ijukc.  See  ('iio<|.  Kludrs 
I'liilolofriiiUcs,  ]).  IT. 

•  I'lTrot,  Mcrnrs  i-l  Constnincs. 
]).  12!l  ;  .loiniial  ofCimni  ilr  I'lcjnli'- 
nacV  Voyai:!'  to  I.akr  Ontario  in 
ICT:;  ;  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  i>.  9.') ; 
Canacta  Duo..  II.,  ii..  ]>  ^.'<^i^^. 

•' John 'Palon  had  bi'i'n  inti'ndnnt 
nt  Qiifcnoi  in  riandci-s.  was  rrialc d 
liaron  dt  s  Itihts  in  KiTl,  anil  Count 
d'()i>ainvillo  in  1(!7.").     .M'li  r  n-iuin 


in{^  to  Frnni'o  hi'  la'cnmc  rniitnin  of 
till'  Ciistli'  of  Mariniont  and  si'i-ri'- 
tary  of  tin'  kin^'n  raliinrt.  IK-  was 
ulivi-  in  Hlsil.  In  Canada  ln'  was  a 
frrcnt  iH'nrliuior  of  tlir  Hotel  Dieu 
at  (iin'l)ci'.  Moilicr  .InrliiTcau  nii'n 
tions  tlirir  )iossrK'<iiin  of  his  likcin'ss 
(|i.  '.317),  and  tin'  |iortrail  iiifrnivcd 
in  this  work  is  from  a  copy  of  it 
nn\dt-'  by  .Mr.  Th.  llaiml  of  IjucIm-c. 
Sill-  praisrs  irriatly  his  pi«ly  and 
liiarily  to  tin'  piMir,  pp.  'J'.i.'j-O.  IIii 
wuB  till'  CoIhiTt  of  Canada. 


niSTOHV  OF  NF,\V  TRANCE. 

Kliowinfj  tlicm  cnnfidciicp,  on  occiisiojis  in  wliidi  Iw  (IctMiiod 
tlit'iM  iirci'ssiii  V  ni'  usi'l'iiKor  liis  sii|)|)iirt iiij,'  tlinii  in  jill  tlio 
I'uiictioiis  of  their  iniiii.^try.  In  tine,  Iiis  cNiiciicnff,  his 
finniicss,  and  tlic  wisdom  with  which  he  f^ovcrncd,  hiul 
t  iidciiicd  him  to  tlio  Frciu-h  mid  won  thi-  icspcct  of 
the  Jndiiuis.  To  all  ii])p('iiriinct',  the  jH-iicd  of  Canadii 
would  never  havo  Iteen  disturlied,  had  those  who  sncceedt'd 
hiiu  cntcivd  into  his  views  and  followed  tho  j)ath  ho  hail 
traced  out.' 

T<ouis  d(  Bnade,  connt  de  Frontonao,  his  sncpossnr,  was  ( 
a  lienteuant-;,'eneral  in  the  kin^''s  armies,  iiud  },'r.tndM>n 
of  a  knif,dit  of  the  Onleis,  who  had  distinguished  iiiinNclf 
durin.L,'  the  wars  of  the  Lea^Mie,  I)_v  his  attachment  to  liis 
Liwfnl  sovcrei{i;n,  and  liad  niorited  the  conlidence  of  tho 
peat  Jlenry."  Frontenae  had  a  heart  ^'reater  even  than 
liis  liirtli  :  a  mind  active,  |)eui'ti'atiii^',  I'lrni,  full  of  resource, 
and  liif,dih-  cultivated  ;  l)nt  he  was  susceiitihle  of  the  most 
unjiLst  prejndico,  and  capalilo  of  carryinj,'  it  to  f^rcat  lenj^ths. 


177 


\(>-z. 


'liarnclcTrif 
ll.i'  Ci.iiiil 

Ir    Kn.lltt!- 

IllU',    lll.H 
MKVC-KOr. 


"*)!'  i 


I 


'  Tlii'Ti'  id,  nnfortiiimlcly,  littlf 
known  iiH  t')lliif  (i'liviiniiiV  jxrwimil 
liiHlnry.  MmiIht  .Incliriciiii  siiys  In' 
\viis  |X)|iu)iir  1111(1  iilliililc,  friiinini.'  tin' 
Iniirts  cit'  all,  mid  Iwiici'  iilwnys  ]iiinc- 
timlly  and  cliiMTfiilly  (iImvimI  :  Ills 
ti)iri' il'' riluiil  nicii.  p.  ."lis.  Attn' 
Inn  ri'iiirn  In  FniiKv.  lie  sent  m  llir 
lldti'l  l>i<u  a  hilvcr  liinii>  tor  the 
(•lm|iol  :  11). 

'•'  l.nnis  dc  HiMidc,  count  dc  Finn 
trnac  ct  di'  I'aliniu,  «as  nf  a  I'anii- 
ly  tliat  liad  (icrvi'd  the  nival  liimily 
faithrully.  Hii<  f^raiidriitlic'r  wan  s(.n 
of  a  jr<'ViTniir  nf  St.  ticiinain,  \<r>- 
niiiT  ninitri'  d'Holcl  dii  lini,  au<l 
kni(,'tit  cif  thcOrd.is  in  Hil!l.  His 
fiitlii'i'  niniricd  a  dauulitcv  of  l!ay 
niniid  I'liili|i|iiaiix.  At  tlii'  ajrc  ol 
si'Vcntc'i'ii,  I.oiiis  ill'  Huailt'  cntrrcd 
tlic  military  can'ir  as  inaitri' df- 
raniii  in  tlii'  rciriiin'iit  of  NorniiiiHly. 
■md  after  lioldiiifr  tlial  post  ilrv.  n 
yuun<,  lii'C'unu'inari'rlml  (li'i'anip.  lie 
Vol..  lll.-l  ! 


siTvcd  in  Italy.  Flandciv,  and  dor- 
niany,  and  in  Kili'.l  was  in  tin'  fori'o 
wilt  to  till'  iiliif  of  Caiiilia  On  itH 
siirri'iiilir  In'  was  appointi'd  •rovrrnor 
of  ( 'anada.  Wliili'  ^'iiviiiior-:,'i'nrral 
till-  till'  sicond  lime,  lii'  diid  at  <^ui'- 
lirr  in  Novi'IiiImI'.  Hi'.ix.  ill  his  Tstli 
yiar.  His  fiincnil  si  riiion.  Iiv  tlir  He- 
coUcit  I'-atlirr  Olivir.  is  still  I'Xtant. 
His  wile,  a  daii).diti'f  of  I.njrranir" 
'ri'ianon.  was  oni'  of  the  laiiiun.s 
liiaiitirs  of  till'  day  (St.  Simon.  . 
Miliiuiris,  iv..  p.  1(11  ;  ili..  ix,  ]). 'Jfit), 
and  lady  of  li'Hior  to  M'lli'  di'  Moiit- 
pcnsirr.  daiifflitrf  of  (Jastnii.  diiki" 
of  Orlrans:  Mcmnircs  di'  Mlli-  do 
.Montpi'iisiiT.  .\mstirdaiii.  tT:i"i.  iii.. 
]i  7  :  ill .  iv  ])  S.  Sill'  sci'ins  to 
liavr  riitiitaincd  a  strmi^r  dislike  to 
licf  liiisliand  :  Hi .  iii  .  p.  7.  She  sur- 
vived him  many  years,  and  dieil  in 
17(17.  ill  a  fill!'  aparinii'iit  at  the 
ai'M'iial  L;i\i'n  her  hy  tlie  I  hike  de 
I.ude,  piy  and  worldly  to  the  last. 


m 


Ml    \ 


'4 


•I    •  I 


■    ••!■■ 
1. 1 


178 


IIISTOIIY  OK  NI'W   KUANCK, 


Vi 


\(>72.  He  wislu'd  to  iiilc  iiliuic,  iiinl  llicrc  wns  iiotliiiig  tliat  ho 
""^"""^  left  uikIdiic  to  rciiinvc  tliosi'  wlioiii  lit'  feared  to  tiiid  in  Iiis 
way.  His  valor  and  al)ility  were  ecpial ;  no  one  i'o\ilil  bet- 
ter assnnu)  over  the  nations  whom  ho  governed  or  with 
wlioiii  lie  hud  to  treat,  that  asfoiuh'ncv  so  neeessarv  to  re- 
tain tiieni  in  (hity  and  respect.  Wiien  hv  c'liose,  lie  gained 
the  friendsliip  of  the  Frenih  and  their  allies,  and  no  gen- 
eral t.'ver  tl'ealed  his  em  niies  with  greater  hauteur  and 
nol.)louess.  His  views  for  the  aggrandizement  of  the  colo- 
ny were  groat  and  just,  and  it  was  not  his  fault  if  eyes 
were  not  opened  to  the  advantagi;  wliich  Franco  niiglit 
derive  from  it  ;  hut  his  prejudices  sometimes  prevented  tho 
exoontinn  of  tiie  projects  which  depended  on  him.  It  is 
not  easy  to  rceonoilo  the  regularity  and  even  l>icty  which 
he  ])rofessed,  with  that  acerbity  and  vindictiveness  which 
he  displayed  against  those  he  took  nnil)rage  at  or  did  not 
like  ;  and  on  one  of  the  most  important  occasions  of  his 
hfe  he  gave  ground  to  supimso  that  his  ambition  and  tho 
(h'sire  of  jireserving  his  authority  had  more  jtower  over 
him  than  ze.il  for  tho  p\iblic  gooih  Tho  reason  is,  that 
there  is  no  virtue  but  forgets  itself,  wIkmi  a  dominant  pas- 


sion is  allowiM 


1  tol 


lave  swav. 


Count  do  Frontenac  might 


liavo   been  a  great  prince,  had  heaven  ])laced  li 


im  on  a 


tl 


none 


but  he  had  faults  ihingerons  in  a  subject  who  is 


nUi'ovory 

MiKhir.''i|>|'i. 


not  convinced  that  his  glory  consists  in  sacriticing  evi'ry 
thing  for  the  .sake  of  his  sovereign  and  the  iniblic  good.' 
Meanwhile  Mr.  Talon  emjdoyed  the  short  time  he  had 
still  to  spend  in  the  cohniy  in  a  manner  well  titted  to  inako 
him  regretted.  After  having  estal)lished  the  right  of  his 
royal  master  to  the  very  extremity  of  the  north,  and  far 
into  the  west,  he  umhMtook  to  make  now  discoveries.  It 
was  known  in  general  by  the  reports  of  the  Tmlians  that 
there  was  in  the  west  of  New  Kr.in<*e,  a  great  river,  calh^d 
Mechasipjii  by  some,  and  ^ficissipju  hy  others,  which 
fl(^wed  neither  north  nor  east ;'  hence  no  (hnibt  was  entor- 


('(iiii|)ai'i 


la  Pcitlnrii'.  Ilif^toin.' 


dc  l'.\iinTi(HU'  Si'pt..  iv..  ]>.  110. 


•  l"i)i'   till'   laiTu  si    iiuliialioiis   nf 
till-  Missiusinpi,  Hi'c  Ui'lutiiiii,  KiOO, 


IIISTOltY   OF   NFW    FHANCK. 


17!) 


taiiiod,  lli.il  liy  i(s  means,  coiiiiuiuiioatinii  mi^'ht  ho  oponcd  \f>72. 
citlicr  witli  ilic  (liilf  of  ^rt'xiiM)  if  it  ran  soiitli,  or  with  tlio  ^'^•^ 
raciCic,  if  it  llowcd  west   to  (•ni])ty  tliiMc ;  and  whii-licvor 

fOlllsr  it   took,  ;;itllt  hilli'tits  WiTf  t'Xpi'ctr(L 

Tlic  indndaMt  (hd  not  wish  to  h'r.vc  America,  without 
throwing,'  lij^dit  on  lliis  important  point  ;  lie  coninhMl  this 
exploration  to  l'\ither  Afaniuette,  who  had  already  trav- 
ei'sed  almost  all  (he  eonntries  of  ('ana(hi,  and  who  was 
hi^'hly  esteemed  liy  tlie  Indians.  Joliet,  a  citizen  of  (^ue- 
liec.  a  man  of  aliility  and  e\))erience,  was  associated  with 
him.'  'I'liey  set  out  together  from  the  I'ay  of  Lake  Aficli- 
i,L,'an,  emharked  on  Fox  lliver,'  which  emj)ties  into  it,  and 


1^ 


ji,  I'.'  :  Hid'.'.  11.  I!  :  ICllt.  ■•li.  i  ;  \W'. 
!>.  •-':'.;  ir.TO.  |ip.  Nil,  !M.  nil)  ;  ICTI. 
I'  '.M  :  Slii'ii.  Pisi'oviTv  mil  l",\|lii!n 
ticiii  nlilii'  .Missis^i|i|ii  Viillry.  xxii - 
V.  'I'lif  iiimii'  is  triviii  iiH  M("-si|ii, 
MrHsUi|ii.  mill  liiially.  Mlss:si|ii.  Me- 
r1iiisi|i|ii  (liM'-i  niil  (M'ciir.  iiiir  tlic 
foviM  (iivi'ii  liy  Iliiiii('jiin.niiiliiclc>|i!('(l 
liy  t 'linliiiiilinmiil.  Mi'scliarclM'.  It 
is  l'nlM]inl|l|ilc(l  (if  twii  si;n]ilr  wiirils. 

Mis-i,  irri'iil,  mill  si|ii,  river. 

'   Tllldll   rC'lllllllHlllliMl   .Inllicl.   wllll 

was  a|)|"iliiliMl  liy  ilir  Clicvalicr  ilc 
(iraiicltimlaiiic  :  KrdiilciiarH  I>is- 
imlrli  N..v.nit..  r-.\  HIT-.'.  \.  Y  <'cil. 
l)(KV,  ix.,  iMi  'M.  r.M  :  l>alilcili  in 
IMscnviry  iif  ilii-  Mls.-i.-sipiii.  ii.  I  . 
I{clali(i|is  liii'dllis.  i.,  pp.  lilo-t  ; 
l>i'  la  Piirlr.  ii  ,  p.  l^ta  :  <'anail:i  I>iic.. 
II.,  ii.,  p.  1  10.  I.duis  .Idlliit  was 
liiirn  at  QiU'Ii'T,  Si'i.t.iiilicr  '.M,  Hil"). 
siiM  nl  .Iciliii  .Idllii't  anil  Mary  il'-Mian- 
rniir.  Ill' was  ciImi-hIiiI  al  tlir.Irsuit 
rnlli'i;!',  anil  ill  I ''<!'.'  n  rcivnl  niinni' 
onli'rs.  Ill-  rrniainrd  .in  iirli'siasiic 
till  llWiT,  wlii'n  111-  ii||inri'iilly  aliaii 
iIihumI  all  iili'as  uf  tin'  |'rii'<tliiinil.  ami 
wi'iit  tn  till'  \V  St  'raliiii,  Palilim. 
nivl  imli'i'd  all  spraU  liifrlily  of  liini. 
In  II1T5  111'  niiirrii'il  t'lara  Frmu'is 
Hiss.,t  In  lUSO.  Ill'  iil.laiiiiil  a  jrrant 
of  .^ntii'OHti  us  a  ri'wiiiil  Inr  his  west 


rrn  ilisriiviiy.  Ilr  was  royal  Iiyilnif;- 
lapliir.  Ill' iliiil  ill  May,  1700.  Sniiiii 
111'  liis  ilrsrincliinls  slill  ]uiHxi  sn  tlin 
Hi'ifriii'iiry  nlMiillii't  :  Fiilaml.  Notrs 
xiir  Irs  lii'u'iHlri'.s  lie  (imliic,  ]ip  ."iO- 
!>'.  Fatlnr  .laini'S  Marqiictli-  waH 
iiiiTi'Iy  tlii>  assiiriati'  "f  .Inllict.  nut 
tlii'trnvi'mincnt  aprnl  an  licrcHtntcd. 
Ill'  wnH  liiirn  at  l.i'iin  in  HiHT.  1h'. 
raiiii'  a  .lisiiii  in  l(!."il.  ranii"  to 
Annrira  in  Si'pli'nilii'r.  KlCiCi.  nml 
al'liT  stiiilyiiifr  .ML'nniniin  at  'I'liri'O 
UiVcTs.  Was  si'iit  til  till'  West  in 
A|.ril.  MWH.  II,.  istalilislii'.l  tin- 
niissiiin  at  Mackinai'  in  IHTI.  and 
liail  appanntly  snliriti'il  an  ap|ioint- 
imnl  un  lln'  I'Xpi'ililinn  :  Miscovrry 
anil  Kxploniliiiii  III'  till'  Mississippi, 
xli..  I'tc.  On  liis  nturii  lir  ln'iran  a 
mission  at  OM  KasKiiskia.  on  tlio 
Illinois  liivir,  ami  liavinp  ri'tiirnril 
to  it  in  HIT  I.  lill  ill  at  Cliirnpo, 
wini'Tiil  tliiri'.  in  tlii'  H|irint;  prn- 
ri'i'ili'il  to  Kaskaskia,  liiit  sinking; 
riipiiUy,  ilii'd.  .May  1><.  KiT'i.  wliili> 
riiil' aviiriii:'  rrai'li  Mirliiliinacki- 
iiac.  His  I'oniraili's  I'liriiil  liiin  liy 
tlir  laki'  shore,  at  tlir  iiiontli  of  a 
rivrr  tliiil  llii'ni'il'ortli  tmik  liis  nnnii'. 

•   'I'lll'     vivi'V     111      till-      1'".1M'S        'I'lio 

]iropi'r  naiiic  111' ilii'sc  Iiuliiiiis  isOii- 
tafjaniis:   Clmrh  mix.     'I'licy  set  uut 


H 


''4 


'> 


Iff 


180  niSTORV  OF  NKW  FHANCR. 

i^>7--  ascended  nearly  to  its  sonroe,  notwithstanding'  the  rup- 
^—^y-^'  ids,  whicl:  nnder  tiio  navij^iition  excessively  dilhcult.' 
Tiiey  then  h'ft  it,  in.iivhed  some  time,' tlu'n  re-end)arked 
on  the  Oiiiscoiisinj,',  and  saihii;^'  always  westward,  found 
thoniselves  on  the  Mii'issi))i  at  ahout  forty-two  und  a  half 
def,'rees  north  lalitiidi-.  It  was  on  the  seventienth  of 
June,  in  the  year  1(17.'!,  that  they  entered  that  f.inious  river, 
which  in  width  and  still  more  in  depth  seemed  to  them  to 
correspond  with  tlu^  idea  which  the  Indians  had  given 
them  of  it." 

They  allowed  the  current,  which  is  not  very  rajiid  at 
that  l>arl,  to  bear  them  on,  and  they  had  not  Jiroceeded 
far  when  they  discovered  the  Illinois.  They  found  threo 
towns  of  that  nation  three  leaf,'nes  Itelow  the  place  wlii're 
the  Missouri,  styled  I'ekitanoni  in  his  delation,  Mends  its 
waters   with  tlio.so  of   tho    Mississippi.'      These    Indians 


IVciin  St.  I>:niiliiiH.  Ill  .Mii'liiliiiincki' 
line.  Miiv  IT,  \>'<'!''> :  I'iwuvcr.V  nl' tin- 
Mis-is>i|i|ii,  |i.  7. 

'  'I'lic  vnjiini'  (if  .Iiillii'l  nnd  Mar- 
<|Ui'tl('  \\H>*  licM'ii  trralcil  iiH  uiiri'ul 
liy  llinsc  wliM  wiDtc  in  llic  iiitcp'ft 
of  l.ii  Snili' :  1)111  lliiTc  in  no  fiict  lirt- 
t'-  ji..  'ii'iilicalfd.  KriiiitciiHc's  I)in- 
1.  rl  s'.iv.iiili.r  II.  KIM.  .N.  Y. 
('ill.  PiK'.,  In..]).  I'.M  ;  aii<l  lli'iiin'piii. 
I)i'Mri|iti(iii  (li-  In  I.iiui-iiiinr.  [i.  li!, 
piihlislicd  at  I'aris  in  Ills;!,  ailinit 
It  cli'ailv.  l''aihir  .\nnslasius.  I.c 
('lri(i|,  11..  l>.  Il'll  ;  I'ailicr  .MfUiliri'. 
ill..  |i.  ','.V.t.  .Mari|U<'tli''N  .luniiial  wan 
not  pulilishiMl  at  i)ii<'f,  the  .li  sni!  Hi'- 
latiimH  lia\inj;  liicn  .sto|iiii'il  at  the 
inslanri'  nt  dc  ('<nirci'llr,  ai'dinlinf.' 
tiMr.Mi'iil'iiilliin.  Hir*liilir.  iii.  p  ;|p,'i. 
It  was  pulili-^liiil  lidni  a  iiini'  cdpy, 
liy  'I'lii'VciKit  in  his  liicinil  ili'  VdV- 
aj,'t!H,  in  KISl  (CliailivciN.  nti',  1  , 
p.  Kl,  has  Kisr  ciTiint'imslyi.  Tlii.'- 
WHS  ri ■print I'll  liv  liii-Ii,  at  Lundnn  in 
1S|."».  A  Dnirh  vcisliin,  with  ciiiiinis 
map  and  pluti'S.  appi'ari'd  ut  l.cvdcn 
inliOT.     '■  aiiiucli'' n  uiciiiinl,  a  lon- 


ti'ni|Kiraniiiiis  cnpy.  with  his  last 
li'tiiT.  and  his  map  in  his  nun  hand, 
Hcri-  prcMTviil  »l  (^Millie,  and  pidi- 
lislnd  with  a  translaiinti  hy  ini',  in 
till'  DisiiiviTV  and  l!\pliil;iliipri  ot 
till'  .Missi»ippi  \'alli\-,  in  1S.1',';  they 
well'  also  printed  priva..'ly  hy  .ianu's 
Lenox,  l'.s<|,,  in  ls."),"i,  nnd  ut  I'arJH, 
in  the  lielaliiMis  Itn'dit.s,  in  tstil, 
.lolliet's  inaji,  with  a  letter  to  Fron- 
teiiac  in  hi;  I.  was  preserved  in  the 
Freinh  archives.  Vnr  the  navipi- 
tion  ol  l'.i\  liivir,  see  liisK'overy  of 
the  -Mississippi.  |i.  1','. 

•■  '^,70(1  paces:    lli.,  pp.  l."i.  'JliH. 

'  Discovery  of  the  .Mississippi,  pp. 
1(1,  ;2:!S  :  Kecit  des  Voynfles  et  De- 
convertes.  p. ','7  ;  Kelations  hu'diten, 
ii..  p.  Vl'M  ;  Voyage  el  Ui'eouvi'rte  de 
(inehpies  I'avH  et  .Nations  de  I'.Sine- 
riipie  Sipteiitrioinile,  |i.  10. 

*  These  villau'es  were  on  the  WOHt 
slioro  near  the  liesnmines  liiver: 
niscovery  of  tlic  Mississippi,  p.  "JO. 
.Manpietie's  map  nnines  two  of  ihu 
Villages  I'eoiiarea  and  .Moiiiu'wenn. 
'I'lie    map  in    'I'lievruot    alw)    pluceH 


^ 


i 


IIISTOIIV  OK   NKW   KlfANTK 


181 


wore  <li(>  more  cliarinnl  t(i  see  Frciiclmicn  ainoiif^  tlifiii,  in  \f>7i. 
fiH  iniicli  as  lln'v  Imd  loiij,'  dt'siicd  tinir  alliiuifo,  for  tlio 
ri'iisdii,  tlint  tlic  Tr(ii|uniK  lic^nii  (o  iiiiiku  incursions  into 
tin'ir  connlry,  '  and  lliat  tln'V  iVarcd  a  war  wliirli  (lu'V  wito 
not  in  a  jiosition  to  sustain  nlonc.  Tiny  a('cnrdin},'I_v  gavo 
I'atliti'  Mar(|ntttt' and  Sicur  Jolict  cm  ry  possiliK'  wt'li'oniL', 
and  induced  tlicni  to  ]iroinisc  their  ^ood  ollices  wifli  tho 
f^overnor-j^eiu'ral.' 

Tlic  two  travellers,  after  resting'  for  a  lime  anionf^  tho 
Illinois,  pursued  their  course  and  ilescended  the  river  as 
far  as  tin!  Akanses,  al)out  tlie  tliirtv-lhird  dej^ree  of  lati- 
tude." Then,  as  provisions  .and  aniinnniticui  he^^'an  to  fail 
thi'ni,  and  consideiin^j;  lliat  i(  was  not  pruih'ut  to  advance 
too  far  with  only  thi'ce  or  finii'  nien  into  a  countiy,  wlioso 
iidialiitants  tliey  did  not  know,  and  as  they  could  no  lon<,'er 
diailit  that  tlie  ^ficissipi  eiiijilied  into  the  (lulf  of  Mexico, 
tJM'V  resumed  tliiir  route  for  Canada,'  ascended  tlie  river 
as  far  as  the  river  of  tlie  Illinois,  wiiich  they  enten^d.'  On 
iirrivinj^  at  Chicaf;;ou  on  Lake  ]\richi;^'an,  tliey  separated." 
Father  ^rar(iuette  remained  anion;^  the  ^liamis,  and  Joliot 
went  to  (^)uel]ee  to  ^'ive  an  account  of  his  voyaj^'c  to  Mr. 
Talon,  whom  he  found  to  have  already  sailed  for  Franco,' 


!      t 


till-Ill  on  llic  wrst  nliiivc  ilic  Min 
soiiri.  Kiitlirr  Miiniinltc  cxprcsHly 
HtiilcH  tliiil  llirv  ri'iirliiil  I'cUilniKini 
liit<'i' ;  \y\fi\  (if  llir  .\lissis>i|ppi,  p.  :'|S. 
'I'lic  li)riii  I'i'kiliiiioni  is  jrivcii  in  n 
nuitilatcil     imsMifii-    ill     'riii'Viiinl's 

VdVllJII'H  ft    DlVnUVlTtt'H,  ]).  2S. 

'  Till'  iiii\misrri|it  pulilishi'il  liy  nii- 
rontniiis  tin-  liriiutiriil  inlilic-s  nl'tln' 
Illinois  clii.f,  iipnwliircd  I'V  Liinir 
Icllinv  ill  liis  lliiiwiithii  :  Disc,  nl  llir 
Mississi|i]pi,  pp.  'Jll-;iT. 

'■'  Till'  war  lupin  iis  early  ns  l(l.")(i, 
nnil  liy  l(i(!T  tin'  lllimiis  iiail  Iwcn 
(Irivi'ii  wi'st  iiftlii'  Missisfippi  :  Tail- 
jiiin's  I'rrrnt.  p  'ii\. 

'  Disiiivrry  of  tin-  Mississippi,  pp 
W-ritt :  'i'lirvi'iiot's  Voyu,i;-i'n  v{  !)<'■- 
cinistTlis,  pp. '-b— 4'i. 


^  Tiny  lift  Akansia  (ralliil  .\kam- 
Hi'ii  in  Thi'Viiint.  |).  4(11,  .Inly  17  : 
Pisi'  111' till'  Mississippi,  p   ."ill. 

'  Dlsriivrry  of  tin'  .Mississippi,  p. 
.11):  Tlnvi'iiot.  Voyn'.'i's  It  Ilrronvir- 
ti'H.  p.  I'J.  On  tliiw  riviT  in'  foiinil 
till-  KaKkaskias,  iiiis|iriiiti'il  Kiiilka 
in  Tlii'viniit. 

"  Mari|in'tti'  ilms  not  nii'iition 
('liii'iijron,  luit  Bays  tliat  tlii-y  liotli 
])riH'>  rdi'il  to  (iri'i'ii  Hay,  wlicnri' 
tliry  liail  startril  in  .liini' 

'  .lolliit  rinilil  not  rxp.it  to  finil 
Talnii.aslii'linil  siiilrd  Ipi'fori'.lollii't'B 
appniiiiiinnt.  .\s  to  ITis  rilnrn,  sco 
I''iontrniii''s  Dispatrli.  Nov.,  HIT  I, 
N.  V  Col.  Doc.  ix,,  p.  Vi\.  Di'  la 
I'lillniic.  ill  liis  lirii'f  allusinn  to 
JuUii't's  vi)yu(,'c  ^vol.  ii.  pi>.  UJO-l), 


,■1 


I 


„i.' 

f 


182 


IIISTOUV   OK    NKW    FKANCE. 


1672-3.       'I'll,.  iiiiHsiiiiKirv  WHS  viTV  w»H  rccoivcd   l>y   tlm  (liciit 
'^^r'^"  ("liicf  (if  llif  Mi;iiiiis,     He  took  up  liis  ulxxlo  in  tin' fliirf 
town  (if  tlM'sc  Iiiili.'ins,  iiiid  Hpciit  tli<>  liiHt  ycat-H  of  his  lifu 
DiKcriMl  >ii  ill   iiiiiioiiiii'in^    JcsiiK    Clnist    tn    tlnin.'       TIki   prccciliii^ 
(M.iiiiirv '.)'  yi'iir  I'lttlii'iM  Alldiii'/  and  DalilMU  limlwitli  ^Tcivt  tdil  trav- 
"mil    "   oiscd    nil    tlif   cuiiiitiy   sdiilh   (if    llic   j^rcat    Imy,  witinnit 
""""'""•  it'iipin^'  iiiiicli  fruit  uf  llicir  liiliors.     While  asciMidin^  FnX 
llivcr   llicy  pfiri'ivfd  on   tlic  cd;;!'  of  oiu-  of  tlioHc  iNpids, 
wliiili   iUf,  as   we   liavc  niiiarkt d,  viiy    fr  ipidit  oil    fliis 
liver,  a  kind  of  idol  (piilc  :udily  niadt.aiid  sccinin;,'  ratlicr 
one  of  tlioHc  capiicos  uf  iiaturo,  wlioro  nioii  tliiiik  tlicy  can 
trace  some  resoulilaiice  to  works  of  art.     It  was  a  rock, 
tile  suiiiiiiit  iif  \\liicli  seemed  at   a  distance  a  iiimu's  head. 
This  the   Indians  had  taken  as  tlie  tutelary  j,'od  of  their 
country      They  fre(pieiitly  daulied  it  with  all  sorts  of  col- 
ors, and  never  passed  mar  without  olVeriiif;   it   toliacco, 
arrows,   or  the    like.     Tho   missionaries,  to   convince  the 
heathen  of  the  impotence  of  their  pretended  deity,  threw 


IiiIIh  iiilo  an  iiln'iird  crrnr.  timkin^' 
liiin  riiiirn  li.v  tlir  Si..I(imi'|.1i.  '  wlicri' 
Mr.  (li-  In  Sail-  liail  Imtjuii  an  Cftali- 
liNliniint.  " 

'  CliarliVdix  Im'H'. mill  in  Iii^.lnur- 
nal.  i>|i.  ol:l-(.  liillownl  (i|i|iari'ii!ly 
Hiiinr  vii^'Mc  irairniiin.  I|i'  iIih'k  imt 
Hi'i'lii  t<i  iiavr  I'lin.-iilti'd  (III'  arcliivi'H 
ol'  Ilia  order  at  yuilMr,  I'urix.  or 
Konic,  Till-  inanuH<'ri|itM  Iiihi  piili- 
IIhIhmI  In  my  |)i»ruvi'ry  aiil  l^iiplora- 
tiiiii  ol  till'  .\liM*i---i|ili|  Vallry.  jrivc 
.Miiri|iirtH''s  lll'i'  lully.  Jollii't  jcfl 
liiiii  III  (iri'in  Hay.  wlnic  In-  \\x\» 
HiMin  )iro>lralrd  with  dix'ii^iv  Ilav 
iii^'  |iriiniinri|  iliu  Ka^kaskias  to  rr 
turn  und  U'L'in  11  mishlon  unions 
tlii'iii  on  till'  head  wntcm  of  lli.'  I'li- 
iiiii^.  Ill-  wrotr  to  ijiii'lii  T  lor  p  riiiiM 
Hion.  and  OcIoIht  'J."!.  \{'u\.  lie  «(>t  ini;, 
crosMinu'  till'  |Hriinsiilii  to  l.iiUr  Mirlii- 
pin.  Hi-<  lirMJlli  liiili'd,  anil  "ii 
rracliiiii:  Cliiiii^'i'.  lliriiiilii-r  I.  In' 
liad  III  htoji  and  »  iiili-r  ihrri-.    In  tin 


hprinfr,  rrcoviTin:;  HJiclitly.  lie  ad- 
vaiW'-d  and  rtiuln-d  tlir  Ka«kasUiaf<, 
April  H.  .M'tiT  !ayiiit.'lli''f"iiii'lalioii 
ol'  a  mission  lii-  nidravoii'd  to  rracli 
.Markiiiai'  liy  way  of  Si.  .losipli's 
IfiviT  and  tlir  ciiHlrrn  slioi'r  of  l.iiko 
.Mlrljiiriin :  Iml  dralli  catiii'  ra|iidly 
on.  and  In'  .van  taken  nHJiori'  liy  IiIm 
two  Imatmi'ii,  near  llie  river  lliat 
iH'arx  Ills  name,  nnd  lliere  died, 
May  IS,  lilT.";.  Two  yeaii<  later  Hoine 
Oitawas  tiNik  igi  Ills  liones  and  eon 
VI  veil  tliiiii  to  .Mai'liiiiae  :  I>iM'(.iveiy 
and  i'°\  plural  ion  ol  the  .Mississippi 
Valley,  pp.  Ixvi.-lxxlii  ,  ."i;!-U(! ;  lie- 
lalioiiH  Iie'diteH,  ii.,  p.  ',".10  ;  .Mar- 
iptetteV  hlHl  letter,  ill.,  p.  •.'57  ;  llo- 
lations  Ini'dites,  ii  p.  ;117:  Heeit  de« 
Voyaires  .111  IVro  Miiripielte.  pp.  !lll- 
li'iK  :  IJeJatioii  de  la  Noiivelle  I'raiici  , 
lli::;-'.>,  |ip.  !l!l  I'-MI.  See  as  to  Mai- 
(pielte,  also.  Spink's  Mle,  l.iliiaiy 
.Viiieriinn  liio(,'rapliy,  Serien  I.,  vol. 


1 

I, 


IIISTOIIV    OK    NKW    rilANCR. 


188 


flic  roclv  into  tlu'  u, iter,  and  tlu'io'wiiH  notliiiig  pvor  «nicl  of  i'>72-.1. 
if  iifli  I-.'  — ^r— 

Wlirii  tlit'Ho  riijiiilH  ari'  ]iass((l,  you  ciilcr  a  line  livcr, 
wliicli  caliiilv  rolls  its  waters  tlir<>ii;,'li  a  clianuiiij,' fruiiitry. 
Till'  cliiiiatc  is  very  iiiilii,  tin-  forcHts  lUf  divt'isifiid  with 
n^'ricaliji'  luaii'lis,  and  wild  animals  of  all  kinds  arc  funnd 
tinic  in  llunisands,  and  tspcciallv  tliosc  lllinniH  oxi  n  lliat 
Ileal  wool.'  Hcvcrul  Hiuidl  rivers  mipfv  into  Fox  Kivcr  and 
Uic  iMivi'icd  with  wild  lici',  wliirli  dinin;,'  the  antiinin  at- 
tracts a  ]irodi;,'ious  (|nantity  <if  f^'aiMc.  'I'lic  vines  with 
which  tin' woods  arc  studded  produced  without  cnllixa- 
tion  <|iiitc  larp«  laiuchcH;  jtlunis,  apph  s,  and  other  fruit, 
filthou;;h  wild,  arc  not  disaj,'reealile  to  the  taste,  ami  would 
lie  excellent  Were  theV  cultivated. 

Striking,'  southward  you  enter  the  country  of  the  !\Ias- 
coutins,  set  down  on  somo  of  our  iua))s  under  the  name  of 
TciTo  dt)  Feu,  /,"//(/  <y'  l-"ni  .  The  iMascou''vs  are  also 
ralletl  hy  somo  j^'eo^^'ia pliers  the  Fire  Nation.  An  error 
liascd  on  an  e(piiviicid  term  f^ave  I'isc  to  tliis  th'noniination. 
lyrascontcnec,  which  is  the  true  name  of  this  country  and  of 
the  |)eo])le  who  inhaliit  it,  sij^'iiitics  an  ojien  counlry,  and 
in  fiift,  forcst.s  are  more  ran*  tiicre  than  in  all  the  rest  of 
Canada.  The  routeouataniis  say  ]\rascoiitiiis,  and  it  is 
from  them  that  we  have  taken  the  n;niie.  Now  it  is  aver- 
red that  some  Fremdinien  inivin},'  he.iid  Indians  who  called 
fire  liy  a  term  closidy  reseinltliii}^  that  of  Mascoiiteiiec, 
inia'^ined  it  to  la*  the  name  of  the  trilie,  ami  ciilled  it  tho 


u 


» 


% 


'  Thin  inci<k'nl  lonfrprfcciU'il  Miir  kiuii.  mid   lliini^ra  in  li'm  iliciioimry 

quittr's  voviifT''-     Sic  lii'latiuM  ilr  111  (,'ivix  I'ijiki   iih   llic  ()tclii|p\vi'  term. 

N.  K,  KiTl,  p.  II.     I''(ir  a  Hkilrh  III  It     \x     Hi-kI     (IrMiilii  iI     in    Itilatiiia 

Alliiiiiz.  hiT  Diwoviiv  mill  l'x|iliini  ili'  la   Nmivi'llr   Kniiiri',  t(lii;l.  p.  lit. 

tiiiii  111'  till'  .Missi>sippi.   p.  (17.  imlr.  Nniii'   ol'   tin-    pri'vimis    .lisiiit    iiiiM- 

A   :.('rniiil    Hiniilar   iiiol   was  lliiown  Hiimniirs  liiul  (jinciiln  i|  it,  so  tlial  it 

(liiwn  in  11172  :  Krliitiuii  ili'  lit  N.  K.,  wn;'  appmriilly  tint  sicn  tlini  in  tin' 

1()72--!,  p.  '«(l''.  Sii>i ra    ciiiintiy.   nr  mi    tin'    ^rfrat 

''  Tilt'  liiwiii  is  rall<"it  liy  .Mlmii'/.  lakci. 
(Hrlatimi  ill' In  \.  K..  lliTl.  |i.  ihiiiiil  '   Ziziinia    nipiatiin;     Mari|iii'tti', 

liy    Maninrlti'  (Iti'iit    ilrs    Vnya^ri'H,  IVisrnv   ami  l''.\|il(iratiiiii  nl   llii'  .Miw- 

Ji.  'M;  Uiw.  of  the  Miss.,  p.  1N|.  pi>i  ^.i^sippi.  p.  II. 


'il.    • 


.  I 


\ln 


Ifil 


fllSTOHV  or  NKW  FRANCF. 


r 


li 


1671-v    Fin<   Niilioii,'     Iliiw  iniiiiy  innpoi'  iiiuiich  Imvc   (iii^;iimllv 
lirtttr  fiiiiiiilitin.i !     Till'   KifiiiMiiiH  mi'   iici;,'liliiirH  «»f 
till'  MascniitiiiH,  iiikI  till'  two  t I'll )0H  have  al\vtiyHii|i|mi'«>iitly 


M'l'll    (III 


iti'il  ill  ititrrc.^t. 


till'  two 

MioMlolltl- 

rli".  Ii>  till 
MnnO'iiitiiiK, 


Kwepiiniior  Aiiinii^,'  till'  Masi'outiiiH  FittliiTH  Allouc^t  ami  Daliloii  met 
Ti'tiiii'iioua  willi  tliii'i'  tliiiiisainl  Miatnis'  ami  tlii-v  li'iuiii'd 
that  fiar  <>f  tin-  li'i)i|iiois  iiml  nf  tlir  Siniix  juiil  iiiiitcil  all 
tlicM'  IiiiliaiiH  to^'i'tinr.  'I'lirv  wi'ii-  icrivi'il  willi  ;;i('at 
marks  of  fiii'iiiNlii|i,  ami  aiimiuiici'il  Jrsits  Clirist.  Hut  all 
tho  fniil  of  tlii'ir  |iri'ai-hiii^,'  was  that  tlirmi  Havaj^i's,  iiiialilo 
to  concrivt'  that  im-ii  who  Kpoki'  ho  will  wi'ii'  imii'ly 
ordinal  V  mortals,  a]>|'!i<  il  to  tlu'iii  as  ^riiii,  to  olttaiii  tlin 
riirc  of  till'  silk  ami  otlur  I'avorH,  whiih  tlu'y  usually  I'.sk 
of  their  guils. 

Tlii'V  wi-rc  iiivitoil  oih>  day  to  a  fi-ast,  tlu<  prr]mrntion 
for  wliii'li  li'd  thi'iii  to  su|i|iosi'  a  war-frast.  It  was  prr- 
jiaii'd  ill  a  viiy  vast  raliiii,  win n-  a  kind  of  tropliy  had 
liciii  rrcrti'd,  loadrd  witii  Imus,  arrows,  ami  a  kind  of 
liattlr-a\i'  madi'  of  wry  hard  stont'.     KataMi's,  consistini^ 


lOWCVl 


r  nidv  i>f  Indian  iiiral,  had  hnn  addrd  with  toll 


and  till'  iii>{rmiii'nts  used  to  rousr  tliciiisilvi's  to  action, 
that  is  to  say,  tin'  rliii'liii-oui')  and  drum.  As  soon  as  the 
missionarirs  had  takrn  tlit'ir  placi's,  a  jj^rcat  jilattrr  of  In- 
dian rorii  lioilcd  in  luill'alo  j^rrasi',  was  liron;,dit  to  tliciii, 
and  till-  master  of  tlu'  liamiin't,  on  ])r('si'ntiii.L,'  this  dish  to 
thrill,  paid  thrill  a  lon^' i'om])limt'nt,  tlu-  siil)staiiri«  of  which 

'  'I'lii'  Mnwimiind  u.n'  Htvliil  liv     »(  11  liw  liMlcrM  will  inriiii  lin'.  tin' 
till'  lliirniiK,  .\HHi-tii,rniiiiiii.    whicli    i-rnir  iinm'.     lii'riipi  in  Ii'im  Olclil|>^ 


rrrtiiiiilv  111 


caiiH  I'"irc  Niilion.     'I'ln'     wc  |rn'iiiiiiiirv  ''ivin   h'iri',  Islikoti 


i|iirst|ciii   IN  alii'tlii'r  the  lliiriin  in.     I'riiirii-,   iiiuHlilinilr,      For  iiii  ihsiiv 
lir|iril( Tf  wiTi'  (liiiiviMl,  mill  ih'MT     mi   tin'   trilii',  we   Ili^tiirv  iind  Cim- 


iliMiivciicl  ilitir  i-rmr. 


jriMii 


•II 


\r  liallli'  IS 


ditii 


if  the  Imruiii   Ti'iliiH,   iv.,   p. 


MiisooiiliiiH   «( 


iiicilmMv 


liv  Siii.'iiril.nihi'iiiiilii  <  'hiiikIh. 
I'.  '.Mll.r|iiiiii|<liiiii  til  it  lull.  Ill:  I'.'.  11111)1: 
Hrliiiimi.  \<'i'-i''.  p.  1 1  ;  I'i  10.  pp.  ;!.">.  nt  lust  ciiiitoiiiid.ilwiihilif  KikupDnM. 
(IS;  1(141,  i>.  •"(!!,  I'tc.  I)iilil<m  lirht  'Tin:  Miiiinis  iiiul  .Miiwnutiii.-i  |i>- 
ill   lii'latiiin.  KiTt,  p.  4."(,  iniitH  lliin    p-tlii-r  iiimli'  ii]>  o.OdO  :    Hi'latioii  ilo 


iTrnr.  iiii'l   ^avH;  tliiit  ^lasUnii-     In    N'liivilli'    Kin 


10:1. 


1' 


■1.1 


inrli    hiiriiilii' 


laiiij    I'I' iii'i'il    III'     l-'atlirr  Dublou  <l<)rt«  tint  nuiiii' Tciiu- 


tniH,  lull  a."  till'  wnril  liy  tin-  rliaiigf     tliiiu 


-1 


irrHTf»ll\    OK    NKW    FHANCK 


186 


wiiH  tliat  tlicy  liml  ii  cnul  w.ir  to  Huslaiii  nf,'iiiiiMt  tlic  Sioiix  ;    tf'T^-h 
tliiit  tlioy  w«>fo  1)11  till)  |)i>iiil  (if  ..niiliii),'  ii;,'aiiiHt  tjiiit  iiiitiiin    -"^f"' 
n  )mrt\  of  Ihtir  yuiiiij,'  iinii.  aihl  tliiit  liny  l»t'Hj,'((l  tliriii  to 
^raiit  lliciii  vil'tory  over  tliiir  foes. 

Tlir  Fatliorw  rojilicd  tliiit  tln'y  worn  only  iiiiiiiHtorH  mid 
MorvHiitH  of  IFiiii,  on  wlioiii  alono  victory  (Ii'|itiiiltil,  and  to 
wlioiii   tlicv  iimsf  aiMit^s  tliiir  vows;    tliat    llr   was  tin* 


Cnatiir  ami  (iod  of  IfcaviMi  ainl  Kailli,  tliat  lit' 


was  ivt-rv 


wliiic,  tliat  III' had  always  Ih'cii,  and  tliat  lu'  would  imvit 
crasi' to  lie,  that  his  powor  had  no  lioiinds,  iind  that  hi'. 
f;oo(liicss  ('(|iiall<'d  his  power.'  TIh'sc  words  ;,'avi'  >,'rrat 
l)l(astiin  to  all  present,  and  Father  Daliloii,  in  his  letter 
deseriliiiif^  the  details  of  his  voya^,'e,  re;,'rets  deeply  his  in- 
nhility  to  make  a  loii^,'er  stay  anionj<  theso  people  ;  Init  h(> 
was  I'eeidled  to  (}iiel)ee,  and  Fatht'r  .MlovuiZ  proeeeded  to 
the  FoNes  Oiita.L'aiiiis). 

Ife  did  not  expect  a  ROod  reception,  nn  hoiuo  of  these 
Indians  had  heeii  ill-trentiMl  hy  Frenclmien  at  INfontreal,' 
and  the  whole  trihe  had  vowed  vcn^'taiice.  The  Foxes 
were  estimated  at  ne;nly  one  thousand  families.  The  AFi- 
aniis  and  ^raseontins  resorted  to  every  expedient  to  dis- 
suade the  missionary  from  dcliverinj^  himself  alone  to  the 
fury  of  ft  ])rovoked  triho,  which,  moreover,  had  never  ap- 
]»eared  well  disposed  to  hearken  to  the  tidin^'s  of  f'hristian- 
ity;  lait  nothing' could  induce  him  to  ch.an^'e  his  desi^Mi, 
and  God  hiessed  his  (•(mraf,'G.  Fie  preaciied  Jesus  Christ 
to  the  Foxes,  who  admired  his  r<>soIution  and  his  ])atieiu'o 
and  •^'raduidly  adopted  humane  ideas  towards  him.  Tie 
liaptizeil  the  dyin;,',  and  i's])eci;dly  the  {•hildreii  ;  many 
oven  on  his  departure  he^^'f^ed  him  to  return  to  see  them, 
and  assured  him  th.at  if  he  would  t.ike  up  his  ahodo 
with  them,  he  would  find  a  cahin  and  a  chapel  already 
ore<'te(h'' 

Father  Manpiotte,  on  his  part,  labored  '  uite  usefully 


..C  Kiitlii-r 

Alloii../ 

mil "iiif  tlio 


;'M 


-1 


'  Wcliitiiin  lie  1ft  N.  1''..  Hill,  p.  10.  Uriailnii  dc  hi  NouvuUf  l-"ruaci\ 

'  ll>..  pp.  .H)-")0.  1(171.  p  .^O. 


'  f 
i 


I,'' 


/ 
I. » 


186 


llISTOIiV   OV  NKW    KHANl'K. 


if)72-;.    jiiiioiif^   tin-    Miiiiiiis  of  (Miii'.ii^oii.      lie  rciiKiiiifd  there"  (ill 

^"^  « ~^    1()T."),  wlu'M  he  left  it  ti)  iiroct'cil  to   Micliilliiii.ikiii.u' ;    Imt 

D.aiii  ..r   1k'  ilit'il  on   till'  way,  us   1  liuvo  ruliito'l  in   my  jomii.il.' 

Muf.iiiutto.  FatluT  Alloiu'/  wi'ut  soon  aftt'i'  to  take  his  plai'i'  among 

tho  Mianiis,'  (|uite  a  (.'onsidc'raliK"  numln'r  of  whom  he  hail 

the  t'ousolation  of  couvi'i'tiii.i^.     This   tiiUo,  who  aii>  sup- 

jiosi'il  to  have  th<'  sanii'  orii^in  as  tho  Iilin>)is,  is  of  quit(>  a 

gi'ntlo  ilis|)osition,  ami  hail   not   tlu-i)-  missionaiii's  becii 

travcrsi'il  liy  tho  vory  men  who  slmulil   have  upheld  tlunn 

in  their  apostolie   la'.iors.  tin  iv'  is  every   appearuneo  that 

this  whole  trilie  would  now  lie  Christian. 

Thi>  eourt  always  seemed  to  he  very  earnest  about  tho 
settlement  of  Aeadia;  but  it  was  ill  supj-orted  by  the  indi- 
viduals whom  it  had  interested  in  this  enterjirise,  and  who 
would  not  understand  tliat  by  faithfully  administeriniif  tho 
kin,i,'"s  alVairs  tiiey  wo-.;ld  l;,'oor  usefully  for  tin  niselves  ; 
they  did  not  even  take  t!  e  preeaution  to  build  a  single  fort 
there,  believing  themsi'lves  suDieiently  sheltered  by  that  of 
reiitagoi't,  where  the  Chevalier  de  (hand  Fontaine"  resided, 
and  by  that  of  Saint  John's  l\i\"r,  whero  Mr.  do  Marson* 
commanded  in  the  name  of  that  governor. 


Ai'iiiliaii 
ull'iiir». 


'  Sec  lliis  |iiit'li('iil  liut  incdiTi'i'' 
iici'ount  n  I'hiirli'Vdix's .lipurnul.  pp. 
;ti;i— i.  For  till'  niil  liu'I",  wi'  iiiiti', 
p.  Is-,',  note  1.  KailiiT  .Miiii|iirlli' 
loiiiHicit  the  Illinois  iiiissim;  iit  Kiitt- 
kiixkin.  p.iit  II  .Miami  ini.-<sioii  :  1)18 
(■"Very  and  Kxplonuion  ••(  tlu"  .Mis 
sis>ippi  Valli'v.  p.  :>:!  ;  IJi'l..  l(;T:l-!r 

'•' .MIiMU'Z,  iiTi  till'  (Icaili  (if  Mar 
ipii'lli',  piiicccdi'il  totlii'  KiiskasUias, 
ill  Oi'iiiliiT.  IfiTti,  mill  rcinaincil  cun- 
liirU'il  with  ii  till  lllTil  :  Pise,  iiiid 
Expl.  Ill'  til.'  Mis.sissippi,  pp.  (1(^77  ; 
Hclation  il..  la  N.  I'".,  1(iT:MI,  pp. 
12l-l:!l.  Ill'  ivtiiv.1  on  til.'  ap. 
priMii'li  111'  I.a  Sallr.  w\ut  was  jrriatly 
i)p)iiisiil  til  liiii.,  lint  iituniiil  afiain 
in  KiSI,  anil  «as  tlnri'  apparently 
in  l(is;  ami  'SH.  lli'  dinl  In  tlii' 
Wi'st.  apparrntly  ulK)ut  .Viitr.,  KI'.UI, 


III'  liiloiifrrd  ti)  till'  prnvini'i'  of 
'I'liiilousi'.  anil  caliii'  to  Aiiii'rii'a, 
.Inly  II.  |ll"iS. 

■  lliiiiri'i  ir.iiiilifrny  ill'  tiramlfiii!- 
laiiii',  p'.''ni|iiiiiii;.,irv  at  Unstmi  in 
KiTii. 

*  I'iirri'  do  .loylicrt,  Sii/nmr  do 
Siiiilaii<ri's  I't  ill'  Mar.soii.  in  I'liaiii. 
paiiiii',  siili  liruli'iiant  of  a  i-nnipaiiy 
of  inl'antiy  in  tlii'  rririnirnt  nf  I'nitmi 
(Piiniil,  fill'  I'ligi'  ill'  Nntri'  Histoiro, 
p.'Jii:!).  Husciiniinissicni'd  .\iif;iist  14, 
1(17(1,  to  taUr  |Kissrssiiin  of  I'ort 
li'iyal  and  Fori  St.  .lolin  :  N.  Y  I'lil, 
l>in'.,  ix,.  p.  :!7'l ;  I'anailii  DornP'riits, 
I.,  iv.,  p.  '>M.  Ill'  ri'i'iivi'd  iiossctf. 
simi,  .\n};ilsl  •,>7,  l(i;0.  Sn'  ('liaili". 
viiix's  .limriial,  p.  :W'i.  tor  an  iiiii'i'- 
doti' as  to  Iiiiu  .  t'aiiaila  l>iK'iiiiirnls, 
II.,  ii.,  p.  220.    lie  dii'd,  accimling  to 


IllSTOHV   OF   NKW    FKANCR 


187 


ISfr.  Talnn,  oil   nskiiiLC  nf  (lie  kiiijj;  to  lie  liiially  ivliowd,     i''>7.?-4- 
liiul  |)roiiiisi'il  ^Fr.  Collicrt  to  liikc  Aciidia  on  tlic  way,  luiil  ■       ' 

to  visit  that  |iroviiii'(\  Hi-  rccciwd  a  favoralilc  i'(>|)ly,  ami 
till'  minister,  on  si'iidin,!^  liim  tli(>  royal  pci'inission  to  I'O- 
tnrii  to  I'rancc,  iiitiiiiati'il  to  him,  in  I'.is  Icttor  of  Jun(>  Itli, 
l(!'r2,  tliat  lie  would  conftM'  a  favor  on  liim,  by  starting  as 
la'i'  as  |i(issili](',  and  IfaviiiL,'  c^vcry  tlii:i,L;  in  Now  Franct"  in 
^•ood  order;  to  wliicli  lie  add('<l  that  tho  kin<j;  stronj^ly 
approved  his  desi^'ii  of  coniin,^  honit>  hy  way  of  Ai'adia. 
I'esides  the  reasons  whi'.'h  had  induced  tho  inteiidant  to 
]iropose  this  voyaye,  a  still  laoro  iinj)ortaut  ono  hail 
arisoii.' 

Sir  (Thomas)  TiMiiplo  had  declared  to  :\rr.  Colhort  that 
he  wished  to  ri>tiri!  to  the  French  t(>rritorv.  ^[r.  Talon 
had  orders  to  treat  with  him,  and  to  assure  him  that  his 
most  (."hristian  majesty  ;^rantcd  him  leth'i's  of  naturaliza- 
tion, and  would  liesfow  still  greater  favors.  Acadia,  it 
was  expected,  would  dcrivo  }j;reat  advanta<j;es  from  this 
negotiation  ;  hut  it  led  to  uotiiinjj;,  nor  can  I  discover  what 
defeated  it."  Tlui  next  year  Mr.  do  C'hambly  succoodeil 
(he  ("hevaliiM-  de  Clrand  iMintaiiie  at  P(>ntajj;oet,'  and  ho 
had  lieeu  at  that  fort  at  the  most  a  year,  when,  on  tho 
loth  of  Auj^u.st,  1()71,  an  Englishman,  who  had  boou  for 


Mr.  nmiii'l,  ln'fnii'  Ki'.ll ,  as lii«  widow, 
r\Iiiry  KnniiisClmsiiiT  ilc  I,iitliinic'r'', 
in  llmt  viiir  iibiiiincil  iiu  cxlcnsii  n 
ol'liis  Aciidiim  iinints.  'I'licii' (1iuii;'li 
tiT.  I.niiisi'  Kli/alii'lli,  ill  lll'.IO.  iiiai-- 
rii'd  till'  Miiniuis  dc  Vmulrciiil.  and 
was  siiiiiiiiimi'd  Id  l'"raiin'  to  diii'd 
tlu>  idiicatioii  of  tlic  iirinccs  of  ilic 
Mood.  Till'  .loylii'iis  vert'  .xi'ii; 
nriirs  d'.\ulniiy,  Sonlaimi's,  clc,  in 
('liainii!iLriii',  and  wi'Vr,  iH'i-liaps,  con 
noc-lrd  Willi  till'  rarlv  il'Anlna;  . 

'  ("ollii'i-t  to  TaloM,  Ipiio  1,  1(!7'.'. 
'I'lic  part  rclatinir  to  'I'nniili'  is 
oinitti'd  in  N.  \ .  Col.  Ooiiinii'iits,  i\., 
!>.  S'.l. 

'  Sir  'I'lioiiniH  'IVaniilo,  ullor  being 


conijK'lli'cl  to  yield  up  to  Fniiicc  tlin 
roiintry  iVoin  tin'  liivcr  Miisconjjiis, 
in  .Maim,  to  ('a|H'  Urcloii,  went  to 
lMii;land  to  olitain  the  indrinnity  of 
t'lf!,-(ll)  pi-oniiscd  liiin.  and  died 
lla'ii'  ill  IliTI,  drvisiiii,'-  liis  intcri'st 
to  his  iifpliow.  Win.  N'rlson  :  N.  Y. 
I'll).  l)oi'..  i\..  p.  75;  Iliitclunsim'n 
MassarliMsrtts,  i.,  'i'.il't  ;  Ilalilnirton'H 
Nova  Sidtia,  i..  pp.  IM-Il."),  W'illiani- 
son'r^  Maine,  i..  p.  I'.'S. 

•  Ordi-e  dii  foi  purlani  eoinnii>sien 
an  Sii'ur  de  C'lainhiy.  .May  ."i,  I'ir:!: 
Canada  line..  Ill  ,  i  ,p.  |',>.  'let  (iiniid- 
I'ontaine  si'enis  to  liave  liei  n  lliero 
laier:  Canada  Doeuiiien's,  II.,  ii., 
p.  loll. 


A 


I' 


188 


HISTORY  OF  NEW   FRANCE. 


U 


1673-4.   ff"r  iliiJ'H  ill  tlio  place  in  disguise,  attacked  it  with  the 
'^•'•^r~-~-'  crow  of  a  Flemish  ph'ato. ' 

The  KiigUOi      This  adventurer  had  one  hundi'ed  and  te)>  men,  and  Mr. 

I'enTuBuut    ^.o  Chambly  had  only  thirty  ;   moreover,  Peuta,'^oet  wan 

1'!rt  01"     1"*^  ill  "■  «t''iti!  of  defence,  and  tlio  governor  was  suri)rised, 

^'i{h"c'r" "  hecause  the  two  crowns  were  at  peace.     He  nevertheless 

defended  liiniself  with  great  courage,  but  after  an  liour's 

fight,  he  received  a  musket-ball  through  the  body,  which 

forcctl  him  to  retire.     Tlien  his  t'lisign  and  all  his  people, 

who  were  badly  armed  and  more  badly  minded  surrendered 

at  discretion." 

The  enemy  immediately  sent  a  detachment  to  Fort  Ge- 
mesio  on  St.  John's  lliver  to  cany  oil'  Mr.  de  Marson  wlio 
commanded  tiiere.  This  was  effected  without  resistance. 
Thus  the  whole  of  Acadia,  of  which  these  two  forts  con- 
stituted the  whole  defence,  was  left  exposed  to  the  incur- 
sions of  the  English.  The  auth<n-  of  this  act  of  hostility 
had  no  commission  and  was  disavowed.  It  was  ascer- 
tained, howc  ver,  that  he  had  received  an  English  pik)t  ivt 
Boston,  and  they  were  informed  thai  the  Boston  |)eople 
would  only  with  great  impatience  permit  the  French  to 
remain  possessed  of  Pentagoiit  and  Fort  St.  John.'' 


,  I 


'  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  lip.  Ili), 
703;  Cnnndn  nocuincnts,  II.,  ii.,  ]>. 
94.  The  Knulislmiuii  lure  rd'c  rrcil 
to  is  cvidriitlv  .Iiiliii  i;li(iiiilc,  1111(1  the 
Dutch  vis.-;fl,  "  'I'lio  l'"lyil\;r  Iloi'sf,"  :( 
friiratr  t'miu  ('iirmoa,  Ciqit.  Jiii'rln''ii 
AiTiioiiis,  ac'tiii!,'  iiiuk>r  11  ('(iiiiiiiis- 
Bioii  (if  the  Prince  of  Oi'ann;c.  Tiic 
Dutch  Cdiisidci'cd  this  a  ciMKiui'st, 
mill  on  the  t!Ttii  Octohor,  1(17(1.  tho 
Wc'.-^t  India  ('oinpanyaiUHii'ti'd  Cor- 
nelius Steenwvcli  iroveiiiiir  (if  IS'ova 
Scotia  and  Acadia  ;  haviiij;  |iitv1o'ih- 
ly  trranted  Kliomle  aia|ile  tnuling 
I'lu-eif*:  De  reystir,  lUitih  a!  the 
North  Dole  and  in  Main'',  ])]).  i,!-0. 
Hutchinson  (llist.  Mass.ichusetts,  i., 
II. ','SO;  Collection',  ]i.  KM)  mill  Wil- 
liamson (History  ol  Maine,  1.,  p.  .jM)) 


seem  to  make  two  cnptures  of  Po- 
noliscot  in  KiTl  and  KiTO  ;  but  there 
was  apjiarently  but  one.  See,  also, 
N.  Y,  Col.  Doc,  iv.,  -ITt).  The  treaty 
of  Nimefiueii  ill  KPT  would  coiilinn 
the  Dutch  title,  but  the  claim  seems 
to  have  been  abandoned.  TIiohkIi 
lliitchiiison  (i..  ]i.  ^Sll)says  that  New 
KiiLiland  vessels  drove  otl'the  Dutch. 

-  I'Vontenao's  Dispatch,  November 
II,  l(i7»:  Canada  Doc,  II.,  ii.,  p.  !M  ; 
N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  ix,  p.  11!). 

'  N.  V.  Col.  Doc,  ix..  pp.  IW.  7!i;!; 
Canada  Doc,  II.,  ii,,  ii. '.iJS.  Marsou 
sun-eii'lrrei',  An^Mist  T,  Hirt. 

On  the  :',lith  of  .\|iril.  KiT'.'.  alter  ^i, 
!(in;r.  painful,  and  cemiilicated  ill- 
U'ss.diid  .Miither  Mary  of  the  Incar- 
uatioii,  tirsi  superior  of  the  L'rsulina 


I  'i* 


HISTOltY  OK   Ni:\V   FRANCE. 


189 


Hiul  Now  Fraiiei"  Ik'ch  ti'iuii|nil,  those  losses  inif,'lit  liiivo    '673-4. 
boon  r.  .ulily  rciiairtHl,  aiul  now   prcciuitions  adoptoil  to  '  -^^  "- 
nrcvout  tho  i)i()viiic(>s  hoidcrin''  on   Now  Eii-'laml  from  Front.nac's 

'  ...         v'hiIl-iico. 

lu'liiR  left  exposed  to  similar  insults;  but  every  tiling  ui 
the  colony  was  in  eonfusion.  Tlu!  f^'ovevnor-general  had 
fallen  out  witli  the  ecclesiastics  and  missionaries,  and  was 
soon  on  ill  terms  with  Mr.  du  Chesneau,  Talon's  successor. 
The  .Vbbc  do  Sah'i^nac  Fenelon  who  belonj^'ed  to  the  sem- 
inary of    St.  Kul])ice,  wa8  put  in  prison  on   tl.e  pretext 


Convi'iit  of  Qui'lii'C.  rcvii'i'il  lis  Ihi' 
St.  TtTi'sji  of  lur  liiii''.  Mary  Hiiv- 
111(1,  lii'itir  known  uiiilir  her  re 
liL'ioiis  luiiMc  <ir  Mary  of  lln'  IiK'iir- 
nation,  was  iiorii  a!  'I'ours,  Octolur 
IS.  l.'.iHI,  licr  fatli.r,  Klofcn(M' Oiiy- 
iinl,  licinn  a  nilk  niiTcrr  of  good 
fnniily,  and  Iht  niothiT  of  the  no- 
lilc  tiimily  of  nnhou  do  hi  Hoiirdai- 
^il■r(■.  Altlioufili  ficlinfr  a  decided 
vocation  lor  tlir  rrlifrioun  htiitr,  slii- 
yielded  to  licr  fatliirV  wishes,  and 
at  till'  njre  of  seventeen  innrrieil  a 
Mr.  Maitiii,  a  silk  nianufactiirer. 
Left  a  widow  two  yearn  after,  sho 
coiitiniied  enjraL'ed  in  tlie  direetion 
ofn  factory  till  her  son  attained  tlie 
nge  (if  twelve,  and  tlnil  entered  the 
I'ri-ulines.  .Innnary  2."i,  1I!!I.  Shi' 
came  to  Canada  in  Id:'!),  and  her 
wholi-  siihse(|iient  cnieer  was  de- 
voted to  the  {rood  iif  the  colmiy. 
•She  liecaine  a  piod  Ilnnm  anil  .\lfron- 
quin  scliolnr,  and  wrote  in  hoth 
lnniriinj;e».  Her  letters  form  a  valii- 
ahle  body  of  contemporary  informa- 
tion. Tier  life  was  written  hy  her 
son,  Hom  ('hiude  Martin,  Paris.  IliTT, 
hy  Father  Charhvoix,  anil  receiiily 
hy  the  Ahlii'  t'ti.-;rraiii.  Qiieliec.  |m;|. 
As  to  her,  see,  also,  Kelations  ile  la 
Nouvclle  France,  ItIT-,  p.  70,  etc.  ; 
I.es  risu'ines  de  Ijuehec  (Quehec, 
IM1:!\   Ante,    vol.    I.,  p.  S2 ;    II.,  \\ 

mi, 

Onlhe|StlM'f.liin.-.1';:;;,M,mtr.  al 
h'hi  MuUuuioitMjUe  Mauco,  wliu  had 


taken  so  active  a  part  in  its  founda- 
tion, and  I  s| ially  in  the  estahlish- 

ment  of  the  IIoti-1  Pieii  or  llos|iital. 
See  F.-iillon,  Vie  lU  Mile  Maniv,  •,' 
vols.,Svo.,  IS  ;  llistoire  de  la  Colo- 
nic Frani;alse,  iii.,  p.  425, 

Here  we  take  leave  of  the  .lesuit 
IJelations  ]iiilili.shed  annually  from 
ICill'J  to  Kii;).  The  puhlication  i« 
asserted  hy  Mr.  Faillon  on  the  credit 
of  some  .Memoirs  of  d'.Met,  ])ul)- 
lishi'd  liy  Arnanld,  to  have  heen 
stoiiped  nt  the  instiiration  of  do 
Courcelle  (Ilistoire  de  la  Colonio 
Frani.aisp,  iii.,  p.  l]\i).  But  when 
wo  see  the  tone  of  Frontenac's  dis- 
imlclies,  and  the  last  chapter  in  the 
first  voluine  of  le  Clercii's  Kta- 
hlissement  de  la  Foi,  a  work  puli- 
lished  under  Frontenac's  eye,  de- 
voted to  turn  the  .lesuits  and  their 
forty  years'  lahor  into  ridicule,  it  is 
far  more  prohalile  that  the  sujipres- 
sion,  if  a  frovernment  work,  came 
from  Frontenac  and  not  from  de 
Courcelle.  For  a  ^'eneral  view  of 
the  lielations,  see  O'Calhiirhan,  .Ie»- 
uit  delations,  X.  \.  Hist  Society 
I'loci  rdinirs.  1s|."i-(i.  .\])]iendis  :  also, 
in  Fniu'li  hy  I'ev.  F  Martin,  Mon- 
treal. ls.-,(l.  The  lielation  for  1(17:; 
and  KImI-!*.  with  some  inteniiedipte 
and  sulisif|uent  ones,  remained  in 
manuscript,  and  have  heen  printed 
partly  hy  me  and  partly  at  Paris, 
.Ml  till  se  Mr.  Faillon  ifrnores  (vol. 
iii,,  ]i.  ul'<2). 


ii 


I: 


i 


190 


HISTOHY  OF  NEW   FRANCE. 


M 


SI 


1673-4.  that  ho  had  prcaohod  a^'ainst  tlie  Oonnt  do  Frontoiiac  and 
that  ho  had  cliciti'd  attostatioiis  from  tlio  iiihaliitaiits  of 
Moutroal  in  favor  of  Mr.  Porrot,  their  govoruor,  Mhom 
Frontenac  had  put  under  arrust.' 

Coniphiint  was  also  ni.Kh)  that  Mr.  do  Frontonac  had 
made  up  tho  council-j^'enoral  of  inon  dovotod  to  him,  and 
thus  riMidcrod  liimsclf  llio  sovoroign  arbiter  of  justice,  and 
kept  tho  whole  colony  under  the  yoke ;'  that  only  serj^eants 
were  to  be  seen  in  the  field  ; '  and  that  for  tho  last  six  or 
seven  months  there  had  V)een  more  litigation  in  Now 
France  than  had  been  seen  for  the  last  si::ty  years.  In  a 
word,  that  tho  country  was  in  oxtremo  confusion,  and  that 
if  this  lasted  much  longer  thoy  might  well  fear  for  tho 
colony.* 

Yet,  it  must  bo  avowed  that  all  tho  vigorous  blows  then 


y 


'  lli'uni'pin,  ill  liis  Noiivrllc  Di' 
C()U%-rrtc,  Kill?,  ]).  11,  Hiiy>  llint  this 
Alilii'  (!<"  F<'iii'lon  was  tlic  ^nuX 
Archbislio])  III'  Camliray.  Tliis  irriir 
was  iIc'Vi'1<i|iim1  I)_v  t JrcinlHiw,  in  a 
papur  read  licl'orc  llio  Niw  York  HIh- 
tnrii-al  Socii-ty  (I'rfM'i'cdinfiH  N.  V. 
Hist.  Soc,  1S44).  Till'  lilf  nl  the 
Canadian  missionary  has  litcn  cliar- 
ly  and  well  drawn  by  tliu  Aliln'  Vcr- 
ri'au  in  a  si  rii'S  of  articlis  in  tin' 
Canadian  .luninal  di'  I'Kduratioii, 
and  liy  Mr.  Faillnn  in  his  Hisioirr 
di'  la  Ciiliinii'  Frani.aisi'.  I'ons  di^ 
Salifrnai',  niar(|iii»  <k'  la  Motliu  Im'- 
ni'lon.  inarriid,  Fi'lirnnry  20,  lll',".l, 
Italii'lli'  d'Ksiiarsis  lie  Liis>an,  danf,'li- 
tiT  (il '^Farshal  d'Anln'ti'rrr,  and  had 
cli'Vi'n  ihildri'n,  annmir  tlnni  Fran- 
cis, till'  Cinadian  iiiis^imiary,  wlin 
was  born  in  liill.  ontind  tlio  Soiiii- 
nary  of  St.  yiilpicc  in  (Jctobi-r,  KIO"), 
and  liavinu;  ri'i'iivi'd  minor  ordi-rs. 
canii'  to  Canada,  .him'  27,  lIlliT.  lie 
was  ordained  prirst,  June  11.  KiliS. 
Tilt'  saini'  yrar  u.s  wo  have  hi'ou  lio 
bi-iran  a  luission  at  (^iiiiitr  \hy.  Ilo 
ulau    luuuduU    uu    ifbtuUibUiui  111   ut 


(imtilly  lor  Indian  rliildri'ii,  to  aid 
which  Frontiiiac  in  KiT^i,  grantiil 
him  throe  small  islands.  In  1()T4 
ho  ]irrachid  the  Faster  sermon  at 
llontreal.and  La  Salle  reported  some 
lias.sae-e.s  to  Frimtenac  as  paintinj^ 
Uiiu  as  a  tyrant.  The  pivernor  went 
to  work  with  a  liiirli  hand,  Feiielon 
claimed  all  his  rij.'lits,  but  was  sent 
back  to  France  and  died  in  1(179. 
See  Faillon,  llistoire  de  la  Coloiiie 
Franc.iiise,  iii .  pji.  171.  IS(I.  Francis 
de  Saliirnac  Fi'nelon,  arclibishop  of 
Cambray,  was  son  of  I'ons  de  Sali- 
gnac  by  his  second  wife.  Louise  de  la 
('ro|ite.  and  was  born.  August  (i.  l(i.51, 
and  was  conseijUenlly  liut  seventeen 
when  his  brother  went  to  (Jiiinte. 

'  .Memoire  de  .Mr.  dTrfe  a  Col- 
bert, cited  by  Faillnn.  iii..  p.  ,');>(!. 
The  king  aicordiiifrly.  .May  10,  l(i7.'), 
appointed  seven  councillors.  Seu 
Fdiisii  Oidonnances,  i..  |ip  m:i_1  ;  ji,^ 
lipi.  I'.'-ii  ;  Canada  Doc.,  ii.,  (is. 

'  y\v.  Faillon  devotes  a  chapter  to 
the  misconduct  of  the  ollicers  at 
Monlival. 

■"  Auti;,  p.  W. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW   FRANCE. 


191 


stnu'k  l)_v  llic  Count  di"  Frnntcnac  wore  not  ivi)n'lu!iisil>l(!  'f^7.?-4- 
iu  fact;  Imt,  even  wlu'ii  ]h<  most  rcasouaMy  oinployed  "^""^^"^ 
severity,  lie  did  so  with  sucli  a  violent  air  and  such  over- 
bearing' nnuiners,  tliat  ho  f,'reatly  diniinishi^d  th(!  oll'enee  of 
llie  {,'nilty  by  rendering'  tlio  oliastisenient  odious.  Tiiis 
often  tlii'ew  liini  and  even  tlie  court  soinetiint^s  into  V(My 
great  eniharrassnients.  He  liad  especially  allowed  him- 
self to  be  biassed  a^'ainst  the  missionaries'  and  it  was  not 
his  fault  that  his  ill-humor  did  not  deprive  the  colony 
of  ono  of  its  stronj^est  barriers. 

De  Conrcolles  and  Talon  had  deemed  it  necessary,  in 
order  to  kee]!  the  Iro(|uois  cantons  in  clu^ck,  to  draw  as 
nnvny  as  possible  of  these  Indians  to  La  T'raiiie  di'  la  ^[a^- 
clohiinc,  where,  as  wishave  seen,  several  had  already  settled." 
This  task  had  been  assij^iuMl  to  Father  Fremin,  who  had 
dischari^'ed  it  successfully;  but  it  was  soon  perceived  that 
the  soil  at  La  Prairie  was  not  suited  to  the  raisin;;  of  the 
crops  that  the  Indians  usually  ]ilant ;"  and  as  scarcity 
bejj;an  to  bo  felt,  the  now  town  was  mouacod  with  gen- 
eral desertion.' 

To  avoid  this  catastrophe  tlie  missioui.ries  asked  tlio 
goveruov  and  iutendant  for  another  site  opposite  Sault 
St.  Lonis.  Count  do  Frontonac  ioturned  uo  answer  to  their 
petition;  but  Mr.  du  Chesm  an,"  who  considered  the  ro- 
nioval  of  the  Indians  inevitable  if  their  roiinest  was  refused, 


1  '■ 


4»    *: 


'  N.  Y.  ("ol.  Doc,  is.,  pp.  m,  !)■!, 
120. 

■'  Ante.  p.  104.  Till"  fircat  luovi"- 
nicnt  fi-diii  till-  Molinwk  wns  miidc 
liy  Kryn  thi>  frrcnt  Mohawk,  a  cliii'f 
of  CaUfrlinawHfra  :  Ki'latinns,  1(1T'.3- 
3,  p.  .I:!.  For  Catliariiir  (i:iiiiiiiik 
ti'iia.  tlic  fDiindri'Ss  cit  tlu'  riiloiiy,  sic 
liilatioiw  lnr<lilcs.  ii.,  p.  L'S  1  ;  IJf 
latiiiii.  KIT:!-!),  p.  Kio  ;  ('luiuchi'lirrc, 
Vii'  (If  la  Ixmiii'  Catliciiiu',  MS.,  Si. 
ValiiT,  Etat  I'r'scnt.  p.  17, 

■'  Hi'lation  dc  la  Nimvi'llc  Fraiii'o, 
l()7;i-!t.  p.  '.Jul  ;  Uc'Iatioiifi  Iiu'ditrs, 
ii.,  p.  Oli. 


*  ititnils  aw  to  the  nrifrin  of  this 
mi.'ision  at  l.a  Pndrii'  arc  irivcn  in 
till'  Ri'lation  di-  In  X.  F.,  HIT'.'-:!,  pp. 
27.  .';:!,  7i):  Hi7:!-il.  pp.  111-:!.  2-".i- 
2.')7  :  Kflatinns  Iiirditr.-j,  ii  .  I'p.  10- 
70;  N  Y.Col.  I)(i<'.lx.,p.  IHi:  CanadR 
I)(M'..  II..  ii..  p.  n\  ;  St.  ValiiT.  i:tal 
I'rr>cnt.  pp.  17-tK'i:  Vifrci".  Sdiivi-- 
niri-s  IIi>tiiri(pii's  siir  la  scii'ii  'iirit' 
di'  la  I'lairii':  Slna.  Catholic  Mis- 
uion.s.  ii|i.  2!)7-:iOS. 

'. lames  niichcsiicnii  was  made  Tn- 
tiiidaiit.  .Iiiiic  .1,  l()7."i.  Sc(^  Com- 
inissioii  in  Kditsi  i.'tOrdoiiuauccH,  ill., 
p.  12. 


.  \ 


192 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FHANCE. 


),^l 


16: 


!| 


Tlio  Dntcli 

niiiuiy  tlio 

Irni|iinU 

inisnion- 


granted  it,  and  tlicy  tuok  jinssossinn.'  It  had,  of  coursp, 
boon  forosocni  that  tli<!  gonoral  would  not  ai)i)r()vo  tliis 
way  of  action  ;  but  tlioy  could  novor  iiuagino  that  ho  would 
cany  his  angor  as  far  as  lui  did ;  on  this  occasion  ho  in- 
deed so  far  for;j;ot  himself  that  oven  his  best  friends  could 
not  justify  him.' 

Tiio  Iroquois  Christians,  nevertheless,  remained  at  Sault 
St.  Louis,  and  the  court,  deeiniii;,'  the  establishment  neces- 
sary, niaintiined  them  there  in  spite  of  the  Count  do 
Frontenac'  What  especially  impelk'd  these  neophytes  to 
forsake  their  own  land,  and  seek  an  asylum  in  the  French 
colony,  was  a  threat  on  the  part  of  tlu;  Dutch  (who  had 
recovi'red  Manhattan  in  1()73,  and  reconciuered  all  New 
York,  which  they  did  not  h)ng  retain),  to  drive  tho  mis- 
sionaries from  the  Mohawk  canton,  if  tlioy  did  not  retire 
of  themselves..  They  acted  thus,  because  they  fi^ai'ed  every 
thing  from  the  Troipiois,  if  that  nation  should  become 
united  to  the  French  by  the  bond  of  religion.' 

There  is  every  ajipearance  that  from  this  time  some  in- 
trigue was  formed  among  these  Indians  to  nniow  tho  war 
against  us ;  for  the  ni>xt  year,  1()7  i, '  Mr.  de  Fronteuac 
informed  Mr.  Colbert,  that  if  the  principal  chiefs  of  tho 
nation  had  not  been  gained  by  his  flatteries  and  presents, 
not  a  single  Frenchman  w(mld  have  been  left  in  Canada." 
lliis  was  going  too  far;  but  it  is  certain  that  the  Dutch 
underhaudedly  stimulated  the  Iroquois  to  take  iip  arms,' 


'  lii'lations  In'ditesi,  ii..  p.  (i(i. 

'  N.  y.  Colonial  Documents,  ix., 
p.  l:iO. 

'  Tilt!  concession  was  conlirnicd 
by  litters  patent  of  the  kinj,'.  May 
2!),  KiSO. 

^Charlevoix  seems  to  have  over- 
looked tile  luanuseiipt  Hilations, 
whicli  must  liiivi'  been  accessible  to 
to  him  at  Quelxc  and  iit  Paris. 
Tliesi'  assi^'ii  no  such  cause.  The 
delm\ii'iiery  pri'valiiit  in  the  eaiituns, 
increase<l  liy  the  free  use  of  liq\ior, 


and  t'specially  the  persecution  of  the 
pai;ans,  made  it  iniperativi'  on  them 
to  remove. 

'  Tlie  Relations  ascrilie  the  hos- 
tile tone  of  the  Iroiiuois  to  tlieir  re- 
Cent  overthrow  of  the  (fandastoijues: 
Relations  Im'dites,  ii.,  pp.  44.  itU. 

"  Fionteiiac  (N.  Y.  Col.  Doc.,  ix., 
l)p.  117,  T'.i:!)  speaks  of  Dutch  in- 
tritrues;  Canada  Documents,  II.,  ii., 
p.  7:i. 

■  N.  Y.  Colonial  Documents,  ix., 
p.  79;}. 


( < 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 

iiiid  tlio  povornor-ponoial  ])iofitntl  by  tlio  inforinivtioii 
ho  received  to  coiiviiieo  tlu!  eonrt  of  tho  necessity  of 
iiiiiiiitjiiiiiii!;  his  fort  at  Ciituriieouy.  Ho  did  not  antici- 
])ate  that  tlio  court  would  also  couchido,  as  it  did,  that 
it  waf-'  no  loss  important  to  maintain  the  establishment 
of  the  Trocinois  Christians  at  Hault  St.  Louis. 

Mr.  du  Cliesneau  had  not  less  to  ])ut  u]i  witli  from  tho 
general's  arroj^ance  tl  an  tho  ecclesiastics  and  niissio!ia- 
ries.  Tlieir  disasi'ooment  bopan  in  regard  to  th'i  Suj^'rior 
Council,  of  which  Count  do  Frontenac  wi.shed  to  usurp  all 
the  authority,  oven  so  far  as  to  assume  tho  title  and  func- 
tions of  President.  To  put  an  end  to  this  dispute,  which 
enkindled  tho  Hamos  of  discord  in  all  parts  of  tho  colony, 
as  each  oflicor  had  his  partisans,  the  kinj,',  on  the  Mi  of 
June,  ir)75,  issued  an  ordinance  n^j^ulatiiif;  every  thiiif^  so 
as  to  f^ivo  reason  to  hop(>  that  all  vain  prcsttMisious  would 
cease  on  both  sides.  His  majesty  therein  confirmed  what 
had  been  already  decided,  namely,  that  the  f^ovornor-Kon- 
eral  should  have  the  first  place  in  the  council,  the  bishop 
the  second,  and  tho  intendant  the  third ;  but  that  the 
last  should  ask  the  opinions  of  the  members,  take  tho 
votes,  and  pronounce  the  decisions. 

Count  de  Frontenac  did  not,  liowevcr,  yii  Id,  and  under 
various  pretexts  subjected  to  very  ill  treatment  all  who  in 
this,  or  in  any  thinp;  else,  opposed  his  will.  He  even  ven- 
tured of  his  own  authority  to  exile  the  jittorney-general 
and  two  councillors ;  he  came  to  an  open  rupture  with 
the  intendant,'  and  did  not  hesitate  to  say  that  he  was 
very  sorry  that  ho  had  not  put  him  'u  prison  immediately 
on  the  departure  of  tho  vessels ;  as  he  would  have  had 
the  pleasure  of  keeping  him  two  whole  years  in  confine- 
ment, that  time  being  required  to  obtain  an  order  from 
court  for  his  discharge.  Conduct  so  unjustifiable  could 
not  long  bo  concealed  from  the  king ;  but  apparently  they 


193 


'^73-4- 


1675. 

(■iMr.  do 
Kriiiitoiiiio 

to  tliu  I'llllO- 
tilMH  of 

I'ri'sideiit 

(■I'lliii 
Sii|i<^riiir 
C'uiiiiuil. 


'  Ah  to  the  rupture  lictwccn  Knin-     ncnu.   ppc   ranmlii    DocumentB,  II., 
lemic  and  tho  Intendant  du  C'Ir'b-     ii.,  i>i>.  343-200. 
Vol.  III.— la 


1         I 


'■a/ 


194 


i67i. 


LcllorH  of 
tliu  kiiii^  tu 

till' 
iiitcii'laiit 

aihl 
govuriior- 


'       5 


I        t 


HISTOHY  OF    NKW   FRANCE. 

lit  first  ili.s.seinltli'<l  to  liis  niiijcsty  some,  of  tlio  cxtriiva^'iin- 
ci'S  of  this  f^cuoml,  wiio  Imd  jxjwi'rful  protttutors  iit  court 
niul  intliu'iitiiil  allitiiici'.s.  Tliis  may  \w  infurrwl  from  two 
letters  written  in  tluit  i)rince's  name,  and  dated  April  2'.\ 
1(571'.  In  one  addressed  to  Mr.  du  (Jiiesneau,  tlu^  king  ex- 
plained to  that  intendant,  that  he  would  have  avoidiul  ail 
the  vioh'nco  of  whicli  ho  complained,  had  ho  conteutod 
himself  with  exposing,'  his  reasons  to  Mr.  do  Frontenae, 
and  had  he  oheyed  iiim,  t,'ivinj,'  him  notice  that  ho  would 
lay  the  whole  matter  before  the  court. 

lu  the  other,  wliich  was  for  the  Count  do  Frontenae,  his 
majesty,  after  reproachin<,'  him  tliat  by  his  pretensions  ho 
disturluid  the  trauipiillity  of  New  France,  added  :  "  You 
Avisli  in  tho  re;^ist(!rs  of  tiio  Sover(Mj,'n  Council  to  bo  styleil 
chief  and  president  of  that  council,  which  is  entirely  con- 
trary to  my  ordinance  concerning  that  body.  I  am  tho 
mor(>  surprised  at  this  pretension,  as  I  am  well  assured 
that  you  are  the  only  ouo  in  my  kingdom,  who,  being  hon- 
ored with  tho  title  of  governor  and  lieuteiumt-general  in 
a  country,  desired  to  be  st^ylod  chief  and  president  of  a 
council  like  that  in  Canada.  I  accordingly  desire  you  to 
abandon  that  i)retension,  and  rest  contented  witii  the  title 
of  governor  and  lieutenant-general  for  uie.  No  more  do 
I  wish  that  the  titl(>  of  president  of  tho  council  be  given 
to  the  intendant;  but  that  he  shall  have  all  the  functions; 
that  is  to  say,  that  you  have  no  authority  to  keep  tho 
registers  of  the  council  in  your  hands,  as  you  have -as- 
sumed to  do,  and  required  ;  still  less  to  take  up  tho  votes, 
and  pronounce  the  decisions;  all  these  functions  belong 
to  the  oIKce  of  president,  which  I  have  attached  to  that 
of  intendant." 

In  the  same  letter  the  king  renews  his  orders  on  tho 
subject  of  tho  vagabonds,  usually  called  Onu'curs  dc  Boi's, 
and  declares  to  the  general  that  ho  will  take  no  excuse  on 
the  point,  under  the  conviction  that  it  depended  on  tho 
governor  solely  to  arrest  the  course  of  such  a  disorder, 
which  was  ruining  and  depopulating  the  country  and  au- 


L  , 


HIHTOllY  OF  NP:W  FRANCE. 

iiiliiliitiii;,'  I'oiiiiiunc.  AiiotluT  pdiiit  of  still  f^iviilov  im- 
l)t)itiuicc  was  II  ii<\v  siilijt'i't  of  iliscoril  iM'twccu  the  ^n\- 
ernor-f,'om'riil  luul  tlio  bishop.  Wo  liiivo  Ht'cu  the  disor- 
ders (■miscd  iiiiiont,'  tliu  Cliristiim  Iiidiiiiis  l»y  tlio  li(|\ior 
tr.'idt!;  it  hud  within  u  few  yciiis  rcvivi-d,'  and  was  j)ro- 
dncin;,'  tlm  sanu;  clVucts  that  had  alrcidy  (H)st  so  nnuiy 
tears  to  all  who  took  an  interest  in  the  salvation  of  thoso 
trilies. 

Tlic  hisliop,  the  elcri^'v,  antl  tlie  missionaries  eoniplaiiied 
of  il  ;  Imt  otlieis  Iiad  i'onnd  the  secret  persuading  tlu' 
king's  eoini(!il  that  this  tradt)  was  alisolutely  necessary  to 
Ititid  the  natives  of  tiio  country  to  us  ;  tliat  the  abuses  of 
wliicli  the  ecclesiastics  made  such  loud  com|)laints,  were,  if 
net  ,dt<)-ether  imaginary,  at  least  greatly  exaggerated,  and 
tliat  tiieir  zeal  on  this  score  served  for  little  more  than  a 
pretcNt  to  persecute  those  who  prevented  them  from  domi- 
neering in  the  country  and  to  induce  their  recall. 

So  far  indeed  did  this  prepossession  go,  that  Mr.  du 
("iiesiieau,  having  written  to  Mr.  Colbert  in  vcrj'  strong 
language  in  support  of  the  opinion  of  the  bishop,  who  had 
made  the  liipior  trade  a  reserved  case,  that  minister  re- 
jilied,  that  in  this  matter  ho  did  not  act  as  an  intendant 
should,  and  that  he  ought  to  know  that  before  prohibiting 
the  settlers  from  conducting  a  tralttc  of  that  descrijition, 
it  was  n(,'cessar3-  to  be  well  assured  of  the  reality  of  the 
crimes  which  they  pretemled  that  it  produced ;  but  the 
penetration  of  Colbert  did  not  leave  him  long  in  error  on 
this  ])ohit,  and  the  king's  piety  did  not  permit  him  to 
renuiin  in  indecision  on  a  subject  which  so  many  ))ersons, 
Avliose  virtu(>  and  intelligence  his  majesty  could  not  but 
esteem,  unceasingly  continued  to  bring  to  the  foot  of  his 
throne  as  the  most  detrimental  thing  to  religion  in  Ni!W 
France. 


105 


i07v 


TliMli.|ii..r 

traili'  ill 

tuiiii'lii  re- 

vivi'.l. 


Tlio  court 

cil  in  liivor 
iil'tliis 
tniilu. 


ir 


''J 


't         C 


'    A 


'  Tnloii  on  li'iivingCimniln  Lnd  re-  followed   by  tt  gonernl  ppmiission, 

liciik'il  till' nets  proliibiiiiif;- 1  he  11(111111-  Novciiilicr  10.  Ififjy,  Aiifjiiot  4,  1()74, 

tniilc:  I'liillon,  IIi>toiri' lie  la  Culoiiio  iiiid   Froutcmic   by  ordiiiunco,  Feb- 

Fraiii.iuw,  ill.,  |i.  i,Hi.    Tin-  (.•oiiiicil  ruiiry  Vi,  1(iT4. 


I 


;i 


!,u. 


196 


HISTORY  OF  NKW  FRANC!"!. 


\()j<i-i<.        Tlicrc  wiiH  arcordiiii^lv,  iti  KJJH,  ii  lU'cn'o  of  t]w  cnuiu'il, 

'■■"'~^''~-'  iliitcil    May   I'itli,  diit'ctiii^'   tliiit   iiii   iiMSfial>ly   hIkhiI'I   bo 

Ko)oloilict  l„,l,l  ,,f  twenty  of  tlio  priiicipiil  iiilmliitaiits  of  New  Friincd, 
on  tlio  .    '      .    . 

•iii'ii-oi.  to  liavo  their  opinion  on  tho  triulo  in  (|m!Htion.  Tliix  dour, 
and  tlu)  reasons  addiu-od  on  both  sidos,  tiu»  kinj(  n'qiK'sted 
till'  Archbisliop  of  I'aiiH  uiid  Father  do  la  Chaise,  ;'on- 
fessor  to  liis  majesty,  to  <,'ive  a  thtinitive  jud},'uient.  After 
conferring  witii  tlie  Bishop  of  Qneboe,  wlio  had  f{ono  to 
Franee,  both  were  of  opinion  tliat  tlio  litpior  trade  shouhl 
bo  forbidden  in  tlie  Indian  vilhi<;es  nn<h'r  tho  severest 
penalties.  A  royal  ordinance  supportinj^  this  decision  was 
transmitted  to  Frontenac,  who  was  expressly  enjoined  to 
euforco  it ;  the  bishop  having  on  his  side  }>led<,'(Hl  his  word 
to  reduce  tho  reserved  case  to  tho  terms  in  which  the 
onliuanco  was  expressed.' 


'  Xrri'lH  i-t  Ortlonnnnccn,  i.,  \t.  'i'-Vi. 
Thr  Urlatii.iiH.  Vui-A.  Hi7:i-!l.  give 
gonif  farts  worth  luitifiii!;  Ihtc.  'Ilic 
IH'iK'f  iiiuilf  Ipfiwi'rii  till'  MiihmvkH 
nnd  Molicpuis  in  H1T..'-;1  iniililcd 
the  I'cirnur  tu  Iny  in  siiiipliiw  of 
liquDr,  nnil,  in  ciiiisciiucniM-.  u  pisti- 
k'no'  liroki'  out.  This,  nnd  llin 
pcreecutioii  of  thf  liriitlu'ii  party, 
induced  tlw  hir^ru  cniiKnition  from 
Citugiinawa^'n  and  (iaiinauaro,  the 
two  towns  iiennst  All'any  :  He- 
lation.  liiT'.'-:!.  .\inon>r  those  jraini'd 
to  Christianity  in  this  trilie  were 
Kryn,  the  great  Mohuwk,  and  .\»- 
Hemlase.  a  man  of  fl.*!,  snehein  of 
the  trilx;,  who  died  in  .Aniriist,  1(JT."» 
(Relation,  KiT;!  li,  p.  ItT). 

The  iliatliof  Paniel  tiarakonthi.'. 
the  great  Oiiondaffu  c  liief,  who  died 
in  KiT."),  was.  Imwever,  a  severe 
blow.  I'lirini;  tlie  mission  of  St. 
Mary's  of  Uaneiitaa  lie  is  not  men- 
tionetl ;  Imt  he  was  eviilently  tlien 
frii-ndly.  and  eonstaiitly  afterwards 
nhowed  liimself  the  tViriKl  of  lUe 
I'rcneh.  of  eiviiization  and  prouiess. 
Though  of  udvuuced  age,  he  liegun 


to  lenru  to  read  and  write,  and  not 
without  success.  His  mnidy  avowal 
of  tlie  tenetH  of  the  faitli  whirli  he 
had  emliracid  won  the  esteem  and 
encourai,'emeiit  of  the  Piitch.  He 
lahored  for  peace,  and,  as  wi'  have 
seen  on  several  wrasions,  gaved 
French  prisoners  from  tin,'  stake, 
and  endeavored  to  turn  the  warlike 
spirit  of  his  nation  to  distant  fields. 
Si'e  as  to  liini.  Relation.  1(1T','-I1, 
p.  71;  Hi;;!-!),  pp.  IH,-)-11I2;  Rela- 
hitions  Ini'dites,  Charlevoix,  as 
we  shall  see  hereafter,  in  ignor- 
ance of  his  death,  confounds  hini 
with  his  hrother,  who  assumed  his 
name. 

In  the  West  the  Sioux  had  driven 
till'  Otiawas,  Chippewas,  and  their 
allies  into  l,ake  Huron,  and  Drnill- 
ettes.  Nouvel,  and  others  lahored 
atnong  the  fiiKitives;  Rel.,  1072-3. 
At  last,  however,  jx'aco  was  pro- 
posed  and  the  Sioux  deputii'S  came 
to  Sault  St.  Mary.  There  a  Cree 
s!alilu'd  oni'.  and  a  light  ensued  in 
wliicli  all  the  Sioux  wi  re  killid  and 
luuny  Algoii(|uius,  the  inissiouhousu 


»   I 


niSTOtIV   OF   NKW    FHANCF. 


197 


Meanwhile  tlic  (l(|»aituir  of  Mr.  Tiilou  nnd  tlio  dtiivth  of  1676-8. 
Fftther  Rriin|utlti'   liiul  cnuHi'd   tlio  MiiMKnipi  to  b»i  lont  ^■— "v— ' 

Kiglit  of,  ami  no  imiiHnn'H  \v«ro  tnkoii  to  I'oiiiplt'to  tlio  (lis-    Arhvni  l.(• 

Ul      .    n    ■       .    /«        i.         .,•  1      1      11    1  I       tlu' HiiMir  (Id 

last    HolxTt  t  livelier,  Sieur  de  la  Sale,  who   iiiSakin 

liad   eiiii^'iated   to   Aiinrica  some   veuis   hefoii*,   and   who       "I'l'i*  ' 
had  p)ne  tli(>ie  only  to  undertake  Home  enter|iriH(>   likely    '^'"'|■"^•''^•■• 
to  jiive  liim  wealtli  and  honor,  Haw  that  nothiii),'  wiis  hotter 
adapted  to  enal)le  him  to  pun  his  eiidn  than  to  enter  intii 
tile  views  of  Mr.  Talon  as  to  the  discovery  of  this  j^'roat 
river,  and  the  conntry  watered  1)V  it. 

Ho  wns  horn  at  llonen  of  a  family  in  easy  circumstan- 
ces ;  hut  haviiif,'  spent  sd  'lo  years  anion|j;  the  Jesuits,'  ho 
had  no  siiare  in  the  jiroperty  of  his  ])iirents.  He  iiad  a 
eidtivafed  mind,  amhition  for  distinction,  and  felt  that  ho 
had  the  ;,'eiiius  and  courapo  requisite  for  success.  In  fact 
he  lacked  neither  resolution  to  undortako  nor  constancy 
to  fullow  u]i  a  project,  neith(>r  tirmiiDSs  to  withstand 
olisiMcles,  nor  resoui'i-es  to  repair  his  losses;  but  he  could 
not  will  love  nor  manage  those  whom  ho  needed,  and  as 
soon  as  he  possessed  authority  he  exercised  it  with 
severity  and  hauteur.  With  such  defects  ho  could  not 
be  successful,  nor  was  ho. 


I  Hi' 


^411 


•■■>» 


r., 


it  • 


mid  clmiirl  burnt;  Uflntinn,  lfiT!l-0, 
1..  4. 

'I'lic  inissioiuirics  iit  (iriMMi  liny 
I'Xtciuli'il  their  liiburs  to  \\w  Mi'. 
noinimt'CH,  Fox,  MiiHcoutiiiH,  W'iii- 
nclHipcM'H,  1111(1  JFiuinis,  nixi,  iil'tcr 
Mnr(nu'tti''»  diHcovcry,  to  tlii'  Illi- 
nois:      lii'liuion.    KiTi-;!,    p.    157; 

l(ir;i-".),  in).  Tii-l;!4. 

'  HobiTl  ('iivflicr  (Ic  In  SiiUc  wns 
born  at  Uoiu'ii  in  Kilo.  Tin-  ntnto- 
mt'iit  here  inailc  of  bin  linvinu'  I'l'cn 
a  .liNuit  is  oil  ibi-  ftutboiity  of  llcu- 
nt'iiiu  in  NoiivcUc  Drcoiivi'itc,  Avis 
au  Krctcur,  y.  107,  which  etntrs 
tlint  he  liiul  biM-n  iiuiolii;  tin"  Jcsuilti 
ten  or  cU'Von  vcnrH.  and  tniifrlit  in 
ono  of  their  eollep'M.  He  |ii'iil'esses 
to  havf  seen  llie  (IcK'uiuent  of  tlie 


penernl  relensinp:  him  from  liig 
VOW8  :  but  Father  Felix  Martin,  on 
exniiiiniuj.*  tlie  catalofrueH  of  the 
French  provinoew  of  the  time  in  or- 
der to  obtain  the  duto  of  his  birth, 
entrnnce  into  the  order,  as  well  an 
the  year  wlieli  his  name  ceased  to 
be  given,  failed  to  find  any  trace 
whatever  of  him.  It  is,  therefore, 
most  |irobnble  tliat  Ileuneiiin  was 
mistalien.  The  aH»erti(m  is.  liowevnr, 
re]M';ited  by  Mr.  Fnillon,  Ilistoire 
de  la  Colonie  Fiaiu.nise,  iii.,  p.  '.J'.>S, 
who  Heems  t.)  adduce  family  impers 
to  sustiiiu  it.  Vet  as  lie  is  said  to 
have  been  only  n  novice,  it  is  not 
easy  to  see  how  he  couhl  have  been 
treated  as  eiriUfw  iiiiirli/iiK,  uniX  dv- 
l>rived  (pf  his  iiilieritancp. 


* 


ill 


I        ( 


^ 


■^.u 


t    ■ 


^»' 


!,»(. 


ina 


IIISTORV   OK    NKW   FHANrB. 


/« 


,     it 


\f>;<>  H.        The  flrst  projirt  wliicli  lu>  loriiiiii,  iiml  which  iiiihuTtl 

*""'''~»^~"    him  to  (TOMS  tlio  ncciiii,'  was  to  Hcik  ii  juishii^c  to  >lii|iiiii 

■I"        (iii>l  Chiiiii,  liy  the  iioi'tii  or  w*-st  of  ('iiiiiidii;  iiinl  iillhoii^h 

to  .•.iinpiuU'  in  KctHTiil  ili'Ntitiitr  of  ovtTy  thiii^'  iii'ccsMiiry  for  hucIi  an 

(li.n.nry   «'iit<ipriMt',  uiid  (hiiiii-,'  liis  liist  yvHiM,  much  Htniitciii'tl  in  a 

MUUiil.   t'ouiitrv  to  which  he  hiul  l)rou;,'lit  iiothiiij,',  and  w  hno  tlino 

wan  no  resource  aj,';iiiist  poverty,  he  was  not  disc(miaj,'ed  ; 

he  ma(h>  fi'ien<1s  and  protectoiH,  and  (hn'otiul  liiniHolf  with 

iucredilih>  apjilication  to  ac(|aii'u  thu  infonnation,  ami  to 

j)ro<'iir(>  the  other  aids  necessary  for  his  enteri)rise. 

Hi'  was  tiius  eiiga^'ed  when  Joliet  arrived  at  Montreal 
with  the   tidini^H  of  his  discovery."     When  ho  had  con- 


'  l,u  Salli'K  lirntliiT,  .Iiilin  Ciivi' 
lirr,  wiis  n  |>ric'»"l  of  llii-  (•(Pii^rnirii 
tioii  III'  Saint  Sul|iii'c,  aiitl  lie  wax 
tlnix  »|i|iari'iitlv  Ifil  lo  c'oinr  to  Mi'ii- 
trial  UM  III'  MtaicN  in  a  niriimir  to 
Ki'iinti'iiar  in  HlUti.  His  nuini'  u|>- 
prarH  lie  witncHH  lo  »  niarriaK'',  Ni>- 
viiiilicr  1,  ItiiiT  (l'"nilliin.  iii,.  p.  •.'■.'Mi. 
'I'lic  Siil|iitiiinH  ri'ciiviil  him  lavora- 
biy.  anil  tlif  Aliln' di' yiifvliw  ivc 
liini  a  K'""'  "'  •'"■  Hi'iK'i'"r.v  ol  la 
Cliiiii',  wliirli  111-  Htylcit  Si.  Siil|iit'i'. 
lint  111'  Milil  all  Ills  ri^lilH  to  iIiih 
^raiil  riirly  in  llili'.t,  uI'Iit  having 
hail  ililllriiltirH  with  tin-  .li'HiiilK  who 

owni'll  nil  lllr  nihil-  silU'  of  ihr  riViT 

ut  Ihr  rapiuH.  Ill  which  n  liiin<llr  of 
jHipfrn  is  still  pri'siMvi'il.  I'lirnishril 
with  k'ltiTH  of  ill'  Ciiiiri'i'llis  to  tin- 
)^iiv>rniirs  of  V'irtrinia  lunl  Flotilla, 
hi!  sft  nut  with  PolliiT  ile  CimHoii 
(Anti'.  p.  I'.''.')  to  fiiiil  a  wnv  to  China, 
Imt  iifirr  K"i"-  I"*  ''""  ""  'I"'  Srnrrn 
rimntry,  whorr  hi'  iin't  ,liilii'l.  In- 
h'l't  it  ill  Sipliniliif.  Ulli'.i,  anil  n'- 
tiinu'il  111  St.  Sulpiii'.  wliiih  thru 
jcot  in  iniH'kiTy  ihr  iiunir  of  Cliinii — 
Lachiniv  In  thi'  Hjiriiig  of  KiTO, 
I'rrrot  ini't  him  liuiilina  on  thr  Ol- 
tawii  (.Minus  rl  ( 'oiisliiiiirs.  p.  rjlli. 
In  spill'  of  tliis  aiitlii'niii'  stai.iin-nt, 
Mr,  Maigiy  i.linirnul   di.'   I  liistrin'- 


lion  Piililiipii'.  AiitriiMt  'JO.  \HIV>.  PiiK- 
siiiix,  1,1'  ('aiiaila,  p.  ;I7)  pn-trnilH 
'lint,  in  lliiilt,  la  Siilli'  iicni'iriitril 
lhiou>:li  llii'  SriiiTa  ronnlry  In  tlio 
Oliin.  iiii'l  ili'sri'iiili'il  thill  riviT  am! 
thr  .MisHissippi  to  till'  falls.  Now 
that  it  was  lii'fon*  lif  Htarti'il  with 
IhilliiT  (Ir  Casson,  Is  uttrrlv  Inion. 
sisti'iit  with  that  I'liTKyi'ian's  nar- 
ration. Thai  111'  iliil  it  lii'twrrn  his 
ri'tnrn  to  l.aihini'  ami  iIh'  sprini,''  of 
lliTO,  wlnn  111'  waw  qiiii'lly  hiintiiiff 
on  till'  Ottawa,  is  •'(|iially  imprnhu 
lilc.  That  lif  did  ri'aoh  tim  Ohio 
and  ih'sei'iid  It  ati  far  as  tlii'  falls  at 
l.oiiisvillr,  '.V"  N.,  ns  111'  Hiati's  in  ii 
niiiiiiiir  to  Krontinai'  in  lliTT.  is 
prolialili'  (Carlrs  ilii  Siriir  .lnllii't), 
lint  till'  datr  is  I'viili-nlly  wriiiijf. 
Inih'i'il,  from  .Marf^ry's  third  artiili', 
hi  Salk'  could  sii'ni  to  assijjn  it  t'lstv 
wlirrr  to  lllTl,  which  is  more  prolia- 
lili'. Si-*'  Taillian'H  Pcrrut,  jip,  'Jill- 
■-iHl).  That  hi'  went  down  lii'vond 
till-  falls  or  nai'hi'il  the  MiKsissi|ipi 
llicri'  is  no  I'vidrnci'.  Tin'  tlii'iny 
set  up  liy  Marfrry  is  doulittil  hy 
Tailhan,  hy  Kcrland  (('ours  d'His- 
toire,  ii.,  p,  TH),  nnd  by  Canadian 
scholars  fjcmrally.  See  nnle,  |)  Iti',', 
ant<', 

''  Julliet    ri'iuhed   (ireeii    Uiiy    in 


IIIMTOHY  UV  NKW   FIUNCE 


199 


vi'iMcil  with  tlmt  ix|>1i>iit'  Ih>  no  l(iii>;ci' dotiljlt'd  tliiit  tho  i'i7'>  H 
MiciMMipi  I'liiptitMl  into  tlii'diilf  of  Mrxiro  ;  liiit  lir  also  — ^--^ 
ll.iltrii'd  liiiiisilf  tlmt  \>y  (iscciiiliii;,'  tlmt  ilvtr  tu  tlit) 
iHnlli,  lie  would  lii^  iililc  to  discover  tim  olijci't  of  his  lo- 
Hniicln'H,  mid  tlmt  iit  all  rvciitH  tin-  iiu'io  iliscovcrv  of  its 
mouth  would  hud  to  Honit'thin(^  tlmt  would  t<MtaiiliNli  Imh 
fortune  and  his  repiitafion.  H«'  had  very  cleverly  huo- 
ceeded  in  winning'  the  (,rood  ;,'races  of  Count  de  Frontenac, 
whoH(>  inclinations  he  had  carefully  sluilitd  :  he  ('Xpo^ed 
liiH  deHi|{UH  to  that  governor,  who  |irouiised  to  aid  him 
with  all  his  power. 

The  first  thin;,'s  to  which  he  had  to  turn  Ids  attention 
Were  to  olitain  fuiuls  for  the  expense  of  the  expedition,  to 
invest  himself  with  a  character  to  autliori/e  it,  nml  to 
olttain  forces  capahln  of  holdiii<{  the  In<lians  in  I'cspect. 
lia  Side  had  made  all  these  rellections  at  his  leisure,  and 
his  plan  was  all  clear  in  his  own  mind.  He  knew  how 
much  Count  do  Frontenac  was  wraj)!  np  in  Fort  Cataro- 
I'ouy.  Ho  lU'cordiuf^Iy  ])ro))()stHl  to  increaso  the  fortifica- 
tions, garrisonin;^'  it  with  a  forco  sulllcient  to  defend  it 
a;{.iinst  any  attack  which  tho  Indians  mi^lit  make  should 
they  rcnuw  war,  to  ])lant  settlers  there,  in  order  to  draw 
tlieiico  in  case  of  need  l)otIi  provisions  and  men,  and  to 
Idiild  vessels  thei'e  to  navij^atc  Lako  Ontario. 

Nothing'  was  lietter  "onceived,  considering'  only  the  ail- 
vantaj,'e  of  the  colony,  and  Frontenac  was  of  opinion  that 
La  Salo  should  go  to  Franco  to  explain  his  dosign  to  tho 


III'  ri'lnrriK 

I"  Kriii  c'l'. 
W  1,1,1  li« 
•  •liliilht 
lr,,iM  ll,i- 


I     I      I 


H 


II  ( 


V 

''4 


:i  a 


i 


Sc|vli'iiil>(T,  1(17:1,  and  ftfipiiniitly  dr- 
H<'i'iiili'd  III  oiict'  to  .Miiiilroal,  whicli 
111-  HfciiiH  not  to  littvi.'  ri'Hclu'il  till 
nliciul  August,  H!7I  :  Krciiiliimc  h 
Disimtcli,  NiiVitubcT  11,  lit"  I ;  Sinus 
I>isi'i>v.  iind  Kx|(.  of  the  .MifHiswippi, 
xxxill.  :  N.  V.  ('ill.  Dor.,  ix.,  p.  I','l. 

'  1,11  Siillc  was  wilt  I'lirly  in  lllT:t 
to  (iiii>niliii;ii  to  invitr  tlii-  I'lintoiiM 
to  xi'iiil  di'piiliis  to  Hint  I'ronli'iiiio 
at  yuiuti'iX.  Y,  Col.  l>(x'.,  ix„  p.  UT), 


AfttT  till!  fort  wiiM  iTcctfil  in  .luly, 
1117:!,  lid  wiiN  nmdi-  coniinuii'liint : 
Ln  (1cri'i|,  KliililisHriui'nt  dr  III  Kill, 
ii,,  p.  117,  Im  Siilli'  WHS  iit  .Mi,nt- 
ri'iil  in  .May,  l(ti  t,  anil  soii^lil  to  in- 
((laliatc  liiiiisrif  tiiriliiT  «iili  Kion 
tenac  liy  dcniuiiiriiii;  a  sitmuiii  of 
Kiiiclon,  one  of  till' Su'pitians:  Kail- 
Ion,  iii.,  4!)7,  III',  tlii'i'i'fori',  in  all 
prolialiility  nut  .lollii'ton  liisritiini, 
ritlier  at  Kroutonac  or  at  Montrtal, 


i 


200 


HISTORY  OF  NEW   FRANCE. 


1676-8.  minister.  Ho  aeconliugly  embarked  on  tlio  first  sliij) 
'■^^r-'-'  wliifli  saileil  from  Quel)(>c.'  On  arrivinj^  at  eonrt,  lio 
learned  tlie  fact  of  Colbert'.s  doatli,  and  delivered  to  the 
Marquis  de  Sei,tj;n('lay,  who  siiceeeded  his  father  in  the 
Navy  Department,  the  letter  of  Count  do  Frontenac,  of 
■\vliieh  ho  was  tho  bearer.  He  then  had  several  i)rivato 
conversations  with  him,  and  that  minister,  who  liked  his 
ability,  obtained  for  him  from  tho  king  all  that  he  cov- 
eted." His  majesty  issued  to  him  letters  of  nobility,' 
granted  him  tho  seigneury  of  Catarocouy  and  tho  govern- 
ment of  tho  fort,  on  condition  that  ho  should  build  it  of 
stono,^  and  investiid  him  with  all  powers  necessary  to 
conduct  irado  freely,  and  continue  tho  explorations  al- 
ready begun." 

Tho  prince  de  Conti,  to  whom  ho  had  found  access,  had 
strongly  supported  him  with  the  king,  and  had  greatly 
contributed  to  obtain  all  those  favors  of  which  I  have 
just  spoken.  Tho  only  return  ho  exacted  was,  that  ho 
should  accept  an  officer  whom  that  prince  lionored  with 
his  goodwill  and  esteem.  His  name  was  tho  Chevalier  do 
Tonti,  and  he  had  a  brother  in  New  Franco  already,  who 
died  there  a  captain."     La  Salo  regarded  this  request  of 


The 
OhcViilior 

.I'lT.Miti 
juiliK  llilll. 


'  lie  iiiiimri'iitly  \\n\\  in  tin'  liill 
of  1(171,  iiltliouffh  I'ronlcmic's  dis- 
])atcli  of  Novt'iiiliiT  14  (Iocs  not  al- 
lude to  him.  His  pi'tition  may  bo 
found,  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  p.  l!.'2. 

-  Charlevoix  lierc  confounds  th,* 
visit  nuidc  ny  la  Salli'  in  1(17.')  with 
that  in  1678.  Colbert  did  :>Cl  die 
till  108;i. 

■'  Patent,  dated  at  Complegne, 
Mny  18,  KIT."):  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  ix., 
p.  Vi') :  Shea's  Discovery  rf  the  Mis- 
sissippi, p.  2(i."i. 

'  (irant  of  Fort  Frontenac:  Canada 
Doc;  N,  Y.  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  p.  1i:t. 

'■•  La  Salle  returned  to  f'anada,  'v- 
ceived  invesiiture  of  Foi't  Foutenac 
October  Vi,  1075,  rebuilt  it  of  stoue, 


and  made  it  his  chief  trading  post : 
Faillon,  iii..  p.  173  ,■  LeClercq,  Etab- 
liasement  de  la  Foi,  ii.,  p.  139  ; 
nenne])in,  Nouvelle  Decouverte, 
p.  32,  says  the  work  on  the  fort 
lasted  ten  years.  In  1(177  he  again 
visited  France  (Hennepin.  Descrii> 
tion  dp  la  Louisiane,  p.  14 ;  Le  Clercq, 
p.  138),  and  obtained,  May  13,  1078, 
a  license  to  discover  the  western 
part  of  New  France :  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc, 
ix.,  p.  127  :  Canada  Doc,  I.,  ii.,  \>.  17. 
''  They  were  sons  of  the  author  of 
Tontine.  (Ch(t)ieroLr.)  Margry,  Me- 
moirs  Inedites,  p.  3  ;  Le  Clerci], 
I'^talilissement  de  la  Foi,  ii.,  p.  130. 
The  father,  Lorenzo  Tonti,  who  had 
been  governor  of  Uaeta  retired  to 


HISTORY   OF   NEW   FRANCE. 

tli(>  jirinco  as  a  now  fnvoi'.  and  in  fact  Tonti  was  always 
stronfj;!}'  attaclicd  to  his  intorost,  and  ivndoivd  liini  tlio 
.m'catost  sorviccs.  Ho  liad  sowed  in  Sicily,  where  ho 
had  one  hand  carried  away  by  a  jiiece  of  a  fj;renado ; 
this  ho  had  replaced  by  a  silver  one,  which  ho  used  very 
well. 

On  the  1-tth  of  July,  1078,  la  Sale  and  Tonti  embarked 
at  riochelle  with  thirty  men,  including  pilots  and  mechan- 
ics, and  they  rividu'd  Qu(4)ec  on  the  I'lth  of  September.' 
Their  stay  tliere  was  short,  because  th(>y  wished  to  ])rolit 
by  the  jileasant  season  to  proceed  to  Catarocouy,  whither 
they  took  with  them  Father  Louis  Hennei)iii,'  a  Flemish 


201 


1 6:6-8. 


I.a  Salp  s 

\;iriii!is 

inlveiitnrrs. 

167S. 


Fi;nnc<'  nftor  the  rpvolutiiiii  in  thnt 
country,  lli'nry  cntciiMl  tlif  French 
army  uk  a  cadet,  served  a.s  wuch  in 
ni(is-i(  ;  tlien  lour  yearn  as  iiiid.flu]i- 
niiin  ;  lost  Ills  rii;lit  liund  and  taken 
prisoner  at  I.iliisso,  near  Messina. 
Left  unemidoyed  at  tlie  peace,  lie 
joined  la  Salle;  and  till  his  death 
was  connected  with  the  Missis- 
nijipi.  Lett  in  command  at  the  Illi- 
nois fort  in  1(!80  ;  went  down  the 
I\Iississip]n  with  iii  Salle ;  was  re- 
moved from  the  command  of  the 
fort  by  de  la  Barre  ;  went  down  the 
Mississippi  to  the  ^rulf  in  KiS.")  to 
meet  de  la  Salle:  led  wistern  In- 
dians to  join  Denonviile  in  KIS."). 
After  Cavelier's  return,  again  went 
down  the  Mississipi)i  in  IfiSO  :  Peti- 
tion in  Louisiana  Hist  Col.,  i.,  pp. 
Ti)-Sl  ;  Marfrry,  Welations,  lili.  ")-;!() ; 
De  la  Potherie,  ii.,  p.  1-14.  Ir.  Kl'.li) 
he  accompanii'd  the  Quebec  Semi- 
nary missionaries  down  the  Missis 
sippi  to  Arkansas:  Relation  de  la 
Mission  <ln  Mississippi,  p.  l-l.  Was 
Sent  for  the  next  year  by  Sauvole. 
and  went  down  to  meet  d'llierville. 
He  soon  afier  removed  to  Louisiana, 
died  in  Sepleuih.r,  ITOI,  at  Fort 
Louis,  at  Mobile  :  Kelationa  et  Me- 
moirs, p.  4. 


'  Tonty,  Memoir  in  Margry,  Re- 
lations, !>. .") :  Louisiana  Hist.  Col.,  i., 
p.  ')'i  :  IIenne|iin.  Description  di'  la 
Louisiane,  p.  l'> :  and  le('lerc(|,  Etah- 
lissenu'nt  de  la  Foi,  ii..  \).  LI".),  are 
both  less  jirecise. 

•'  Louis  IIenne])in  was  born  at 
Ath,  in  llainault,  entered  the  Fran- 
ciscan order,  was  an  army  chaplain, 
and  tlu'n  canu'  to  America  in  KiTli. 
Was  at  Fort  Frontenac.  .\fter  his 
western  voyajje  he  returned  to  Fu- 
rope,  and  in  l(is:!-4.  jirinted  his  De- 
seri|ition  de  la  Louisiane.  He  never 
returned  to  .Vmerica,  an<l  {lisairree- 
ini;  with  his  superiors  in  I'rancc.  re- 
tired  to  Holland.  In  KIWT  lu' jirinted 
at  l^trecht,  and  in  Kill!)  rejirinted  his 
"  N(Uivelle  Descrijitiou  d'un  tres 
grand  iiays  situe  dans  I'Ameriiiue, 
entre  le  Xouveau  Mexiipie.  et  la 
Mer  <>laciale."  This  was  dedicated 
to  William  III.  He  was  at  the  con- 
vent of  Ara  C(pli  in  Dome  in  ITOl 
(Hist.  Mag.,  i..  p.  'Mf'A.  but  is  said  lo 
luive  (lied  at  l'ire(dit.  Frir  II  review 
of  his  volume,  see  Discovery  and 
Fxiiloraliiui  of  the  Mississippi,  pp. 
'.)l)-l(lli.  For  a  list  of  editions,  set; 
Historical  Magazine,  i.,  pp.  :J1(!,  ;J40, 
etc. 


■.r: 


h  I  { 

l|t^: 


202 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


1678.  Recollect,  who  subsequently  accompanied  them  in  most  of 
"""Y-      their  journeys.     La  Sale's  first  care  on  arriving;  at  Cataro- 

couy,  was  to  begin  his  labors  on  tho  fort,  which  was  only 
of  palisades ;  he  at  tho  same  time  built  a  bark,  and  these 
ojierations  were  carried  through  with  a  celerity  which 
gave  a  high  idea  cf  tho  activity  of  the  new  governor.' 

He  then  sailed  in  his  bark  as  far  as  Niagara,  where  ho 
traced  a  new  fort :  this  he  confided  to  the  Chevalier  de 
Tonti,  to  whom  he  left  thirty  men,  gave  orders  for  build- 
ing a  second  bark  at  the  head  of  Lake  Erie,  above  Niagara 
Falls,  traversed  on  foot  all  the  Seneca  canton,  made 
during  the  rest  of  the  winter  a  number  of  other  excursions, 
which  had  no  other  object  than  the  fur-trade,  returned  by 
land  to  Catarocouy,  and  sent  his  bark  back  again  to  Ni- 
agara, loaded  with  provisions  and  merchandise.'  It  then 
maci .  several  successful  trips,  but  the  pilot  having  one  day 
nin  too  close  in  shore,  it  was  wrecked." 

1679.  This  disaster  did  not  disconcert  Mr.  de  la  Sale  :  he  soon 
repaired  this  loss,  and  spent  all  the  spring  and  summer  of 
the  year  1079  in  filling  his  storcljouse  at  Niagara,  and  vis- 
iting tho  various  savage  tribes  with  whom  ho  wished  to 
trade,  or  from  Avhom  he  hoped  to  derive  information  for 
his  discoveries.  The  Chevalier  de  Tonti  did  the  same  on 
his  side.  At  last,  about  the  middle  of  August,  the  bark 
which  had  been  built  at  tho  entrance  of  Lake  Erie'  being 


'  The  fort  was  iilrpiiily  built,  and 
prol)al)ly  the  bark.  For  a  ])lan  of 
the  fort  as  built  by  la  Salle,  sec 
Faillon,  Ilistoire  do  la  Colonic,  iii.,  ]), 
467. 

'  Tonty,  Moraoir,  TiOuieiann  Hist. 
Col.,  i.,  p.  .W.  They  left  Fort  Fron- 
tciiac  November  18:  liO  Clercq, 
Etablisseiiient,  ii.,  p.  141  ;  Henne- 
pin, Dtscription  do  In  Lonisiane.  p. 
20;  Nouvelle  Decouverte,]!.  7"2  ;  Dis- 
covery of  tlie  .Missi«siiipi,  p.  8!). 

'•  Hennepin,  Xouvelle  Drconvorte, 
p.  03  ;  Description  de  la  l.ouisiiuie, 
p.  41  ;  Le  Clurcq,  ii.,  p,  144  ;  Tonty, 


Mimioir  in  Mn-gry,  p.  0  ;  Discovery 
of  the  Misaissijipi,  p.  90. 

■•  This  vessel,  called  the  Oriffln  in 
honor  of  Count  de  Frontenae,  whose 
arms  had  frriffins  as  supixirters  (De 
la  Potlu^rie,  Hist,  de  I'Anierique,  ii., 
p.  1^50),  was  built  two  leajrues  above 
Niagara  Falls,  at  the  mouth  of  a  lit- 
tle river :  Hennepin.  Nouvelle  De- 
couverte,  j)]).  94,  !li);  Tonty,  in  iiargry, 
p.  (! ;  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  iii..  p.  Kili, 
originally  sujiposed  this  to  be  Ton- 
nawanda  Creek  :  and  Spark,  Life  of 
la  Salle,  Lib.  Am.  IJiog.,  vol.  xi.,  p. 
21,    Chippewa    Creek    in    Canada. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 

in  a  slate  to  sail,  la  Sale  embarked  •nith  forty  men,  in- 
cluding three  Recollect  Fathers,'  and  steered  for  Michilli- 
makinao.  On  tlu^  passapfe  he  cxpcri(>nocd  a  very  severe 
storm,'  which  dispustod  a  part  of  his  men,  several  of 
whom  deserted  ;  Imt  the  Chevalier  de  Toiiti,  wlio  had  taken 
another  route,  haviuL;  met  them,  was  fortunate  enough  to 
induce  them,  almost  all,  to  follow  him.' 

Fi'om  ^Michillimakinac,  the  Grifliii,  so  his  bark  was 
called,  sailed  to  the  Cay  (Green  Bay),  from  which  ])oint 
de  la  Sale  sent  it  back  to  Niagara  loaded  with  furs.'  For 
his  own  part,  he  proceeded  in  a  canoe  to  St.  Joseidi's 
River,''  where  there  wns  tlu-n  a  '^^ifuui  town,  at  Avhich  Fa- 
ther Allouez  was  laboring  with  considerable  success." 
Here  the  Chevalier  de  Tonti  jin'ceedcd  to  join  him.  They 
did  not  remain  there  long.'     Tonti  descended  to  the  Illi- 


203 


1679. 


lie  meets 

with  a, 
scvurc  loss. 


O.  II.  Mawlmll  clrnrly  proved  it  to  bo 
Cayusra  Cnck  in  Niiifrara  County, 
his  (li'cision  iji'inp  acccptud  liy  his- 
torians an  well  as  students  jjenerally. 

'  llenneiiin.  Description  de  la 
Lonisiane.  p.  lOil,  says  thirty-two 
persons,  witli  tlio  two  friars  who  liad 
joined liini.  TheXnuvcIleDi'couverte, 
p.  1"J0,  and  liC  Clercq.  Etahlissenient, 
p.  14"),  say  they  sailed  .\ufl.  T,  Kii!). 
The  Recollects  wore.  Louis  Henne- 
pin, (iahriel  de  la  It'bonrile.  and 
Zenolnus  Meiul)r  •'.  Father  Melithon 
Watteau  was  left  at  Nintrara  :  II). 

'  Tlipy  reached  Micliilliniakinac 
Aufjust  2fi  ;  Description  do  la  Louisi- 
nni'.  p.  '11  or  2Tth  ;  Nouvrlle  De- 
couverte,  p.  loli  ;  Le  <'lerc<],  Etablis- 
gemeut  de  la  Foi,  ii.,  p.  14S  :  Discov- 
ery of  the  Mississip])!,  p.  !)3. 

■'  The  ChevaMi'r  Tonty  had  h(>en 
sent  on  in  advance  to  Detroit,  where 
the <iriffin  took  him  alioanl:  Menioire 
in  Marfrry,  p.  (i  ;  Louisiana  II.  ('.,  i., 
p.  .'>;!.  These  men  had  deserted  'vitli 
part  of  the  pooils  (Discovery  of  the 
Mississippi.  ]).  '.f-i ;  Le  ("lerc(|,  p.  II!) ; 
llonni'pin.  Description  de  la  Louisi 
ane,  p.  lO'l),  and  Tonty  was  wnt  to 


Sanit  St.  Mary's  in  pursuit  of  them: 
Memoir,  p.  ."):!. 

■*  Le  C'lercr|,  Ktnhlisseiuent  de  hi 
Foi,  p.  l.")ll  ;  Discovery  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, ',.  93  ;  llennejjin,  Description 
(le  la  Louisiane,  p.  08  ;  Tonty,  Me- 
moire  in  Marjrry,  ]>.  7. 

'  failed  in  Hennepin,  Description 
de  la  Lnuisiani',  ]).  IO:!,  Le  Clercq,  ii., 
p.  l.")l,  the  Hiver  of  the  Mianus : 
Tonty,  Menioire  in  Marjrry,  ]).  7. 

'■  This  is  a  continmtion  of  Charle- 
voix's error  In  supposinij  that  Mar- 
qiietle  and  Allouez  were  amonj!:  the 
Miamis.  Marquette  founded  a  mis- 
sion anionsr  the  Kaskaskias.  at  Itock- 
fort.  which  Alloueii  continiud  till 
liiTO  :  Discovery  of  the  Mississiii])i, 
])p.  .Vi-TT.  Owing  to  some  letters 
hetweiMi  Alo\U'7.  and  Gamier,  t hi' mis 
sionary  in  the  Seneca  country,  a{;;ainst 
whom  la  Salle  was  greatly  preju- 
diced, he  had  nuide  threats  airainst 
AUouez  uliich  induced  him  to  leave 
the  Illinois  country  on  la  Salle's  ap- 
proach As  to  .MIouez,  see  Discov- 
ery of  the  Mississippi,  ]).  07. 

'  La  Salle  crertrd  a  tradinir  house 
or  fort,  called  the  Fort  of  the  Mia- 


if 


it'        ':       'I 

Fi  if 


■I  .'i  ■:; 


)^:^ 

l\\^' 


I 


i. 


|v 


'  ;•;  i> 


')M 


,1, 


Si 


204 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


'3  ; 


1 679.  nois,  and  la  Sale  returned  to  Catarocouy,'  where  he  learned, 
on  his  arrival,  that  little  doubt  was  entertained  of  the  loss 
of  the  GrifKn.  In  fact,  no  rery  authentic  tidings  were  had 
of  it  after  it  left  the  Bay. 

Some  have  reported  that  the  Indians  no  sooner  per- 
ceived this  large  V(^ssel  sailing  over  their  lakes,  than  they 
gave  themselves  up  for  lost,  unless  they  could  succeed  in 
disgusting  the  French  with  this  mode  of  navigating ;  that 
the  Iro(piois  in  particular,  alreaily  preparing  for  a  rupture 
with  us,  seized  this  opportunity  to  spread  distrust  of  us 
among  the  Algonquin  nations ;  that  they  succeeded,  espe- 
cially witli  the  Ottawas,  and  that  a  troop  of  these  last, 
seeing  the  Griffin  at  anchor  in  a  bay,  ran  up  under  pre- 
text of  seeing  a  thing  so  novel  to  them  ;  that,  as  no  one 
distrusted  them,  they  were  allowed  to  go  on  board,  where 
there  were  only  five  men,  who  wore  massacred  by  these 
savageo  ;  that  the  murderers  carried  ofl'  all  the  cargo  of 
the  vessel,  and  then  set  it  on  fire.  But  how  could  all  these 
details  have  been  known,  when  we  are  moreover  assured 
that  no  Ottawa  ever  mentioned  it  ? " 

This  misfortune  was  followed  by  another  no  less  dis- 


mia  :  Description  (1(>  In  I.n'iisinno,  y>. 
Ill  ;  l.c  C"i-n(i,  Kt!il)lisspmc'nt  di'  In 
Foi,  ii  .  p.  151  ;  Toiity,  Mcmoiiv,  in 
Miirirrv,  p.  T. 

'  La  Siilli',  with  all  his  (mvo  c\- 
cejit  t'imi'  men  Irl't  at  the  ■•"ort  of  the 
Minmis,  ascended  the  St.  .Joseph's 
(December  o),  passed  by  n  porlnge  to 
the  IlHnois,  and  at  the  end  of  De- 
eenilier  reached  the  Illinois  vilhiire 
in  a  uiarsliy  jihuM  at  40  N.  (Henne- 
pin, Description  de  hi  Lonisiane,  )>. 
I'M)  and  ou  the  14th-loni  January, 
l(i80,  began  on  a  risini:  frround  Fi)rt 
C'revecopiir — so  called  from  his  dis- 
ai>liointments  :  Ia'  ('lerci(,  ii.,  p,  l.T.)- 
KiO  ;  Hennepin.  Description,  p.  l.lii  ; 
Nouvelh'  Di'coiiverte,  p.  200  :  'I'onty, 
Memnire.  ]).  S.  I>a  Salle  lift  Tiiiity 
in  conin»..id,  and  returned  to  Cata- 


rocotiy  by  land  :  Description  de  la 
Lonisiane,  p.  lT;i.  jMnrch  2,  1(!80: 
Le  Clercq,  Etablissement  de  la  Foi, 
ii..  p.  1(1!);  Tonty,  Menioire,  p.  8. 
Cliiirlevois,  therefore,  introduces  his 
journey  back  to  Fort  Frontenac  too 
soon. 

''  This  is  the  account  g:iven  by  De 
la  Potherie,  Histoire  di!  r.\meri(iue 
Se])tentrionali',  ii.,  pp.  l;!()-140,  and 
adopted  by  C'olden,  History  of  tlie 
Five  Nations,  N.  Y.  edition,  1727,  ]i. 
8!l.  Hennepin,  Description  de  la 
Loiusiane,  j).  73,  Nouvelle  Decon- 
verte,  p.  143,  says  that  it  put  in  at 
the  north  of  Ijnke  .Michigan,  and  that 
soon  after  it  left  some  In<lians  saw 
it  suddenly  disapi)ear.  Tonty  (Me- 
niiiire,  p.  S)  meicly  says  it  was  never 
allorwartls  iK.'urd  of. 


;    I 


i 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


205 


lieartcninf?  to  Mr.  do  la  SjiIo.  Tlio  nation  on  whom  ho 
reckoned  most  for  tlic  sufci^ss  of  his  cntc-rpriso  was  the 
Illinois,  tlii'U  very  ]u)])nl(ms  and  occupying  several  posts 
which  could  ])o  made  convenient  trading  stations  between 
Canada  and  the  Mississi])pi.  It  was  to  secure  tlieso  In- 
dians that  the  Clievalier  de  Tonti  had  advaiiced  on  that 
side,  and  he  liad  without  difticidty  succeeded  in  winning 
tliem  to  his  interest ;  but,  as  ho  was  very  slightly  attended, 
he  could  not  save  his  new  allies  from  recc  iving,  almost 
under  his  eyes,  a  severe  repulse  at  the  hands  of  the  Iro- 
quois, who,  failing  to  bring  about  a  rupture  between  them 
and  the  French,  wished,  before  declaring  war  on  us,  to 
]nit  it  out  of  llieir  power  to  help  us,  surprised  them,  and 
cut  to  ]iieces  a  very  great  number. 

La  Sale  then  beheld  himself  in  a  most  trying  position ; 
he  liad  everything  to  fear  at  the  hands  of  the  Irorpiois, 
whom  he  must  expect  to  find  everywhere  in  his  ]iath  ; 
the  Ottawas  were  suspected,  nor  could  he  even  trust  to 
the  French  under  his  orders,  some  of  whom,  it  is  said, 
several  times  attempted  his  life.  They  did  more  :  if  we 
may  credit  what  was  published  at  the  time,  they  frequently 
solicited  his  own  allies  to  rise  upon  him,  and,  to  persuade 
them,  did  not  hesitate  to  afKrm  that  ho  had  plotted  with 
the  Tvoipiois  to  effect  their  total  destruction. 

While  all  this  was  going  on  he  arrived  among  the  Illi- 
nois, and  soon  ]ierceived  that  they  had  somewhat  changed 
towards  him  :  he  even  believed  himself  on  the  point  of 
having  that  whole  nation  upon  him,  when  unable  to  de- 
pend on  any  of  his  own  men.  Nevertheless,  he  showed  no 
fear ;  on  the  contrary,  he  never  displayed  greater  firm- 
ness find  resolution.  By  this  ho  won  their  esteem ;  but  he 
wished  to  inspire  too  much  fear.  This  was  always  his 
great  fault,  and  the  main  source  of  his  misfortunes.  Nor 
could  he  ever  {';ain  it  over  himself  to  be  less  dissembled, 
or  to  be  more  gracious  towards  those  whom  he  needed 


1679. 


The 

Illinois  nre 

ili'tVateJ 

liy  the 

Iroiiuois, 


,fe. 


I.n  Siile's 

finiiiioss  in 

liis  ini^t'or- 

Uilies. 


See  Iji'  Cli'icq,  Etablissement,  ii.,  iip.  '['u,  171. 


II, 


'M 


hi; 


4: 


-  ,  * 

If 


'»  s 


^ 


206 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


!j: 


i1 


Tliey  seek 

to  poison 

liiiii. 


1679.  most.  Ho  (lid  not  reflect  sufficiently  that  if  the  feet  and 
arms  cannot  act  but  by  direction  of  the  head,  it  can  exe- 
cute notliing  without  tlicir  niinistry. 

Towards  tlie  dose  of  this  year  ho  lost  another  part  of 
his  men,  inchidinj^  tlmse  ia  whom  ho  put  the  f^reatost  con- 
fid(Mice.  These  traitors  had  formed  a  plot  to  poison  him,' 
and  all  whom  they  knew  to  b(>  most  sincerely  attached  to 
him.  They  were  discovered,  and  had  no  alternative  but 
flight,  which  they  adopted.  La  Sale  took  in  their  stead 
a  number  of  young  Illinois,  wliom  ho  found  well  disposed, 
and  began  to  prepare  in  earnest  to  begin  his  explorations." 
no  sends  He  first  detached  a  man  named  Dacan  Avith  Father  Hen- 
DiKiiii  uiid  nepin  to  ascend  the  Micissipi  above  the  Illinois  River, 
and  if  possible  to  us  source. 


11|1  tliU 

Micissipi. 
1680. 


These  two  travellers  left  Fort  Crevecoeur  February  28th, 
and,  having  entered  the  Micissipi,  ascended  it  to  about 
the  40  N.  There  they  wore  arrested  by  a  pretty  high 
waterfall  extending  across  the  whole  width  of  the  river, 
and  to  which  Father  Hennepin  gave  the  n'.mo  of  Falls 
of  Saint  Anthony  of  Padna.  They  then  fell,  by  what  ac- 
cident I  know  not,*  into  the  hands  of  the  Sioux,  who  re- 
tained them  as  prisoners  for  a  considerable  time,  but  did 
not  maltreat  them.     They  were  at  last  delivered  by  some 


'  Tonty,  ^^l>moire,  Margry,  \>.  8  ; 
liouisinna  Hist.  Col.,  i.,  p.  r)4. 

''  This  is  nil  strnngt'ly  coiifiiscd. 
Sep  note,  p  204.  He  left  Fort  Crevo- 
copur  March  3,  KiSO,  with  four 
Frenrhinen  and  one  Indian  for  Cata- 
rocouy  (Le  C'lercq.  Etnlilisscnient  de 
la  Foi,  ii.,  p.  lll'.l).  having  previously 
disipatched  Hennepin,  who  set  out 
February  29,  1(180:  11).  LaSallodid 
not  got  hack  to  the  Illinois  till  De- 
cember 1  :  II).,  p.  204. 

•'  Hennepin  was  acconipimied  by 
Michael  Ako,  a  native  of  Poitou 
(Relation  de  la  Louisiano,  p.  187  : 
Nouvelle  D.'couverte,  p.  2:>n),  and 
Anthony  .\ii<ruille,  nicknanfrt  le 
Picard  du  (Jay,  a  native  of  Amiens, 


nephew  of  du  Cauroi,  Procurator. 
Oeneral  of  the  Preninnstratensians  : 
Nouvelle  Deeouverto,  ]).  1^05.  As  all 
enfraped  in  la  Salle's  discoveries  were 
ennobled,  Ako  assumed  the  d(',  and 
his  name  was  writti'n  d'Ako,  or 
d'Acau  .  Tonty,  in  Marpry,p.  8.  The 
latter  gave  rise  to  Charlevoix's  form, 
Dacan.  He  nuirried  r.n  Illinois  wife : 
(iravicr,  Relation,  1()93,  p.  32. 

■*  lie  was  ca|)ture(l  by  the  Sioux, 
Anril  11,  1080:  I)escrii)tion  de  la. 
l.ouisiiane,  p.  100.  As  to  the  spot, 
see  Discovery  and  Exjiloration  of  the 
Mississippi,  \1.  110,  n.  He  reached 
St.  Anthony's  Falls  a  prisoner  :  lb., 
p.  122. 


i\ 


lllSTOHY  OF  NE'.-/  FRANCE. 


207 


French  wlio  ciiinc  from  Ciiiiadii ;  then  they  tlesconilod  the  1680. 
rivor  to  the  sea,  after  wliicli  they  returned  to  Fort  Creve- 
cd'ur  without  any  thinj^  of  im])ortanre  hajipening  to 
them,' notwithstandinf;  what  is  stated  in  tlio  romance  pub- 
lished under  tlio  uanio  of  the  Chevalier  de  Tonti,  which 
makes  them  meet  with  several  French  scttleiuents  in  tho 
Micissi]ii,  find  tho  source  of  that  rivor  on  a  hif;;h  moun- 
tain, and  push  their  course  to  the  Lake  of  the  Assiniboils.' 
TIh^  same  must  be  said  of  the  Recollect  ^fissions  fonnd 
laid  down  on  the  majis  in  several  places,  and  which  at  best 
desif,'nato  places  where  Father  Hennepin  said  mass  or 
planted  a  cross.  That  religi.  .1  did  not  understand  a 
word  of  tho  languages  of  all  these  tribes,  and  made  no 
stay  in  any  nation,  except  as  a  prisoner  among  the  Sioux. 
Tlie  source  of  the  Micissipi  is  still  unknown;'  tho  Lake 
of  the  Assiniboils  is  very  far  from  the  points  reached  by 
the  two  travellers,  and  it  is  certain  that  the  French  then 


'  It  is  not  pasy  to  pop  liow  f'linrlp- 
voix  rould  linvp  rrnil  llcnnciiin's 
volunips  nnd  nmdp  sucli  n  strnnpc 
mi'dloy.  IIiMincpin  Ipft  Fort  ("rcvp- 
rfpur  Fcbruiiry  2fl  (lo  Clrrrq,  ii.,  pp. 
Ifil,  IfIS),  iind  rpnplipd  the  Afissis- 
si|))ii  ^^a^(•h  8,  1080  :  Dpsrription  do 
111  riOnisiniiP.  ]).  19;)  ;  Nnuvfllp  Pp- 
pduvprtp,  ]).  24.'?.  In  tlip  thrmpr 
work  lip  tlipn.  without  rontinuing 
liis  dinry,  dpscrilips  tlip  riv(>r  uj)  to 
tin  river  nnd  Inkc  of  the  Issnti. 
i\l)ovf  St.  Anthony's  Falls  (pp.  194- 
204).  nnd  he  mentions  their  rapture 
liy  the  Sioux.  April  11.  1080,  with- 
out stnting  whprp,  excppt  rpninrkin;;. 
]).  218,  that  they  hnd  mndp  two  hiin- 
drpd  lenfruv..  after  lenvinir  the  Illi- 
nois. After  their  rapture  they  mndp 
two  hundred  nnd  fifty  on  the  Missis- 
sijipi  Ip.  219).  In  his  second  worii 
he  nsserta  that  on  renchinjr  the  Mis- 
Kissipi>i  they  went  down,  reaehed  the 
iiio\ith  on  the  2.^th  of  Mnrch.  st,' "tpd 
back  April  1,  reached  the  Arkansas 


on  the  0th  (Nouvplle  Decouvertp,  pp. 
94.1-280),  and  wptp  tnkpn  on  thp  12th, 
one  hundred  nnd  fifty  lenjiues  ahovo 
the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  fpp.  .'114- 
n2.~)).  According  to  hoth  accounts, 
he  was  delivc-ed  by  du  Luth.  nnd, 
renchinp  Oreen  Bay.  wintered  at 
Michillimakinnc,  whence,  at  Enster, 
1081,  he  descended  to  QupIjpc  :  De- 
scription de  la  I.ouisinne,  pp.  284- 
290  ;  Nouvplle  D'couverte  (pp.  410- 
438).  Thp  voynpp  down  is  now  re- 
garded ns  a  subsequent  invention. 
See  Spark's  Life  of  la  Salle  :  Dis- 
covery of  the  Mississippi,  p|).  99-100. 

'  Tonty,  Mi'moiro  in  Voyages  au 
Nord.  v..  p.  82  ;  his  real  Memoir  in 
Mnrgry:  Relations,  etc.,  pp.  l-l'O  ; 
Louisiana  Hist.  Col.,  i.,  p.  .12,  has 
nothing  of  the  kind. 

■'  Schoolcrnft  traced  one  brnnch  to 
i's  source  in  n  lake  which  he  pre))OS- 
terously  called  Itasca  I.*kp,  com- 
])Ounding  itns  of  Veritas  with  ca  of 
caput,  to  make  true  Imtd. 


M 


ji5i 


'1^ 


n 


■it 


^^. 


203 


IIISTOUY  OP    NKVV   FRANCE. 


.^1 


4 


i  ,• 


n 


i68o.  liad  no  siittloineiit  on  t\w.  hanks  of  tlio  river  wliicli  tlicy 
^""■""•"""^  tlesceudfd.  It  is  t>vt.'n  (jiiito  dilHcult  to  nndcrstund  how 
they  could  go  to  its  nioutii,  dosceud  it  and  ascend 
it  again  to  tho  -Kith  degree,  remain  prisoners  several 
months  among  the  Sioux,  and  all  that  in  less  than  a  year. 
Aocordingly,  it  was  never  believed  in  Canada  that  they 
did  any  thing  Init  return  to  Fort  Creveccinir  by  the  same 
route  they  had  taken  in  ascending  to  the  Falls  of  St.  An- 
thony.' 
iio  builds  a  Be  that  as  it  may,  new  troubles  Avhich  befell  Mr.  do  la 
Sale  after  the  departure  of  Dacan  and  Father  Henne])in, 
detained  him  at  his  Fort  Creveccour  till  the  month  of  No- 
vember," and  then  compelled  him  to  return  to  Catarocouy. 
On  his  way  he  perceived  on  the  Illinois  river,  which  ho 
Avas  ascending,  a  site  which  seemed  to  him  very  well 
adapted  for  the  erection  of  a  new  fort.''  Ho  traced  tho 
plan  of  one,  called  Mr.  do  Tonti,  whom  he  ap))ointed  to 
build  it,  and  eontiuui'd  his  route.  Scfircely  had  Tonti  be- 
gun his  work  when  he  received  information  that  tho 
French  whom  he  had  left  in  Fort  Crevecanir  had  revolted. 
He  hastened  back,  but  found  only  seven  or  eight  men,  the 
rest  having  deserted,  Avith  all  that  they  were  able  to 
carry.' 


)■    I 


;   K^' 


'  f'linrk'Vdix  pi'isists  in  making 
Hcnneiiin  return  to  Crevecopur 
ngaiust  his  fxprcss  statement. 

'■'  Ilo  reinaineil  imly  a  tl'w  days : 
Ante,  p.  204,  note.  lie  sot  out  Mareh 
2,  IMSOde  Clereq,  Etalilissi  luent  (le 
la  Koi,  ii.,  p.  Ki'.i),  or  .Mareli  'i'2(\ : 
Toniy.  in  .Marury  ;  lielations,  p.  S  ; 
Louisiana  Hist.  Col.,  i.,  )).  45  ;  Hen- 
nepin, Des('ii|ition  (le  la  I.ouisinne, 
p.  1S4.  or  liis  journey  we  have  no 
(ietails.  Timty  and  Meml)re  say  he 
had  five  men,  tour  Frenclimen  and 
one  Indian.  Monilire  says  he  readied 
tlie  Illinois  villaire  on  the  lltli.  and 
al'tiv  one  day  t'ln-e,  cuntintuMl  his 
route  to  Foi't  Frontrnac  on  the  iee, 
as  though  he  went  as  he  had  come. 


lie  was  back  to  Crevecceur  by  No- 
vember. 

■■'  Toniy,  Meraoirc  in  Margry.  p.  8  ; 
Louisiana  Hist.  Col.,  i.,  p.  ii').  This 
is  usually  supposed  to  be  Buffalo 
Rock  ;  but  Parkman,  examininjr  tho 
ground  with  the  best  do<'ument8  in 
hand,  locates  it  at  Starved  liock. 
'I'he  great  Illinois  village  called  l)y 
Marquette  and  Allouez,  Kaskaslvia, 
was  on  the  opposite  8i<le,  about  mid- 
way lietween  it  and  the  Big  Vermil- 
lion river,  tho  Aramoui  of  la  Salle. 

*  He  pays  they  left  him  only  two 
Recollects  anil  three  nu'U  ;  Memoir, 
Louisiana  Hist.  Col ,  p.  55.  Le  Clercq, 
Etablissement,  ii.,  ]>.  ITl,  details  the 
desertion.     La  Salle,  notified  by  Ton- 


IIIS'I'OUV   (»!•'    NKW    KUANCK, 


209 


^  f 


' 


Soon  arici'  tlic  ]i<)i|U(iis  ii|iiii'ai('(l,  to  tlio  iiiiiiiln'r  of  six 
huiidri'd  wiiniors,  in  s\>^ht  of  tin*  Illinois  si'ttli-int'iits,  and 
this  irrni)tiou  luivin^'  iucrciiscd  the  distrust  of  tlic  Illinois 
ii^'iiinst  the  French,  tliu  Clu'Viilitr  dc  Tonti  found  himself 
in  iistran;^e  eniliarrnssnient.  The  eouiso  whieh  he  iidojited 
was  to  niaki;  himself  a  mediator  hetween  the  two  Indian 
nations,  and  in  this  nej^'otialion  he  employed  KuecessfuUy 
the  Jiecolleft  Fathers  Ciahriel  de  la  Kibouvdo  and  Zeno- 
I)ius  Meniere,  who  had  remained  with  him  at  Crevec(enr. 
15ut  the  peace  was  not  lasting,',  and  the  Iroquois,  emliold- 
ened  by  the  fear  with  which  they  .seeiued  to  be  regarded, 
soon  renewed  their  hostilities.' 

]\Ir.  do  Fi'ontunac,  in  a  letter  which  lio  addrossid  to  the 
Ivinj,'  on  the  *2d  of  Noveiuber  in  the  ensuinf,'  your,  1G81,' 
l)ri'tcnds  that  this  war  of  tlio  Iroquois  against  the  Illinois 
was  fomented  by  the  English  and  by  the  enemies  of  Mr. 
de  la  .Sale;  but  he  does  not  explain  who  were  these  ene- 
mies of  Mr.  de  la  Sale.  In  fact,  that  explorer  had  nnmy 
iu  the  colony,  and  these  had  been  raised  up  by  his  exclu- 
sive jirivilego  for  trade,  and  still  more  by  the  manner  iu 
which  he  enforced  it;  but  it  is  scarcely  probable  that  they 
would  expose  themselves  to  ruin  iu  order  to  ruin  him. 
Passion,  I  know,  sometimes  carries  men  further  than  they 
wish  to  go ;  but  something  more  than  mere  conjecture  is 
needed  for  such  accusations,  and  one  of  the  defects  of 
the  Count  do  Fronteuao  waa  his  giving  too  wide  a  scope 
to  his  suspicious.* 


1  f.Xo. 


llo-lililieH 

..ftlii) 

Iri'ijiio'iH 

ii)f:uiist  tlia 

lllinulrt. 


Tlio  Kiiir- 
lull  iirii 

Ml>|'l'i'll'  !..(■ 
fXi'itilllt 

tlie 

IlMliMh-> 
IIL'llill^t    II- 

iiihl  I'ur 

lllliu.s. 


^l|      l\ 


ii 


iV 


Jim 


I.. 


ty,  kp])t  wiitcli  I'nr  tlifsc  dosiTtcrs, 
and,  siirinisiiiir  tli'iu  mi  l.nkc  On- 
tario, killed  simif  and  took  others: 
Toiity,  in  Murirry,  y.  S. 

'  Not  very  sodii :  tor  the  ilcserti.>n 
took  ]ilaoe  in  tin'  middle  of  Maicli 
(let'lerei|.  Ktalilissriiient  de  la  Foi, 
p.  ITS,  imd  llie  a])|iroaeli  of  the  Iro- 
quois wns  announced  Septendirr  10, 
ICSOilli.,  p.  ISl). 

'  Tonty  was  staMied  by  a  Seneca 
lirave  ;  and  thouj^h  lie  Jirevented  a 
Vol.  Ill.-U 


hattle.  the  Irociuois  did  much  injury, 
ami  tlie  Illhiois  sent  off  tlieir  women 
and  children  and  gradually  retired, 
leaviiifithe  French  alone:  le  Clercq, 
Ktablissenient  de  la  Foi,  ii..  pp  ISl- 
I'.lO  ;  Tonty,  Memoir  in  Mar^ry,  p. 
',(  :  Louisiana  Hist.  Col.,  i.,  pj).  .j.^-O. 

'■  N.  Y.Col.  Doc,  ix  ,  p.  1  18. 

■'  La  Salle  was  overwhelmed  with 
di'bts,  and  his  creditors  liej;an  to 
]iress  him,  lusinj^  all  taitli  in  his 
lirojects. 


Ill'' 


Af^ 


i^i^l 


210 


IIISTOKY   (»K   NKW    KlfANCK. 


'7i  K. 

at  . 


.1 


I 


i^f'o-  As  to  tlio  English,  tlicrc  was  iikmc  tlmii  one  i('ii>()ii  to 

'"^'""^  l)('liov('  tlu'iii  till!  iiisti^'.itors  of  tliis  ni|itun' ;  nor  was  it 

Acalia     only  in  tlic  (lir»>i'tion  of  tin-   Illinois  that  they  cntlcavoriul 

'^Frui'icc!"  to  excite  troubles  for  us  by  means  of  the  Inxiuois.     Their 

object  in  so  doin^'  was  this  :  Acajia,  the  fort  on  St.  John's 

River,  and  that  of  Peiita^'oi't  had  been  for  the  fourtli  tiuio 

restored  to  France  by  the  En;j;lish,  and  ^[r.  de  Chanibly 

had  l)een  ai)i>t)inted  ^'overnor,  he  havinj,'  previously,  as  well 

ns  the  Chevalier  de  Grandfontaiuo,  only  oujoyinl  the  title 

of  commandant. 

A  small  settlement  had  subseciuontly  grown  up  at  Port 
Roj-al,  which  then  became  the  capital  of  this  government, 
•wliieli,  besides  Acadia,  comprised  aU  the  southern  coast  of 
New  France,  but  which  was  always  subordinate  to  the 
governor-gi'ueral.  In  fact,  nothing  was  mort?  wri'tched 
than  this  settlement,  and  although  all  whom  chance  or 
]n'ivate  business  led  to  those  parts  incessantly  represented 
the  injustice  of  neglecting  to  settle  and  fortify  such  tine 
pro  iuces,  theii  remonstrances  were  ineil'ectuid,  and  did 
not  even  silence  those  who  continued  to  publish  that  Aca- 
dia was  good  for  nothing. 
The  Eiiif-  The  English,  on  the  contrary,  approached  it  steadily  as 
ii^'uin.  closely  as  hey  could,  and  after  the  restitution  of  Penta- 
goi't  they  had  l)uilt  between  that  post  and  the  Kennebec 
a  good  fort  in  a  i)lace  which  bore  the  name  of  Pemkuit.' 
The  Abtiiakis,  to  wIkmii  the  site  belonged,  took  umbrage 
at  it,  and  the  English  soon  perceived  that  in  these  Indians 
they  had  disagreeable  neighbors.  To  have  nothing  to  fear 
from  tlu'm,  they  deemed  it  necessary  to  involve  them  with 
the  Iroipiois,  who  did  not  require  umcli  urguig  to  o2)en  a 
war  with  the  Abeuacjuis.     The  latter,  too  feeble  to  resist 


'  Coniluitt"  <ti's  Francois  .lust'ifit'c,  casili'.     Andros  ncti'd  for  the  Duko 

p.  OS      This  tort,  ii  woodrii  rcdoul)!  of  York,  wlmsi'  cliartiT  trniii  Charh's 

with  nil  (lutwcirk  and  two  linstioris,  II,,  March  Vi.  I(!li4,  <;avc  him  fidiu 

was  incti'd  in  .luni'.  KiTT,  liy  Sir  the  St.  Croix  to  I'diiaijuid  :  N.  Y. 

Khnmiil   Aiidros,  on  n  iiocli  of  land  Col.  Doc.,  ix.,  p.  250. 
on  Shuepscot  River,  now  calli'd  New- 


i> 


yh 


i 


1!^ 


IIISTOIIV   Ol'    NKW    FHAXrR, 

till!  Kiii,'Iisli  ami  the  Iii)i|iii)is  iit  owo,  wcro  forced  to  iimko 
tcriiiH  will)  the  t'oiiiK  r.'  "" 

'llii- coiiuiiMinlt'i'  of  Fort  Pciiikuit  tlicii  cjirricd  liis  ])ro- 
ti'iiMioiis  fiirtlii  r,  and  found  iiorir  to  raisn  any  ()l)Htiiclo. 
!\Ir.  dc  ("lianiMy  liad  just  Iktu  traiisfcrrrd  to  the  f^ovor- 
iiorsliij)  of  (Iranaila,  and  Ai'fuliu  Iiad  as  ^ct  no  ^^'ovcnior 
noniiriatrd.  It  was  sustained  ncillicr  from  (^ucIhc  nor 
from  I'rancc,  so  that  Pcutaj^'oi't  and  tlic  foii  on  the  llivcr 
St.  .lolui  were  invaded  without  icsistanee.  I'he  inhahit- 
ants  of  Poit  Iloyal,  wlio  lieiiehl  (he  storm  ready  to  burst 
over  them,  resolved  to  treat  with  the  lOuLjlisli,  nor  could 
r^Ir.  de  la  Valliere,  who  commanded  them  under  a  sim[)lo 
conimission  from  the  Count  de  Froutenac,  prevent  thorn. 
Thus  the  Euj^lish  for  the  tifth  time  became  niasteu's  of 
Acadia  and  of  all  that  separates  it  from  Now  ]''ni^'lan<l.' 

Hitherto  the  Iroi|uois  had  not  opeidy  declared  aj,'ainst 
the  French  :  they  at  lust  undertook  to  drive  them  from  the 
Iliver  of  the  Illinois,  and  tlio  (Jhevalier  de  Tonti,  having,' ^'i' 
received  information  that  an  army  of  those  Indians  was 
coniiny  to  invest  him  in  his  Fort  Crevcco'iir,  did  not  con- 
sider it   prudent  to  await  their  approach,  and  retired.' 


an 


1680. 


TIlR 
'hcvalior 
'I'nlltl  is 
hWilrd  to 

illll'loll  tllO 

llliiiom 
Uivur 


'  For  tlic  Indian  iirtUirH  wi'  Hul)- 
Imrd'H  Indian  Wars.  Tlio  use  of  the 
Iioqiiois  is  niiiilioni'd  iu  X.  Y.  Col. 
ViH'.,  ix.,  ]i.  IIS  ;  M'illinnison's 
Mninc,  i.,  p.  57.")  ;  Canada  Due,  II., 
iv.,  p.  (i;!. 

•'  rrontcni.c's  dispatrli.  Niivinil>i'r 
2,  liisl,  noti's  En^'lisli  lisliiii;:  i^n- 
croai'linicnts,  and  spiaks  of  la  Val- 
lic'VL' as  at  Port  Iloyal.  without  inti- 
mating that  the  Krincli  |)osts  liad 
IxM-n  talicn.  Do  Clicsniau  i'i'|)orts 
do  la  Vallicrr  as  roliliinir  tlu'  sfttlcrs  : 
N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  ix..  pp.  MS,  l.'jo. 
Till' Chi'valicr  dc  tf laiidliintainc,  in 
l(iSO-l,  ap]ioiMtcd  til"  Hanm  St.  Cas- 
tiu  his  lieutenant  :  N.  Y.  Col,  Doc, 
ix.,  J)]).  !)US,  iU.")  ;  iii.,  p.  l.")l).  I'idincr 
and  West,  acthif;  uniler  Doni^an, 
claimed  to  the  St.  Croix,  and  in  Msi; 
Beized  a  lot  of  wine  al  lVutai;-o;-t, 


and  the  .lane,  on  which  they  were 
imported,  for  not  havin<r  (laid  duties 
nt  I'eniu(|uid  (X.  V.  Col.  Doc,  ix., 
p.  lM!t  :  Hutchinson's  I'apers.  p.  .I-IS), 
hut  the  French  jrovernnient  remon- 
strated (.Mem.  des  Conmiis.'-aires,  ii,, 
p.  li'JS),  and  restitution  was  made. 
In  Ajiril,  1U8S,  however,  Andros  ])ro- 
ceeded  in  the  frigate  Uose,  Captain 
(ieorge,  to  I'entagoi't,  which  he 
plundered,  St.  Caslin  esca|iin!,'  to  the 
woods;  Hutchinson's  Col.,  pp.  o(iO-6. 
'  See  ante,  Tonty  met  them  and 
had  some  parleying  with  them. 
Tonty  was  wounded  hy  a  young 
Onondaga  liruve  :  Henne|iii.,  De- 
scription de  hi  Louisiuni*,  p.  mI)5  ;  le 
Clercq,  Ktalilissemeiit  de  la  Foi,  ii., 
p.  1S7  ;  Tonty's  Memoir,  Margry, 
Ilelations,  p. '.1  :  l.oulsiaini  lli.-^t.  Col., 
i.,  II.  .').')  ;  N.  \  .  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  p,  l(i;i. 


^     i' 


V 
•^ ... 


IN 

I. 


'h. 


919 


IIISTOHY  OF   NKW   FHANCB. 


\Ma, 


ly 


A  lloiMill.ct 

KhIIht 

UAUA  liy 

Ihu 

Kiill|"ill:». 


Cniiiit  <lt<  I'lontt'imc,  in  hin  letter  to  tlu'  kiiij,'  alreiuly 
t'iteil,  statcH  timt  Ti)iiti  was  puiHiied  ami  woiiiuled,  ami 
Fiitlier  (lalniel  de  la  lJil)()unl(«  killid  liy  the  IroiiuoiM.' 
H«)  ii])pari'ntl_v  was  led  to  lielieve  ho  fnttu  tin'  tii'Ht  Illinois, 
wliieli  aliiinst  always  e\aj,'^'ei'ate  had  tidiiij,'s.  The  tl'iitli 
is,  that  Toiiti,  not  Ix'lievin^,' liiniself  in  a  ])ositioii  to  detViul 
iiis  I'oit  against  the  limniois,  evaenated  it  on  the  llth  ol' 
Soptcnilier,  llJHO/  with  live  FrenehMieii,  wlio  eoiisf itntcd 
his  whoh"  ^,'aiTisoii,  and  the  two  UecoMect  Fathers  wiioin  I 
have  already  nann'd,  Imt  he  was  not  followed,  or  at  least 
there  was  no  action  lietwi'eii  him  ami  the  Ircxjuois. 

After  aseendinj^  the  Illinois  River  tivo  lenguos,  he  halted 
to  dry  his  furs,  and  Father  Gahriel  hiivinp;  strayed  a  litth* 
into  the  woods  while  saying  his  hn'viary,  was  met  hy  some 
Kicapims,  who  killed  him,  ai>))arently,  in  order  to  roii 
him.'  He  was  a  holy  reli;,'ious,  lii;^dily  ostoemod  in  New 
Franco  for  his  virtue  and  moderation,  and  who  had  eon- 
suited  his  eoura<4e  rather  than  his  stren^'th  before  attaeh- 
in;^  himself  to  an  exiiedition,  of  which  his  a^'e  of  seventy- 
one  could  not  ensure  liis  seeinj^  the  close.'  This  misfortnno 
for  some  days  delaytnl  the  march  of  the  CMievalier  de 
Toiiti,  who  went  to  the  l)ay  of  Lake  Michii^an  to  winter.' 

Mr.  de  la  Sale  could  not  have  been  informed  of  this  re- 
treat, and  ho  was  greatly  surprised  when,  early  iu  tho 


vj 


'  Frdiitrniic  to  till'  kiiifi.  Nov.  "', 
KIHl  ;  N.  Y.  Col.  1)(MV,  ix.,  i>.  147; 
CiiiiiHlii  Doc,  I,,  ii..  !>.  si. 

■  .Miinlnv,  in  le  t'lcrcii,  Ktalilicw- 
iiiciit  (If  la  Foi.  ii.,  |).  l!tl,  wiys  llii- 
Isili.     'I'.iiiiv'w  .Miiiioir  in  Mnr;;ry, 

II.  1'.! ;  I,.  II.' Col.,  i.,  J),  r,:. 

•'  .Mi'mlii'-'.  in  li'  Clrri'i|,  ii  ,  ]>.  I'.il  : 
Tonty,  Mciiioirc  in  Maiyiy.  p.  1'.;  ; 
l.onisianii  II   Col..  ]i.  ^>X. 

*  FallnT  Oal'virl  dr  la  liilioiirdc 
was  till'  Inst  of  n  nolili'  linrirundian 
house,  lie  was  born  aljout  Kil.'i, 
niul  iipiiiircnlly  intc'p<l  tlir  Framis- 
can  oi'iIiT  at  llie  asii'  of  :il'.  At'ti-r 
liolilinj;  ri;-|.on.<il)li'ollii'fs  in  Kuroiic, 


he  cniiii'  to  Ainci'ira  in  (170,  and 
succriili<I  Katlicr  Allart  ii,  >.,,nmis- 
»ary  nnd  superior  of  t  le  mission. 
He  dii'd,  it  would  Keetn,  Sept.  10, 
l<i*<0:  Le  CIeri'i|,  Etulilisseniint  do 
lu  Foi,  ii.,  p.  1!M  ;  Hennepin,  I'e 
scriptioii  de  la  Limisiiine,  p.  ;!0S  ; 
|)i  rouverte  d'liu  Pays,  ete.,  pp.  4l!(- 
loll. 

'•  I.e  Cler('(|,  Ftabli.ssenient  de  la 
Foi.  ii.,  pp.  I!)-,>-'.'00.  Fnilier  Meiii- 
lir'-  was  entertained  diirin^r  tlie  win- 
tiT  liy  till' .lesuits  at  tlieir  mission: 
III.  ;  Tonty,  .Menioire  in  .Murijry,  p. 
I:!  :  1.  II.  Col.,  i.,  p.  .'iS  ;  Canada 
Doc.,  Ii.,  iv.,  pp.,  (iO,  (il. 


niSTOIlY  OF  NFAV  FHANTE, 


213 


^    ^ 


Mr   .!.•  Ill 
Siilc 

.lr->'<'l|.|>< 

III.'  Mii'iit- 
■>\y'\  t<i  tliii 

KVH. 


Hprin^'  of  till-  fnlliiwiii^'  ynir,  lie  fniind  no  diic  iit  Fort  i^'^'i-j 
('rt'vccii'ui'  nil  liis  ri'acliiiij,'  it.'  Ilaviii;,'  Htiitidiicd  ii  new  --^r^- 
^'iirrinnii  tlicic,  lie  ilispiitflicil  iihh  In  work  at  u  sccnml 
fort,  wlii'li  lie  liail  tnicftl  (ho  jciir  bt'fon',  and  wliicli  wiis 
(•alli<l  I''iirl  St,  lidllis.  ]T('  llicll  )tln(T('dcd  to  Micliilli- 
iiiaKiiiac,'  where  the  Chevalier  (h^  'i'onti  had  siiortlv  iiel'oiv 
arii\ed  witli  his  niirty.'  Thoy  nil  set  out  from  it  toi^ctluT 
towards  the  end  of  Anj^iist  to  proceed  to  Catiirocouy/ 
mill  after  three  months  s]ient  in  running'  ny  and  down  to 
ret'iiiit  a  new  hody  of  Freiiehnieii  and  t'oUect  siiii|)lies, 
hi  Sale,  with  his  whole  force,  took  up  his  nnirch  for  tlio 
Illinois,  and  there  found  his  two  forts  in  tho  position  in 
which  he  had  left  them.' 

lie  descended  the  Illinois  I'uvor,  and  on  tln^  '2d  of  Feh- 
rnary,  KiH'J,  In-  found  Iiimstdf  on  the  Micissipi."  On  tho 
■1th  of  j\rarch,  with  all  tho  usual  ceremonies,  ho  took  pos- 


'  I -a  Siillc  found  ti'i)ul)li'  cnouj;!! 
nil  I'rni'liint;  Koit  l''iiiiitciin('.  Ills 
iiii'ii  Imil  lici'ii  (lil)iiii(luil,  iiiiiiiy  lind 
dtwrti'il  and  rolilird  liiiii.  A  vchhi'I 
IVimi  Fiiuii'i'  with  a  prcrliiuH  ciirjrn 
I'lpf  lii?ii  wiiH  wrecked,  ninny  of  Ii'ih 
I'liliiMs  loiiili'd  Willi  fiii'H  were  lost, 
luid  Ills  crrilitiirs  liiid  Hrizrd  cvery- 
tliiiijX  III'  Clcrr",  11.,  J).  ','():!.  Ar- 
ruiifriiiir  nmttiTs  nx  liost  lie  conld, 

he  CllUeCtell  ||   IlrW   I'llVCe    llllll  Ket   ollt 

from  Kort  I'lonteniic  .Inly ',>:(,  KiSO. 
He  reiii'lied  Ditrnit  lit  ihe  end  f>f 
.\nu'iist.  iind  !\!irliilliiiiiikiniic  soon 
lifter.  On  the  4lh  of  Oetnher  he  8et 
out  for  I'oi't  Creveroiir.  but.  tiikiiip; 
the  riislern  Khore  of  ihe  liiUe,  niissed 
Tonty's  |iiirty.  He  reuclu  d  the  Kiver 
of  the  Miiiinis  Nov.  'JS,  iiiid  the  Illi- 
nois villiii;e  Deo.  1  :  l.e  ('li'ici|.  ii., 
pp. 'iOO-T;  Tonly,  I..  II.  Cnl.,  i..  p. 
61).  A  Menioir  of  In  Salle  to  I'ron- 
tenno,  dated  Nov.!!.  llisO.  descriliiiif; 
the  ronte.  is  ^;iv<'ii  hy  Toiuassy, 
(irolotjie  I'niticini'  de  la  l.ouisiane  ; 
Hist.  Matr.,  v.,  II,  Ulli. 

•   He  set   out   for  MlcliiUiniakinae 
Muy  2;!,  10»1  :  ]<e  I'Kut),  ii,,  [i.  2l»;. 


Meiiihre  HnvH   nothlnff  of  Kort    St. 
I.nni.s. 

'  'I'onty's  party  remheil  Michilli 
liiukinnc  nhont  Corims  C'hristl,  in 
KIHl  :  .Meniolre  in  Mnrnry,  p.  H. 
('or]inH  Christi  fell  thnt  yenr.liine  5: 
Hlondel,  Caleiiilriir  lioiiiaiii,  p.  iltlli. 
The  traiislntinn  in  l.onisianii  Hist. 
Col.  makes  it  Oetoher. 

'  l.e  Clercii,  ii.,  p.  2(1S,  ^'ivi'H  no 
date,  hut  proliahly  ill  .1  line.  Iteould 
not  he  as  Inte  ns  .\iijrnst.  innsniiieh 
anwefinil  thnt  he  enilmrked  on  Lake 
F.r'w  for  the  West  Aiifrnft  2S,  ami 
rcni'hed  St.  Joseph  November  H  :  FiO 
('lei'c<|.  il,,  p.  •-'•.';!. 

■■■  This  time  la  Salle  went  to  Chi- 
<'n;^o.  and  took  that  mute  to  the  Illi- 
nois Itiver.  as  .^laripii'lte  and  .Mloinv. 
had  done:  Tonty.  Menmiie  in  .Mnr- 
jiry,  p.  11  :  le  ('lei(<|.  ii.,  yy.  •,>!  I  -l.T. 
Meiiihi'e  mentions  Kort  Crevefo'iir 
as  in  eod,]  ('nniliiiciii,  I'lid  iiirntiniis 
no  other  :  lb.,  p.  '.'lii. 

''  .Menibrr.  ill  le  ('lerc(|.  I'.ulblissc - 
nieiit  de  la  Koi,  ii.,  p.  'JIT,  snys  tliey 
reiiched  the  mouth  of  the  Sel^'lielay 
(Illinois),  on  I  lie  l'oU)erl^.MiRni^^ippi), 


I  ,'     I   t  i 


'i 

1,1   , 


I 


::!l 


\f    i 


''•"l-M 


ii;*' 


f 


214 


niSTOin'  OF   NEW   FRANCE. 


f-j 


l> 


I  \v 


1681-3.  session  of  the  conutry  of  the  Akausas,'  aud  on  the  !)th  of 
April  he  explored  the  mouth  of  the  river,  where  he  made 
a  new  act  of  taking  possession  in  form.'^  This  is  all  that 
is  certainly  known  as  to  this  voyage.  For  as  regards  the 
circumstances  given  in  the  pretended  Relation  of  the 
Chevalier  Tonti,  tlie  credit  to  be  ascribed  to  wliich  may 
l)e  judged  by  what  is  stated  at  the  end,  that  according  to 
the  calculations  of  Mr.  de  la  Sale,  the  mouth  of  the  Mi- 
cissipi  is  between  the  twenty-second  and  twenty-third 
degrees  of  north  latitude^,  and  forms  a  channel  two  leagues 
wide,  very  deep,  and  very  easy  of  navigation." 

Tliis  important  exploration  thus  completed,  and  the 
whole  course  of  one  of  the  greatest  rivers  in  the  world 
secured  to  France  by  acts  of  taking  possession,  to  which 
no  objection  could  bo  taken,^  la  Sale  re-embarked  on  the 
11th  of  April ;'  but  he  certainly  did  not  make  fifty  leagues 


He  returns 
to  France. 


.iu 


Feb.  0.  Tont y.  Mcnioiro  in  Miirgry  ; 
Kclations,  p.  14  ;  l,i)uifiiunii  Hist. 
Col.,  p.  5!),  says  rnd  of  April. 

'  Mcmbri'  (If  Clircq.  ii.,  p.  21-1) 
anil  the  .\c.'t  iil'  Taking  Possession, 
Louisiana  ![.  C.,  i..  ]i.  47;  Marirry, 
Ri'lationn,  p.  ir>,  say  14tli.  Tonty 
gives  no  date. 

■■'  Le  CleiT<i,  Etal'lissenient,  ii..  p. 
2;i7  :  'I'onty,  .^'eniolre  iu  Margry,  )). 
11)  ;  Lonisiana  Hist.  Col.,  i.,  p.  G:!. 
Charli'voix  gives  a  very  meagre  ae- 
fount  of  la  Salle's  voyage.  We  have 
two  authentic  accounts,  Menibre,  in 
le  Clercq,  and  Tonty '».  After  entiT- 
ing  the  Mississippi,  la  Salle  passed  the 
mouth  of  the  O/age  (Missouri),  and 
on  the  east  the  Taniarnas  and  the 
Ouabache  (Ohio).  On  the  i!llh  of 
Janiniry,  KiS'J,  I'rudhontnie,  one  of 
his  men,  was  lost,  and  lu'  threw  up 
a  kind  of  fort  while  looking  for  him. 
This  Fort  Prudhomnn'  long  figured 
on  maps.  On  .March  M.  hearing 
drums  and  war-cries  from  the  .Vkan- 
sas.  In-  landed  ai\d  thri'w  up  an 
iuirouchment.    Ou  the  i'id  lor  ;JUth) 


he  reached  the  Taensas,  and  was 
well  received.  On  the2(ith  lie  came 
to  the  Nalchi'Z,  where  he  again 
l>laiited  a  cross  and  smoked  the  calu- 
met with  the  Koreas.  On  A|)ril  'i 
(lid)  h(!  reached  the  Qiiinipissas,  wlio, 
iu  sjiite  of  the  calumet,  attacked  his 
men.  He  soon  after  found  Malieou- 
ala.a  Tangiboa  town.jusl  destroyed. 
On  the  (Ith  (Tth)  the  river  v.as  found 
to  divide  into  three  channels.  He 
took  the  weslprn,  d'Aiitray,  son  of 
Jolin  Hourdon  of  Quebec,  the  south- 
ern, Tonty  the  middh;  one. 

■'  See  this  corrujit  edition  of  Tonty 
in  Voyage  an  Nord.  vol.  v.,  p]i.  l','!l, 
lol.  The  real  narrative  in  Margrv, 
Meinoires.  and  L(Miisiana  Hist.  Col., 
i.,  does  not  contain  these  stateini'ius. 

''  Ferdinand  de  Soto  more  than 
once  crixssed  the  Micissipi.  which  his 
historian,  Oarcilaso  de  la  Vega,  calls 
Cucagna.  He  was  even  thrown  into 
it  after  his  death,  but  he  made  no 
settlement  there.      C/l'ii/i  iiii.r. 

■■  Membre.  ii  ,  p.  :i!),  says  lOth. 
They   were   out   of  provisions,  uud 


Iff 


IIISTOKY  OF    NEW   FRANCE. 


215 


tlio  first  (lay,  as  tlio  Relation  jnst  cited  pretends,  for  a  man 
is  xovy  foi'tuuate  ^vllo  can  jiiako  seven  or  ei}:5]it  goiuf^  up 
the  stv(-ani  in  a  caiioo.  On  the  Llth  of  May  he  fell  sick,' 
and  detacluHl  the  Clievalier  de  Tonti,  with  instructions  to 
use  all  possible  diligence  to  reach  Micliilliniakinac.'^  For 
his  own  part,  lie  proceeded  to  spend  part  of  the  winter  at 
the  Bay,'  and  did  not  reach  Quebec  till  thc^  spring  of  the 
ensuing  year,  KiS.'J.'  Some  months  after  he  embarked  for 
France,"  taking  witli  him  tlie  Sicur  de  la  Forest,  Major  of 
Caterocouy,  a  very  worthy  maa  and  good  officer,  who 
served  the  king  most  faitafnlly  in  America. 

Miiny  clianges  had  taken  place  in  the  colony  during  the 
absence  of  :Mr.  do  la  Sale,  and  many  were  not  so  favorably 
disposed  towards  him  as  they  were  when  he  began  his 
explorations.  The  misunderstanding  between  the  gover- 
nor-general and  the  inttmdaiit  had  reached  such  a  point, 
that  it  was  no  longer  possible  for  them  to  dwell  together. 
It  is  certain  that  the  court  ascribed  the  greatest  wrong  to 
the  Count  de  Froiitenac  ;  but  Mr.  du  Chesneau,  worthy 
man  as  he  was,  bad  not  complaisance  enough  to  bear  witli 
the  haughty  manners  and  domineering  humor  of  the  gen- 
eral, although  th(!  minister  and  the  king  himself  had  com- 
mended nothing  so  earnestly  ;  thus  for  lack  of  patience 
to  leave  the  Count  do  Fronteuac  in  the  wrong,  he  some- 


i6Ri- 


lived  some  days  on  potatoes  and  alli- 
gator, and  on  some  dried  meat  found 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  tliat 
proved  to  be  liunum  flesh. 

'  On  his  return  up,  the  Quinipis- 
sas  iipiiu  ref'iiseil  the  calumet,  but 
firearms  dispersed  them.  A  truee 
was  nuide,  but  they  attacked  his 
camp  at  night,  April  ISth,  and  wen; 
repulsed  after  a  light  in  which  la 
Salle  killed  ten  and  wounded  many. 
May  1.  I:i  Salli!  was  at  Koroa  ;  18th 
lie  left  Akaiisa  with  two  can<pes,  and 
fell  sick  at  lAirt  I'rudliomme,  inu- 
hundred  leaijiirs  below  the  lIliMuis 
River  :   le  (.'lercci.  ii.,  pp.  2^0-,'  W  : 


Kcoall  of 

Froutciiiio 

iinil  du 


Tonty,  in  Margry,  jip.  20,  21.  Tonty 
went  on  to  Michillimakinac,  and  la 
Salle,  on  recovering,  followed  by  way 
of  t'hicago.  and  late  in  Si'|itend)er 
reached  the  River  of  the  Mianiis. 

■'  'Pcmty,  Mem.  in  Margry,  p.  21. 

'  I  lind  no  authority  tor  this,  and 
it  looks  imi)rolial)le. 

^  He  left  I''ort  St.  I.ouis  in  Sei)t., 
l(J8;i :  Tonty,  Memoire  in  Margry,  p. 
21  ;  N.  Y.  (*ol.  Due,  ix.,  p.  Til!).  " 

''  1I('  reached  Quebec  in  Nov..  and 
Rochelle  V.r.  2:i  :  h'  ('lerc(i,  ii.,  2T1. 
'I'onty  is  obsi'ure.  De  la  Rarre  to 
Seignclay,  Nov.,  1083  ;  N.  Y.  Co:. 
Doc.,  ix.,  p.  204. 


It   «i 


4 


.  :ii 


r. 


I    -    '.      I 


.      1 


'W  ! 


h"  t,i 


If 


\ii 


'I 


1'  Ji' 


Ji 

Is: 


2  If. 


HISTOKY  OF  Ni;\V   KIJAXf'i:. 


i 


■  :  t 

1^; 


t        '  *"V  ■ 


•=u 


16H2-3.   tiinos  shared  it  with  him,  iiud  his  niaj(!sty  deeuu'd  it  best 

• ' to  ivc-all  Ix.tli.' 

Tiieir  Mr.  lo  Fol)vrc  d(!  hi  Barrc"  was  ajipointod  f^overnor-p;en- 

'"lu'iTri'iT'  cral,  and  ^Ir.  do,  ^NFcuh's  iiitciKhmt.     TluMr  several  ceiu- 
insnn.tions  ,j,j^^i„„>^  ij^,.,j.  ,|.^t^,  ^i.^y^  jc^.j.'     lu  tlie  iiistru(;ti(.iis  which 


Hiveii  tlieiii. 


accompany  them,  the  king  recommended  especially  to  the 
former  to  maintain  a  harmonious  concert  of  action  witli 
Count  de  Blenac,  governor-general  of  the  French  West 
Indies,  because  they  were  then  convinced  that  these  two 
colonies  might  derive  great  advantages  from  a  nmtnal 
interchange  of  their  products.'  His  majesty,  in  the  in- 
structions which  he  gave  Mr.  de  Mcndes,  hisisted  strongly 
on  what  he  had  so  frequently  and  so  iuefrectnally  ordei'ed 
his  pred(!cessor,  to  give  all  his  care  to  living  in  harmony 
with  the  governor-general  ;  adding,  that  if  he  saw  Mr.  de 
la  Earre,  in  the  discharge  of  his  functions,  do  any  thing 
manifestly  contrary  to  the  good  of  the  service,  he  should 
content  himself  with  rennmstrating  with  him,  and  showing 
him  the  orders  Avhicli  he  had  received  ;  after  that  he  was 
to  leave  him  to  act  without  annoying  him,  but  to  report  to 
the  council  whatever  hajiponed  detrimental  to  the  interests 
of  the  state. ' 


'  Pcrrot.Moeurs  etc 'oust  nines,  p.  1;!1. 

°  Lc  Fcl)vri'  111  Biiriv,  in  Franco  had 
bi'rn  maiti'i'  di's  riMnirtcs,  a  judi- 
cial (illici  T.  and  then  Inli'iidant  of 
HourlMinnais.  .Alinu'tcd  liy  tlic  col- 
ony ol'  C'aycnni',  lie  t'oi'ni'il  tosriile 
it  the  Ncconil  Frcndi  l\i|uiiiociial 
C(nni>nny,  wliii-li  received  letters-pa- 
tent in  Uciolier,  l(i(i:j.  Under  it  de 
In  Harre  was  made  governor  and 
lieutenant-general.  lie  arrived  in 
Cayenne  witli  du  Tracy  May  11, 
lOUl  :  Montezon,  .Mission  de  Cay- 
enne, I'uris,  IS.")?,  i>.  <).  In  .Inly, 
idii").  this  company  was  mergi'd  in 
the  West  India  ('om|iany  ;  .letl'erys, 
History  of  the  Frencli  Dominion,  ii., 
p.  !201.  lie  went  to  I'lance  in  Klli."), 
ITe  '.roll'  ■'  l)escri|i'ion  di-  la  I'riince 
Ei|uiuoctialu,cy-devant  aijpelue  Uvy- 


nnne,  et  i)ar  les  Espagnols,  Kl  Do- 
rado," jMiljlished  by  Jean  Hibov  in 
llilKI,  Ilo.  Dnring  his  aiisenco  in 
France  tlie  iMiglisli  cai)tured  Cay- 
enne, lint  de  la  Harre  was  sent  out 
with  a  lleet  in  l(i(i(i,  and.  alter  re- 
ducing Aniigna  and  Monserrat,  re- 
covered Cayi'une.  He  next  di'l'eated 
the  English  oft'  Nevis  :  (irillet,  in 
Mission  de  Cayenne,  Paris,  IS.^T,  p. 
l!):!.  etc.  ;  Du  Tertre,  Hist,  des  An- 
tilli'S.  In  Canada  he  lost  all  tho 
reimlation  that  he  had  gained  in  the 
West  Indies. 

'  See  de  la  Harre'a  commission. 
May  1, 1(iS'.i  ;  Arrets  et  Ordonnances, 
iii.,  p.  II  ;  de  Mi'uUes,  ib.,  p.  l(i. 

'  N.  V.  Col.  Doc  .  ix.,]).  1(17  ;  Can- 
ada Docnments.  1.,  ii.,  )).  l."i:{. 

''  Theoe  instructions  I  do  not  find. 


li  I 


HISTORY   OF   NEW   FRANCE. 


217 


New  Franco  liad  for  sovcr.al  years  been  in  great  confn-    1682-3. 
sion,  and  for  some  time  bolield  a  war  menacing  whicli  was  '—^r-— 
capable  of  plunging  it  once  more  into  its  former  miseries  ;  thel'ro  "uois 
moreover,  its  strength  seemed  to  diminish  from  day  to       """"• 
day,  for  at  the  last  census  of  the  colony,  taken  in  1(571),  it 
■was  found  to  contain  only  eight  thousand  five  hundred  and 
fifteen  persons,  without  including  the  government  of  Aca- 
dia, where  there  was  but  a  small  popiilation.'     We  have 
already  seen  that  the  Iroquois  did  not  observe  very  ex- 
actly the  articles  of  peace  agi'eed  upon  with  them  ;  but 
these  Indians  did  not  wish  to  declare  war  on  us  till  after 
they  had  their  measures  well  laid  to  make  it  successfully, 
and  they  devoted  themselves  especially  to  detach  oiu-  allies 
from  us,  or  render  them  useless  to  us. 

Several  things  had  contributed  to  draw  this  nation  down 
on  us  again.  After  New  York  returned  to  the  power  of 
the  English,  Colonel  Dongan,"  the  governor,  had  paid 
great  attention  to  supplying  the  Iroquois  with  goods  at  a 
lower  rate  than  the  French  could  do,  because  the  company 
which  then  controlled  all  the  fur-trade,  took  by  preference 
one-fourth  of  the  beavers,  tlit  tenth  part  of  the  leather, 
and  other  furs,  and  purchased  all  the  rest  at  quite  a  mod- 
erate rate.  Moreover,  several  untoward  affairs  had  oc- 
curred which  had  soured  their  minds.  Two  Frenchmen 
having  been  killed  by  Indians  near  Lake  Superior,  the 
Sieur  de  Luth,  into  whose  hands  the  assassins  fell,  shot 
them.'  On  the  other  hand,  several  insults  received  from 
these  savages  had  been  left  unpunished,  and  this  toler- 


!    %n 


'  Du  Chesneau  in  his  Report,  Nov. 
10, 107!)  (N.  Y.  Col.  Dw.,  ix.,  p.  130), 
snys  9,400  in  Cnniula  and  HI')  in 
Acadia.     Sec  il).,  ]i.  1(2. 

■•'  Tlinnias  Dongan,  the  real  founder 
of  Enfflish  colonial  policy,  was  born 
in  Ui;!4,  younger  son  of  Sir  .lolin 
Donarnn,  an  Irish  baronet.  After 
sei-vini;  in  the  French  army,  he  was 
reciilled  to  Enj;lnnd,  and  made  lieu- 
teuant-govornor  of  Tangier.   He  was 


governor  of  New  York  from  lOSiJ  to 
1088.  He  became  Earl  of  Limerick 
in  1008.  and  died  in  London  Di^c.  14, 
171,5  :  OCallaghan,  Origin  of  New 
York  Assemblies,  p.  33. 

■'  This  affair  seems  misplaced. 
Dn  Luth's  exec'ition  of  two  Iroiiuois 
for  killing  two  Frenclinien  is  men- 
tioned by  de  la  Bavro  in  1084  :  N.  Y. 
Col.  Doc,  ix.,  p.  233. 


:>  ••^s 


n ' 


h  -i^:^' 


.if' 


). 


■f 


V.  •! 


?| 


^1 


i;:" 
1% 


i  I' 


218  HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 

i68i.  ance,  wliich  had  draAvn  on  lis  their  contempt,  caused  the 
^■^■y^-'  proceeding  of  the  Sieur  de  Liith  to  be  regarded  as  violent ; 
as  though  tlie  French,  by  long  putting  up  with  aflronts, 
had  lost  the  right  of  avenging  themselves. 

At  last  an  unforeseen  accident  revealed  the  whole  evil 
disposition  of  the  Iroquois  in  our  regard.  In  the  month 
of  September,  1681,  a  Seneca  chief  was  killed  at  Michilli- 
makinac  by  an  Illinoin,  with  .vliom  ho  had  had  some  pri- 
vate quarrel.'  In  these  collisions,  the  first  resentment  of 
the  aggrieved  party  falls  not  on  the  murderer  or  hia  na- 
1682-?  tion,  but  on  the  masters  of  the  spot  where  tlu  oti"en:.'i!  is 
given.  Thus  it  fell  to  the  Kiskacons,  an  Ottawa  tribe 
among  whom  the  Seneca  had  been  killed,  to  offer  satisfac- 
tion to  the  Iroquois,  and  on  the  first  tidings  which  Count 
de  Frontenac  received  of  what  hf  d  occurred,  he  dispatched 
a  confidential  agent  to  the  cantons,  to  exhort  them  to  sus- 
pend all  hostilities  till  he  had  time  to  have  justice  done  by 
the  Kiskacons.' 

He  at  the  same  time  invited  them  to  send  deputies  to 
liim  at  Catarocouy,  whither  he  was  proceeding  in  person, 
Avitli  whom  he  might  treat  of  this  affair,  and  all  other 
"ubjects  of  complaint  that  might  exist  on  either  side.  A 
few  days  after  he  received  a  letter  from  Onondaga,  in- 
forming him  that  those  Indians  required  him  to  advance 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Oswego  Eiver  (Chouguen),'  and  this 
arrogant  pretension,  it  was  added,  was  undoubtedly  in- 
spired by  Colonel  Dongan,  under  the  impression  that  the 


insolent 
proposi- 
tions of 

tliose  siiv- 
nnus  to 
Mr.  do 

Fronleiiac. 


'  Tlie  Senccn  chief,  Annanliac,  was 
a  ])ri8on(T  in  the  handa  of  Bome 
Green  Bay  Indians,  and  th<!  quarrel 
arose  from  thi;  taunts  of  the  Ilurons 
as  to  an  Illinois  girl  held  as  a  slave 
by  the  Seneca.  An  Illinois  at  last 
killed  him  with  Tonty's  knife,  in 
presence  of  that  otBcer :  N.  Y.  Col. 
Doc,  ix.,  p]).  104, 17fi  ;  Canada  Doc, 
I.,  iv.,  p.  (!9. 

■'  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  is.,  p.  01.  The 
envoy  was  the  Sieur  Lamarque  :  lb., 


p.  109.  The  Kiskakons  was  one  of 
the  three  Ottawa  nations  who  fled  to 
the  Mississippi  with  the  Hurons. 
The  others  were  the  Sinagaux  and 
Keinouches. 

'  Tl<i8  is  the  proi)er  name  of  tho 
river  of  Onondaga  which  empties 
into  Lake  Ontario.  Clunictoi.r.  The 
letter  was  from  Father  John  do 
Lamberville  :  N.  Y.  Col.  Joe,  ix., 
pp.  170,  190. 


'i! 


3  I 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


219 


The 

jfcneral's 

reply. 


governor-r^enovfil  would  reject  it  with  contempt,  and  so    1682-3 
break  off  all  ne}.;otiation  with  the  Iroquoi;4  cantons. 

In  fact,  Mr.  de  Froutenac  repHed  to  the  writer  of  the 
letter  tliat  ho  would  never  consent  to  take  such  a  step ; 
in  tl-.e  first  place,  because  this  condescension  would  only 
increase  the  insolence  of  the  Iroquois  :  in  the  second 
place,  because,  even  were  it  not  against  his  dignity  to  do 
it,  he  could  not  undertake  the  voyage  hi  a  becoming  man- 
ner or  securely  for  his  person  without  great  expense: 
thirdly,  because  he  had  not  :,  >  t  seen  the  Kiskacons,  and 
did  not  know  what  resolution  they  had  taken.'  He  closed 
by  begging  the  writer  of  the  letter  to  use  every  exertion 
to  induce  the  Onondagas  to  adopt  more  reasonable  and 
respectful  sentiments. 

The  latter  not  only  deemed  this  impossible,  bui  even 
considered  it  dangerous  to  attempt  it.  He  informed  the 
general  that  the  principal  chiefs  of  the  Iroquois  nation, 
those  even  most  attached  to  the  I'rench,  persisted  in  their 
demand  for  an  interview  with  him  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Oswego  ;  and  that  if  he  refused,  there  was  every  reason  to 
fear  that  these  Indians  would  proceed  to  some  extreme 
measure,  which  he  would  repent  not  having  prevented.' 

At  the  same  time  that  this  second  letter  was  handed  to 
Count  de  Frontenac,  he  was  secretly  warned  not  to  go  to 
Oswego  unless  well  attended,  iind  that  the  Iroquois,  con- 
trary to  their  wont,  had  spoken  of  him  very  insolently.' 

From  whatever  source  thir,  information  came,  Fron- 
tenac took  great  pains  to  give  it  publicity  ;  but  what 
seemed  at  last  to  decide  him  against  going  to  Oswego  was 
his  conviction  that  at  bottom  the  Iroquois  esteemed  him 
and  would  not  make  war  on  him.  He  accordingly  resolved 
not  to  derogate  from  that  hauteur  with  which,  after  the 


Tlie  course 

wliioh 
he  adopted. 


'  Frontemic's  counnil  mlvised  liim  173,  174  ;  ib.,  p.  190  ;  Canada  Doc., 

not  to  fi,o   to   Trolioii('i;ii('ti   or   La  I.,  iv.,  p.  61. 

Famine,  as  tho  Irotpiois  asked,  l)ut  '  N.  Y.  Colonial  Documents,  ix., 

to   insist  on    Fort    Fronlenae.     See  p.  101. 

opiuious  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc.,  pp.  168-  '  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc.,  ix.,  p.  191. 


Mi 


/I 


j:    r#:ii  - 
i      .^il 

1     .*:i 


I 
1:  '^^ 


-  i-  i 

'I   ' 


ijt  !' 


■II 


220 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


it 


)■    I. 


1682-3.  example  of  Mr.  do  Couvcelles,  he  had  always  treated  the 

''■—^r~--'  Indians.     He  publicly  declared  that  he  took  the  Ottawas 

and  all  his  old  allies  under  his  protection,  and  permitted 

the  Kiskacons  to  build  new  forts  for  the  be  defence  in  case 

they  were  attacked. 

He  did  more  ;  some  Iroquois,  gained  by  Father  John 
de  Lamberville,  their  missionary,  having  yielded  so  far  as 
to  consent  to  treat  at  Catarocouy,  he  replied  that  he  would 
go  no  further  than  Montreal,  and  that  if  the  Iroquois 
wished  to  speak  to  him  ho  would  await  them  there  till 
the  month  of  June  ;  but  that  period  ended,  he  would  re- 
turn to  Quebec'  This  reply  irritated  the  Iroquois,  and 
they  declared,  on  theii'  side,  that  they  would  not  treat  with 
the  governor-general  except  at  Oswego.  On  this  Mr.  du 
Chesneau  wToto  in  July  to  Mr.  de  Frontenac,  who  was  still 
at  Montreal,  that  in  his  opinion  and  that  of  several  per- 
sons of  experience,  he  should  concede  to  the  Iroquois 
what  they  required,  the  more  especially  as,  according  to 
information  received  from  France,  no  reinforcement  could 
be  expected  from  that  quarter." 
Expedient  He  added  that  there  was  a  means  of  taking  this  step 
""bv^the''  without  derogating  from  his  dignity  and  without  exposing 
'k  Pf"'"'?''  liis  person  •,  namely,  to  proceed  in  a  bark,  to  be  followed 
and  why.  by  a  briguutine,  and  when  he  was  in  sight  of  Oswego  to 
invite  the  Iroquois  deputies  on  board"  The  reply  of  the 
general  was,  that  lie  did  not  disapprove  this  expedient, 
but  that  he  could  not  bring  himself  to  adopt  it ;  that  after 
the  insolent  manner  m  which  the  Indians  had  treated  the 
last  proposition  which  he  had  made  them,  it  woul  1  be  flat- 
tering their  pride  too  mucli  to  go  and  meet  them  in  their 
own  territory  ;  that  he  was  always  disposed  to  listen  to 
them,  when  he  had  seen  the  Kiskacois,  provided  they  con- 
formed to  their  duty  ;  but  that  it  was  well  to  make  the 
necessary  preparatives  for  maintaining  the  war,  and  that 


'  N.  Y.  Colonial  Documents,  ix., 
p.  191. 


N.  Y.  Col.Doc.,  ix.,  p.  191. 
lb.,  p.  174. 


t> 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


221 


Iroquoig 
deputies  at 
Moutroal. 


they  mur;t  both  act  in  concert  on  this  occasion,  although    1682-3 
tliey  hail  information  of  the  appointment  of  their  succes- 
sors, inasmuch  as  tliese  gentlemen  would  perhaps  not  ar- 
rive in  time  to  make  head  against  an  enemy  who  was 
always  ready  to  commence  hostilities.' 

A  short  time  after  the  general,  while  visiting  the  cotes 
of  Montreal,  met  the  Sieur  de  la  FonH,  Major  of  Cataro- 
couy,  who  was  bringing  to  him  five  Iroquois.  They  were 
deinities  of  the  five  cantons,  who  had  orders  to  assure  their 
father  Onoiithio  that  they  were  disposed  to  live  well  with 
him  and  with  his  allies.  The  head  of  this  deputation  was 
an  Onondaga  chief  named  Teganissorens,  who  was 
strongly  attached  to  the  French  nation,  and  had  made 
great  exertions  to  calm  the  minds  of  his  countrymen,  and 
had,  he  supposed,  succeeded. 

Mr.  de  Frontenac  gave  him  audience  on  the  11th  of 
Sejitember,  and  on  the  next  day  repUed  that  it  would  never 
bo  his  fault  that  a  good  understanding  was  not  restored 
between  the  two  nations  ;  but  as  the  Illinois  were  excepted 
from  the  peace  which  the  cantons  wished  to  maintain  with 
our  allies,  and  as  Teganissorens  had  declared  that  they 
were  preparing  to  make  war  on  them  vigorously,  the  gen- 
eral made  that  deputy  fine  presents  to  induce  him  to  divert 
the  blow.  He  promised  to  do  so  ;  but  we  shall  soon  see 
tliat  he  knew  not  the  secret  policy  of  his  nation,  which 
had  used  him  to  cloak  its  real  designs." 

He  had  scarcely  left  Montreal,  when  other  deputies  ar- 
rived representing  the  Kiskacons,  the  Hurons  of  Michilli- 
makinac,  and  the  Miamis.  Count  de  Frontenac  omitted 
nothing  to  induce  the  former  to  make  satisfaction  to  the 
Senecas  for  the  murder  of  which  I  have  spoken.  They 
replied  that  they  had  empowered  the  Hurons  to  present 
belts  to  them  on  their  behalf  ;  that  they  were  not  obhged 
to  do  more,  not  being  guilty  c    the  assassination  ;  but  that 


Deputies 

from  the 

otlier 

nations. 


N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  is.,  p.  175. 
S<;e   proceedings  of  conference, 


N.  Y.  Col.   Doc,  ix..  pp.  183-189; 
Canada  IXk-.,  I.,  ii.,  pp.  200-213. 


»y 


li    s 


n 


^ 

*[     :, 
i'     t 

i  M 
f  I  ■ 


'.N,iL 


I'f.' 


222 


1682- 


HISTORY  OF   NKVV   FRANCE. 


SI 

.^1    ^ 


Arrival  of 

MosNrB.  do 

la  Barro 

and  lie 

Mculca. 


■    JJ', 


tlie  Ilurons,  who  souf^lit  only  to  enibroil  matters,  far  from 
discharging  their  commission,  had  inflamed  the  Iroquois 
still  more  against  tlicm.  The  general  insisted  in  vain  in 
his  endeavor  to  porsiiado  them  to  further  measures  for 
the  sake  of  peace.  All  that  ho  could  obtain  was,  that  they 
would  act  solely  on  the  defensive.' 

Affairs  were  in  this  position  when  Messieurs  do  la  Barro 
and  des  Meules  arrived  at  Quebec  They  had  even  just 
learned  that  Teganissoren's  deputation  had  been  sent  by  the 
cantons  wit !  no  other  object  than  to  amuse  tin'  French,  and 
that  war  hail  uctually  begun  against  the  Illinois.  Accord- 
ingly, they  expected  soon  to  see  the  Iroquois  in  arms  in  the 
midst  of  the  colony.  On  the  other  hand,  they  were  not 
long  in  perceiving  that  the  creatures  of  Mr.  do  Frontenac 
would  not  find  the  same  protection  in  his  successor  ;  and 
it  seems,  in  fact,  that  Mr.  do  Barre  had  cither  arrived  from 
France  already  pi'epossessed,  or  alloAved  himself  from  the 
outset  to  be  prejudiced  against  the  Sieur  de  la  Sale,  in 
regard  to  whom  ho  avowed  himself  too  soon  not  to  give 
reason  to  judge  that  he  did  so  without  having  actuallj'  well 
weighed  himself  the  conduct  of  that  exp.  irev. 

On  the  14th  of  November,  in  this  same  year,  he  wrote 
to'tiio'coun  to  the  minister  that  do  la  Sale's  impi'udence  had  enkin- 
dled war  between  the  French  and  the  Iroquois,  and  thcat 
the  colony  might  well  be  attacked  before  it  was  in  a  po- 
sition to  defend  itself.  He  added  that  the  Recollect  Fa- 
ther Zenobius,  who  had  just  arrived  at  Quebec  in  order 
to  proceed  to  France,  had  been  unwilling  to  impart  any 
information  to  him  in  regard  to  the  new  discoveries  ;  but 
that  he  did  not  believe  that  much  reliance  could  be  placed 
on  all  that  that  friar  might  relate,  or  regard  these  discov- 


Mr.  de  la 


nKiiinst 

Mr.  de  lu 

Sale. 


'  The  conference  with  the  West- 
ern Indians  wns  in  August  1:J,  l(i83, 
that  witli  the  Iroquuis  September 
11.  For  the  former  sen  rnnndii  Doc, 
II.,  i.,  p.  183  ;  N.  Y.  Col.  Doe.,  ix.,  p. 
17(i. 


1683  (de  la  Potheric,  Histoire  do 
I'Ami'rique  Septentrionale,  ii.,  p. 
118),  to  find  Quebec  nearly  destroyed 
by  a  coiiflagralion  in  which,  in  .Vug. 
.l,  says  Mother  .luchercau,  nion^ 
wealth  iicrisheil  than  Canada   had 


'They     arrived     in     September,     left:  Histoire  ilel'Uotel  Dieu,  p.  ?50. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


223 


eries  as  very  important ;  finnllj'j  that  la  Sale  seemed  to   1682-3. 
have  very  evil  cli'signs.' 

In  another  lettor,  dated  April  30th,  in  the  following 
year,  he  says  that  he  is  at  last  convinced  of  the  falsity 
of  all  that  had  been  published  as  to  the  discoveries  re- 
ported to  the  minister  by  la  Sale  through  a  Recollect  Fa- 
ther ;  that  that  voyagenr  was  actually  with  a  score  of  vaga- 
bonds, French  and  Indian,  at  the  head  ri  (Green)  bay,  where 
ho  set  himself  up  as  a  sovereign,  pillaged  and  sot  ransom  on 
his  countrymen,  exposed  the  nations  to  the  incursions  of 
the  Iroquois,  and  covered  all  these  acts  of  violence  by  Hie 
pretext  of  a  permission  which  he  had  received  f)  as 

majesty  to  possess  the  exclusive  trade  in  the  cimutriea 
which  he  might  discover  ;  that  for  this  claim  he  had  no 
foundation,  as  the  bay  (Green  Bay)  and  the  adjacent  coun- 
try were  known  and  frequented  by  the  French  long  before 
he  arrived  in  America  ;  finally,  that  his  privilege  would 
expire  on  the  12th  of  the  succeeding  May,  after  which  he 
would  be  compelled  to  come  to  Quebec,  where  his  credit- 
ors, to  whom  he  owed  over  30,000  crowns,  impatiently 
awaited  him." 

Such  is  the  lot  of  those  men  whom  a  mixture  of  great 
defects  and  great  virtues  draws  f .  :>m  the  common  sphere. 
Their  passions  hurry  them  into  faults  ;  nud  if  they  do  what 
others  could,  not,  their  enterprises  are  not  to  the  taste  of 
all  men.  Their  success  excites  the  jealousy  of  those  who 
remain  in  obscurity.  They  benefit  some  and  injure  others ; 
the  latter  take  their  revenge  by  decrying  them  ^uthout 
moderation  ;  the  former  exaggerate  their  merit.  Hence 
the  different  portraits  drawn  of  them,  none  of  which  are 
really  true  ;  but  as  hatred  and  the  itching  for  slander  al- 
ways go  further  than  gi-atitudo  and  friendship,  and  cal- 
\imny  finds  more  easy  credence  with  the  public  than  praise 
and  eulogy,  the  enemies  of  the  Sieur  do  la  Sale  disfigured 
his  portrait  more  than  his  friends  embellished  it. 


'  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc.,  is.,  p.  204. 


'  Canada  Doc.,  11.,  iv.,  p.  153. 


ttt 


f      i 


(  'I 


kg   ■ 


1  .  '  = 


'  i»  '1  I 


1    :^M 


Hi 

V. 
\": 


l\ 


i!f  r 


5; 


« 

W 


224 


niSTORY  OF  NFW  FRANCE. 


l\ 


1 63  2-3. 


KlVeot 

proiliiceJ 

liy  li'iM 

IctterH. 


Fortunately  for  him  his  cniiso  was  cairiod  to  a  tribunal 
■\vhcro  thoy  wore  prcpoHs»'SHO(l  in  his  favor ;  and  as  he 
followed  close  on  the  letters  written  against  him  to  tho 
court,  his  jireseiico  there  efl'aced  at  least  a  part  of  tho  im- 
pression sought  to  be  given  against  his  conduct.     It  was 
not  that  Mr.  de  Seignclay  deemed  him  altogether  fi*ee 
from  the  faults  laid  to  his  charge  ;  but  weighing  his  tal- 
ents in  his  own  mind,  he  thought  it  his  duty  to  employ 
them.     He  nevertheless  gave  him  good  advice  as  to  his 
past  conduct,  and  la  Sale's  misfortunes  arose,  as  we  shall 
see  in  the  sequel,  from  not  profiting  by  it. 
AsscmWy       Meanwhile  Mr.  de  la  Barre  had  no  sooner  taken  in  hand 
nctabiiH  (if  tho  reins  of  government  than  he  saw  that  New  France  was 
ihe  colony.  ^^  ^^  extremely  delicate  crisis.     This  obliged  him  to  con- 
vene an  assembly,  to  which  he  invited  not  only  the  in- 
tendant  and  bishop,  but  also  the  chief  officers  of  the  troops, 
several  members  of  the  superior  council,  the  heads  of 
subaltern  jurisdictions,  the  superior  of  the  seminary,  and 
the  superior  of  the  missions.     He  requested  them  all  to 
give  him  their  advice  as  to  the  cause  and  nature  of  the 
evil,  and  the  remedies  to  bo  applied. 
It  iiitcrcsta      In  the  first  place,  it  was  explained  to  the  general  that 
goveri'oTas  tlie  object  of  the  Iroquois  was  to  attract  to  them  all  the 
Bitmition  of  commorco  of  Canada,  in  order  to  transfer  it  to  the  Eng- 
ufluirs.     jjj,]^  jjjjj  Dutch  of  New  York  ;  that,  consequently,  those 
two  nations  must  be  regarded  as  our  first  enemies,  and 
that,  in  fact,  they  had  for  a  long  time  been  unceasingly, 
though  covertly,  stimulating  the  cantons  to  a  inipture  with 
us  ;  that  those  Indians,  not  to  have  too  powerful  antagon- 
ists to  contend  with,  sought  to  amuse  us  while  they  were 
laboring  to  seduce  our  allies,  or  destroy  one  after  another 
all  whom  they  could  not  detach  from  our  interests  ;  that 
they  had  begun  by  the  Illinois  ;  that  it  was  vitally  impor- 
tant for  us  to  save  these  Indians  from  sinking  under  their 
blows,  but  that  was  no  easy  matter  ;  that  the  colony  could 
at  most  put  under  arms  a  thousand  men,  and  even  to  effect 
that,  part  of  the  agricultural  labors  must  be  suspended. 


HISTORY  OF  NKW  FRANCE. 


225 


1| 

1      '' 


It  was  noxt  icpiTsciitod  to  liiiii  tlnit  hoforo  oponly  taldnp;  16*^2-^ 
np  nrniH  tlio  Htorcliousos  must  firnt  bo  woll  Hupi)lio(l  with 
]ifovisions  mid  .■iiiiiimiiition,  as  noiir  an  ])nHHn)]o  to  tlio 
OTiciiiy  ;  for  tlio  roiiHoii  that  tin  tho  olnoot  was  not  nioroly 
to  alniiu  tlio  IroqnoiH,  as  wo  oontontod  oursolvos  with  doinp 
in  "Mr.  do  Tracy's  time,  but  to  rodnco  tlioni  to  such  a 
point  that  thoy  would  no  longor  bo  in  a  condition  to  mo- 
lost  us,  wo  should  bo  oblijifod  to  roniain  lonpor  in  or  noar 
thoir  country  ;  that  Fort  Catarocouy  was  of  groat  advan- 
tan;o  for  this  dosipfn,  inasniuoh  as  from  that  post  w(>  conld 
in  forty-oip;ht  hours  fall  on  tho  Sonoca  canton,  tho  most 
roiiioto  of  all  ;  that  it  was  indis])onsable  to  have  three  or 
four  barks  on  Lake  Ontario  to  carry  provisions,  munitions, 
and  a  part  of  the  mon,  wherever  it  raittht  be  nocossary  ; 
that  it  was  on  tho  shores  or  tho  Senecas  that  war  must 
first  be  carried,  but  before  being  involved  in  such  an  en- 
terprise it  would  bo  necessary  to  solicit  of  the  king  two  or 
three  hundred  soldiers,  a  part  of  whom  might  bo  placed 
in  garrison  in  Forts  Catarocouy  and  La  Galetto,  to  g\:ard 
tho  head  of  the  colony,  while  all  tho  forces  were  without ; 
that  it  would  also  be  expedient  to  beg  his  majesty  to 
send  into  the  country  a  thousand  or  fifteen  hundred  em- 
ployees to  cultivate  the  ground  in  the  absence  of  tho  set- 
tlers, as  well  as  means  for  the  storehouses  and  the  build- 
ing of  the  barks  ;  that  to  induce  the  king  to  meet  this  ex- 
pense, it  was  necessary  to  convince  him  of  the  necessity  of 
the  war  and  of  the  inabilitj'  of  the  colony  to  sustain  it ; 
and  especially  to  lay  before  him  that  the  lack  of  relief 
from  France  was  beginning  to  draw  on  us  the  contempt 
of  the  Indians,  whereas  were  these  tribes  to  behold  French 
troops  arrive,  the  Iroquois  would,  perhaps,  think  twice  be- 
fore attacking  us  ;  nor  would  our  allies  hesitate  to  aid  us 
with  all  their  might  against  a  nation  whose  power  they 
droadod,  but  over  whom  they  would  feel  '"ortain  of  tri- 
umphing did  thoy  but  see  us  in  a  posiaon  to  assist 
them  vigorously. 

Mr.  de  la  Barre  drew  up  a  report  of  this  deliberation 

Vol.  III.— 15 


r  i! 


>« 


N    (  in 


,1     \ 


1^  /■ 


f  m 


f'?^ 


2:?6 


IIISTOHY   OF  NEW   FKANCB. 


).    |„ 


i^Hj-.V    imd  S(Mit   it  to  till'  court.'     Tt  wiim  HtroiiRly  approvoil,  iiiul 
"-"^y—^  tilt'  kiiif?  fj;(i\(*  onlfis  to  kcikI  over  nn  Hoon  iih  poHHiMo 

TiiH  kiiiir  two  Iiundred  soldit-rs.  His  niiijosty  wrote  to  the!  novt'rnor- 
ToiaimTil.'' K'''''''"''''  '""1  '"  '"'^  letter,  wliifli  is  (lilted  Au(^ust  f),  l(»7r{, 
inforini'd  him  that  ("oloiu'l  Doiigiin,  j^overiior  of  New  York, 
wotdd  liavt^  received  a  very  ex|)licit  order  from  tlio  king 
of  Great  Dritaiu  to  maintain  a  good  understanding  with 
the  French,  and  that  there  was  donht  of  his  obeying  his 
instructions.'  Dongan  did,  indeed,  receive  such  an  order, 
but  we  shall  soon  see  that  lie  pretended  obcdionco  only 
the  better  to  deceive  the  French,  and  that  bo  was  the 
prime  nover  of  the  bloody  war  waged  ujion  us  by  the 
Irociuois  for  nearly  thirty  years.  In  the  same  letter  which 
we  have  just  cited,  the  king  recommended  to  Mr.  do  la 
Barro  to  prevent  the  English,  as  far  as  lay  in  him,  from 
establishing  themselves  in  Hudson's  Bay,  of  which  we  had 
taken  possession  st  m<'  years  before,  and  of  which  it  is 
necessary  to  give  the  reader  briefly  moans  of  forming  some 
idea. 
Deioripiion      After  doubling  the  northern  point   of   Newfoundland, 

lliiclKoii'a  steering  nortlnv(^stwRrd,  and  coasting  steadily  along  the 
land  of  Labrador,  you  advance  till  about  03  '  N.  latitude, 
where  you  find  a  strait  which  bears  the  name  of  Hudson. 
This  strait  runs  east  and  west,  inclining  to  the  northwest, 
and  its  outlet  is  at  01  N.  At  this  place  the  sea  forms  a 
bay  three  hundred  leagues,  or  thereabouts,  in  length,  and 
this  is  what  is  called  Hudson's  Bay.  Its  width  varies  :  for 
as  you  go  from  north  to  south  it  diminishes  gradually 
from  two  hundred  Icagiies  to  thirty-five.  Its  southern  ex- 
tremity is  at  51°. 

Nothing  is  more  fearful  than  the  country  by  which  it  is 
surrounded.  On  whatever  side  you  cast  your  eyos,  noth- 
ing can  be  seen  but  wild  and  uncultivated  lands,  precip- 
itous rocks  rising  to  the  sky,  intersected  by  deep  ravines 


Buy. 


'  N.  Y.   Col    Doc.,  ix.,  p.   104; 
Canada  Doc,  II..  i.,  p.  242. 


•'  Um  :  N.  Y.  Col.   Doc,    ix.,   p. 
200  ;  Canada  Doc.,  I.,  ii.,  p.  259. 


mSTOUY  OP  NEW  FRANCE. 


227 


)li«crviitliin 

iin  Ihu  ico 

of  tliciso 

HUUD, 


ftnd  stcrilo  viillcy:-*  wlicr.'  the  siiii  docs  not  ])on('triito,  ami  i^>'^i-3. 
wliicli  the  snow  hikI  ^'liicids,  tliiit  ru'vor  iiiclt,  render  nn-  "^ '"— 
apiiroiiclitililc'  'I'lii'  sen  is  ()|)iii  only  from  the  bc^'inninpf 
of  July  to  till'  end  of  Sr|iti  nilici','  and  cv^  tlicn  tlicn-  will 
1»o  met  at  times  iceberg's  of  immense  size,  wliieli  eiiiiHO 
niiviji;iitors  tlie  p^reiitent  oiid)iirnisHment ;  for  iit  the  mo- 
ment wluMi  it  is  least  expected,  the  tide  or  n  cnnent  wtronp 
enon^'h  to  H\ve('[)  the  slii))  alon^'  iind  render  it  uii^'overn- 
alile,  sudih'nly  invests  it  with  so  f^reat  a  number  of  theso 
lioatinj,'  slioals,  that  as  fur  as  tlio  oyo  can  roach  nothing 
can  he  seen  l>ut  ioo. 

Tiiere  is  no  other  means  of  protection  against  tlnsm  < 
than  to  n)ake  fast  to  the  larj^est  and  keej)  oil'  the  others 
with  louf?  ir<)n-|)ointed  poles,  a  supply  of  which  must  bo 
laid  ill  when  one  of  theso  perilous  voyaj^es  is  undertaken.' 
I?ut  as  soon  a.s  a  passaj^o  is  opened,  it  is  necessary  to 
jtrofit  by  it  at  once  ;  for  should  a  storm  unfortunatidy 
eouK!  on  while  the  sliip  is  tlius  bf.leged  by  icebergs,  it  is 
a  groat  chance  if  it  gets  clear.  These  icebergs  are  gen- 
erally formed  by  the  waters  of  several  torrents  which 
empty  into  the  bay.  The  heat  of  tlie  sun,  cv»>n  in  the 
dogdays,  cannot  melt  tliem,  and  can  at  most  loosen  them, 
when  they  como  down  with  a  fearful  noise,  bringing  a 
quantity  of  earth  and  sometimes  rocks  of  considerable 
size.*  As  rund)lings  are  cpiite  frequently  heard  in  thi.s 
bay  which  might  alarm  navigators,  it  is  well  that  they 
should  know  that  besides  the  jiart  contributed  by  tho  tor- 
rents wlii(di  dash  from  the  high  rocks  into  the  sea,  tho 
chief  cause  is  a  kind  of  boiling  up  caused  by  the  islands 
and  cakes  of  ice  which  lino  tho  whole  coast  of  tho  bay. 
This,  it  is  presumed,  occurs  in  this  way  : 


'   Dc    la    Potlurio.    Ilistoirti    de  middle  of  .luly  to  middle  of  Octo- 

rAmt'riquc   Beiitfiitiionali',    vol.    i.,  Ikt. 

Lettri's  ;>  mid  4.     Jcrcmif,  Rilation        ^  .Jcromio,    Holntion   de    la  Bayo 

de  In  Hnyi'  d'Hiidson  ;  V()yii;;('f  au  d'Hndson,  )i.  IJOd. 
Nord,  iii.  *    Di'    In    Potliirii',    Histoire    do 

'  Jereiuii',  p.  ;!0(1,  fuyn  from  tho  rAmi'ri(|iii'  Sept.,  i.,  up.  t)l-3. 


S] 


*     i 


? 


H 


I'  \\ 

:  I 


■\    ! 


it- 


>'!.< 


228 


HISTORY  OF    NEW  FRANCE. 


i'  t' 


168; 


^1    fc 


Phenomena 
in  the  air. 


)■    . 


3-  Tlic  tide,  which  comes  impetuously  from  the  ocean  to 
■~^  enter  the  bay,  is  stopped  by  the  ice.  This  resistance 
cliaugos  its  course,  and  produces  counter-cun-ents  which 
cross  each  other,  and,  together  with  the  nitre,  of  which 
these  seas  arc  full,  produce  a  fermentation,  which  makes 
the  surface  of  the  water  boil  up.  These  seas  are,  I  say, 
full  of  nitre,  and  thidi  cannot  but  bo  the  case,  considering 
the  quantity  of  melted  snow  and  ice  which  they  receive. 
Moreover,  it  has  been  remarked  that  the  plates  of  lead 
used  to  cover  the  touchhole  of  the  cannon,  will  be  found 
in  the  morning  covered  with  nitre,  and  that  when  any  one 
is  bled  on  the  vessels  or  in  the  forts,  the  opening  of  the 
vein  is  soon  all  fringed  with  it.'  Now  it  is  certain  that 
this  al)undance  of  nitre,  with  the  change  of  climate,  the 
salt  food  to  which  they  are  compelled  to  resort  on  these 
voyages,  rnd  the  little  exercise  taken,  causes  great  mala- 
dies. Hence  it  is  rare  that  a  vessel  does  not  lose  half  its 
crew. 

Another  phenomenon  which  appears  in  the  air  would 
well  deserve  an  investigation  into  its  cause.  In  the  clear- 
est weather  there  are  suddenly  seen  in  the  midst  of  the 
night  clouds  of  most  brilliant  white.  Even  when  not  a 
breath  of  air  can  be  perceived,  these  clouds  are  impelled 
with  very  great  celerity,  and  assume  every  kind  of  shape  ; 
the  darker  the  night,  the  more  brilliant  the  light.  It  is 
at  times  so  vivid,  that  you  can  read  by  it  more  easily  than 
by  that  of  the  full  moon. 

It  will,  perhaps,  be  said  that  this  is  only  a  refi'action  of 
the  rays  of  the  sun,  which  at  tliis  altitude  is  not  far  from 
the  horizon  during  the  summer  nights,  and  even  while 
there  is  no  wind  in  the  lower  region  of  the  air,  there  may 
be  in  the  iipper,  which  is  true  ;  but  what  induces  me  to 
think  that  there  must  bo  some  other  cause  for  this  meteor 


'    Dp    la    Potlicrie,    ITistniro    de    flie  enow-water,  but  to  caves  in  the 
rAm('Tic|Uf  -'fptcnlrionulc,  i..  iij).  (i'',     rocks  :  i.,  p.  03. 
63.     Hn  (locB  not  awrilif  the  nitre  to 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


229 


.Mcide  of 
tnnelling 
on  the  ic'u. 


is  that,  during  winter  ovon,  tlio  moon  often  appears  sur-    1682-3 

rounded  by  ruinljows  of   different    colors,  and   all  very  ^ > — 

bright.  For  my  own  part,  I  am  convinced  that  these  ef- 
fects must  be  attributed  in  i)art  to  nitrous  exhalations, 
which  during  tlie  day  have  been  attracted  and  inflamed 
by  the  sun.' 

Rut  would  it  be  believed  that  on  some  of  these  enor- 
mous cidips  of  iee,  some  of  which  equal  in  extent  some 
of  the  islands  in  Hudson's  Bay,  men  are  found  who  Iiavo 
embarked  on  them  intentionally?  Yet  wo  are  assured 
that  Esquimaux  have  been  more  than  once  perceived  on 
them  ;  and  it  is  certain  that  if  on  seeing  them  thus  borne 
about  at  the  sport  of  the  waves  and  tides  on  these  floating 
shoals,  fears  are  entertained  for  them,  greater  and  better 
founded  are  felt  for  those  whom  they  see  risking  their  lives 
amid  this  same  ice  on  vessels  :  for  as  these  savages  cany 
their  canoes  everywhere  with  them  on  the  ice,  they  are 
never  at  a  loss,  come  what  will,  or  change  as  the  weather 
may.  If  the  ice-cakes  dash  near  each  other,  they  spring 
from  one  to  another  without  diflficulty  ;  if  they  leave  open 
channels  of  considerable  size,  they  embark  and  sail  on  as 
long  as  the  ice  permits.  Should  an  iceberg  approach 
which  they  cannot  avoid,  they  leap  on  it,  and  the  very  ice- 
berg which  threaten  d  them  with  destruction  shields  them 
from  shipwreck.  This  is  not  so  Avith  those  on  a  vessel. 
If  the  ship  is  caught  between  two  icebergs,  the  only  alter- 
native is  to  escape  to  one  of  them,  but  then  the  difficulty 
is  to  live  on  it  or  leave  it.  It  is  easy  to  conclude  that  a 
sea  so  dangerous  in  its  navigation  is  not  yet  well  explored. 
Indeed,  except  some  islands  mot  by  the  French  and  Eng- 
lish on  their  passage,  and  jioints  on  the  coast  where  they 
have  had  settlements,  all  the  rest  has  as  yet  been  seen 
only  at  a  distance. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  among  a  great  number  of  navi- 

'  De  la  I'othcric,  Ilistoirc'  (ii>  ie  inoro  accurate  tliaii  that  of  Chnr- 
rAm'ri|ii('  Si'picutriciiak-.  i.,  \>.  71.  Irvoix.  Sec,  too,  Voyages  au  Nord, 
HisdeBi'rijitioii  of  t!i  ■  aiirora  liorHali?    iii.,  p.  289. 


l^tl 


m  V  'I 


■i  * 


i't 


U 


'•'  ■     i 


i  r 
-1 


% 


!k 


ftk 


i 


M 


^    iltii.J 


If 


'^ 


\  I 


230 


168; 


Freticli  mil 

cliiiiiK  to 

lliiilsoirs 

liuv. 


HISTORY   OF   NEW   FRANCE. 

gators  of  various  iiatious  who,  towards  the  close  of  the 
sixteenth  century  mul  in  the  course  of  the  seventeentli, 
'  undertook  to  discover  a  passage  to  China  and  Japan  nortli 
of  America,  several  Avore  aware  of  this  great  bay,'  which 
conininnicates  with  the  Cliristian  Sea  ;  but  it  is  certain 
that  it  was  Henry  Hudson,  an  Englishman,  who  in  1611 
gave  liis  name  to  tlie  bay  and  to  the  strait  by  which  you 
enter  it."  Nothing  is  known  of  what  he  did  there,  nor  do 
Ave  e\en  know  Avlu'ther  he  peneti'ated  very  far  into  it.  The 
pretended  acts  of  taking  possession  of  the  Avhole  country 
made  at  various  times  by  Nelson,'  Thomas  Button,'  and 
Luxfox,'  even  were  they  as  well  attested  as  they  are  but 
indifferently,  gave  no  stronger  support  to  the  claims  made 
by  that  nation  to  this  bay  in  the  time  we  are  treating  of 
than  the  acts  of  Verazani,  under  the  reign  of  Francis  I., 
entitle  us  to  claim  Carolina,  Virginia,  and  the  other  prov- 
inces of  North  America,  which  are  now  occupied  by  the 
British  crown,  since  it  is  certain  that  the  English  possessed 
nothing  on  that  bay  when,  in  1650,  the  Sieur  Bourdon  was 
sent  there  to  secure  its  possession  to  France,"  a  ceremony 
repeatedly  renewed  in  subsequent  years. 

It  is  true  that  in  166:5  two  French  runaways,  named 
Medard  Chouard  des  Groseilliors  and  Peter  Esprit  do 
Radissou,'  to  revenge  some  affront  that  they  had  received, 


). 


'  Cabot  entered  it  in  1517. 

»  Ante,  ii.,  p.  10. 

'  Nelson  discovered  tlie  river  that 
bears  liis  mime,  wliich  was  railed  liy 
tlie  Indians  Paouirinioiiafraou,  the 
Descent  of  the  Straiiger ;  .lereinie, 
Ui'lation  de  la  Bave  d'lludson.  p. 
yaO.  The  French  called  it  Bmirlion 
River. 

*  Sir  Thomas  Hiitton's  voyaj^e  is 
described  in  Northwest  Fox  ;  or,  Fox 
on  the  Northwest  Passage,  4to,  Lon- 
don. 10:1.5,  pp.  118-10. 

'  liUkeFiix.  As  to  this  voy:ii,'e,  si'e 
Northwest  Fox.  jip.  1(i'.)-'J,"il . 

^    De    la    I'otherie.    Hisloire    de 


I'Amerique  Sejitentrionale,  i.,  p.  141. 
.John  Bourdon  is  said  to  have  coasted 
all  along  Lahrador  in  a  vessel  of 
thirty  tons  :  Ancient  Register  of  the 
Council  of  Quebec,  cited  in  N.  Y.  Col. 
Doc  .  ix.,  11.  I!04. 

'  Medard  Chouart  de  Oroseilliers 
was  a  native  of  Toiiraine  and  an  ex- 
perienced ])ilot.  He  was  an  early 
emigrant  to  Canada,  win  i  ■  he  iiinr- 
ried  a  daughter  of  .Vbraham  Martin, 
king's  pilot.  Ke  reached  .James  Bay 
overland  from  Lake  Assiniboin.sind, 
returning,  endeavored  to  induce  tlio 
(,!ueliec  merchants,  and  suliseipicntly 
the  French  court,  to  send  ships  to 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  P'RANCE. 


231 


conducted  the  Englisli  to  the  River  Nemiscau,  whicli  emp-    1682-3. 

ties  into  the  head  of  the  bay,  and  that  the  English  erected ^^ 

at  the  mouth  of  the  river  a  fort  which  received  the  name  Two  French 
of  Fort  Rupert  ;  that  they  subsequently  established  an-  eo,',',";lct"the 
other  among  the  Monsonis,  and  then  a  third  at  Qiutcliit-  ^i'i',S„!° 
chouen.     But  France  and  Canada  viewed  these  enterprises      ^'"■''■ 
as  usurpations. 

Colbert,  nevertheless,  in  view  of  the  close  union  then 
existing  between  the  two  crowns,  deemed  it  most  expedient 
to  dissend)le  for  a  time  ;  but,  to  prevent  a  title  by  pre- 
scription, Mr.  Talon,  having  formed  a  design  for  seeking 
an  easy  route  to  Hudson's  Bay  by  the  Saguenay,  profited 
by  a  new  deputation  from  the  Indians  of  those  parts  sent 
down  with  the  object  of  obtaining  missionaries.  To  ac- 
company them  on  their  return  he  chose  Father  Charles 
Albanel,  giving  him  as  associates  two  Frenchmen,  one  of 
wliom  was  the  Sieur  Dcnys  de  St.  Simon,  a  Canadian  gen- 
tleman, nephew  if  the  Deu;ys  whose  Memoirs  on  Acadia 
have  been  so  frequently  cited.' 

They  set  out  from  Quebec  August  22,  1671,"  and  on  the     Father 
17th  of  September  learned  that  two  English  vessels  had      Mr  ,ie" 
anchored  at  the  head  of  Hudson's  Bay,  and  were  trading  ^'go'to"" 
with  the  Indians.'     This  information  compelled  them  to  i^yll^yufe 
send  back  to  Quebec  for  passports,  which  were  at  once  ^"s»e"ay- 
given  ;  but  this  delay  had  made  them  lose  the  proper  sea- 
son for  navigating  the  river,  and  they  were  forced  to  win- 
ter on  the  shores  of  Lake  St.  John.     They  resumed  their 
march  on  the  1st  of  June  in  the  following  year,  1672,  and 
on  the  i3th  eighteen  canoes  full  of  Mistassin  Indians  ap- 


■•^s 


uf. 


Hudson's  Bay.  Failing  to  induco 
tlii'in,  he  went  to  England,  and,  with 
Bndisson,  conducted  nn  English  ves- 
sel, conimanded  by  Zacliarlah  (Jil- 
lani,  a  New  Englander,  to  the  liny. 
01di;iixoii.I?riti^li  F,iii]iire  li.,  p  511), 
says  it  was  in  1(1(17.  IJobsdii's  Ac- 
count ot  Six  Years'  Ret;idence  in 
Hudson's  Bay,  8vo,  London,  1753, 


Appendix  4,  says  1G68.  As  to  them, 
see  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  is.,  pp.  304,  7!)7  ; 
de  la  Pothcrie,  Hist,  de  I'Am.  Sept., 
i.,  pp.  141-2. 

'  Relation  delaN.  F.,  Ifi72-;!,p.  42. 

•'  August  6  :  lb.,  p.  4.1. 

■'■  They  were  informed  by  pome  At- 
tikumegues  and  some  Mistnssirini : 
lb.,  p.  44. 


r 


a 


232 


HISTORY  OP  NEW  FRANCE. 


I' 


■     ;i 


I 


1682-3.   peared  in  the  attitude  of  men  bent  on  disputing  their 

""^       '  passage.     Father  Albanel  advanced  alone  to  address  them, 

and  told  them  that  the  French  having  cleared  the  country 

of  the  Iroquois  war-parties,  it  was  but  just  that  they  should 

be  allowed  to  pass. 

He  then  exhorted  them  to  resume  their  old  custom  of 
coming  to  Lake  St.  John  to  trade,  as  they  would  never  fail 
to  find  goods  there,  and  would  always  meet  a  missionary 
to  instruct  them,  as  had  been  done  iu  times  past,  a  thing 
the  English  did  not  do.  The  Mistassin  chief  thanked  the 
missionary  for  the  peace  which  the  French  had  secured  to 
them,  as  well  as  for  the  zeal  which  he  displayed  for  their 
instruction.  He  even  besouglit  him  to  remain  with  them, 
but  Father  Albanel  told  him  that  for  the  present  indis- 
pensable business  summoned  him  elsewhere,  and  he  begged 
the  chief  to  await  his  retai'n  to  Lake  St.  John.' 

On  the  18tli  the  travellers  entered  the  Lake  of  the  Mis- 
tassins,  to  make  the  circuit  of  which  requires,  it  is  said, 
twenty  days  of  good  weather ; "  and  on  the  25th  they 
reached  the  sliores  of  Lake  Nemiscau,  which  is  much 
smaller.^  On  the  1st  of  Jiily  they  repaired  to  a  spot  called 
Miscoutenagechit,  where  the  Indians  who  had  solicited  a 
missionary  awaited  them,  and  received  them  with  great 
demonstrations  of  joy.  Father  Albanel  perceived,  never- 
theless, tliat  they  were  apprehensive  that  he  would  oppose 
their  trading  with  the  English,  who  had  advanced 
there  and  built  a  trading-house  ;  but  he  reassured  them, 
and  told  them  that  he  had  in  view  only  the  salvation  of  their 
souls,  and  that  the  French  thought  only  of  securing  the 
tranquillity  and  safety  of  the  country  against  the  Iroquois.* 
Fourth  Some  days  after  he  left  that  village  with  his  two  com- 
"cs'i'imrof  panions,  visited  all  the  country  a'-ound  Lake  Nemiscau, 
^''Bay."'"  ^01^;   embarking  on  the  river  of   the   same   name,'  en- 


'  Rcl.  de  la  N.  P.,  1073,  pp.  47-8. 

'  Albnni'l  says  the  lake  is  so  oallpd 
from  its  great  number  of  large 
rocka  :  lb.,  p.  49. 


"  Rel.  de  la  N.  P.,  1873,  p.  49. 

Mb..p.  .W-l. 

'  Nemiskausipiou  ;  lb.,  p.  51. 


I 


5 


^l!H 


I 

Pi 

r 


!i .  I 


'iftW.ji 


r^i 


4  s 


'%i 


i 


t 


'(,*,■- 


'4' 


.•  '^  4 1 


*«5ku 


.(' 


3    ' 


Pi 


'*■■', 


n 


!         * 


). 


\  t 


1^^ 


HISTORY  OF  NEW   FRANCE. 


233 


1685. 


The 

two  Kri'iidi 

riiimwiiyB 

return  to 

CiiiiikIu. 


tered  tho  bay  into  which  it  onipties.  At  several  points  he 
made,  iiursuant  to  liis  instructions,  acts  of  taking  posses- 
sion,' sifrni'd  them  with  tlio  Sieur  de  St.  Simon,  and  caused 
thorn  also  to  ho  si<,'nod  by  the  chiefs  of  ton  or  twelve  In- 
dian nations,  whom  he  took  the  precaution  to  asscnd)le  to 
witness  that  ceremony.'  Matters  remained,  nevertheless, 
on  the  same  footinf,'  with  regard  to  the  Enf,dish  for  several 
years,  and  they  enriched  themselves  while  the  court  of 
France  contented  itself  with  assurinf»  its  rij,'hts  thor(^ 

On  the  otlu^r  hand,  the  two  deserters  who  had  led  tl-o 
Enf,'lish  to  Hudson's  Bay,  either  from  some  private  pique 
or  from  a  reawakening  love  for  their  native  land,  had  re- 
turned to  France,  altliouf^h  Radisson  had  married  the 
daughter  of  Sir  (David)  Kirk,  and  the  French  king  had 
permitted  them  to  return  to  Canada,  granting  them  even 
favors  thei'e  that  they  hud  not  deserved.  Some  years  after 
a  Northern  Company  was  formed  at  Quebec,  which  under- 
took to  drive  the  English  from  Hudson's  Bay.  It  deemed 
it  impossible  to  employ  in  this  entei*prise  persons  better 
qualifi(Hl  to  ensure  success  than  the  aiithors  of  the  evil, 
who  now  offered  their  services,  and  were  the  only  persons 
acquainted  with  the  country.  There  was  not  one  but  was 
convinced  that  they  would  seize  with  avidity  so  favorable 
an  opportunity  of  repairing  their  fault,  and  perhaps  aveng- 
ing their  own  wrongs. 

They  set  out  in  1082,  in  two  ill-fitted  vessels,'  and  wont      They 
straight  to  the  first  fort,  but  found  the  English  so  well  t„  drive  t!io 
intrenched  that  they  durst  not  attack  them.     Thoy  then    ivmn  Ui'e 
skirted  along  the  western  shore  of  the  bay  in  searcli  of        "^' 
an  advantageous  post  where  they  might  establish  a  fur- 
trade,  and  on  tho  2Gth  of  August  they  entei'cd  a  bay,  into 


'  r^i 


.1      •!  I 


<*•.*  ■; 


<  Rel.  dp  la  N.  F.,  1673,  p.  55. 

'  De  la  Potlierie,  Histoire  de 
rAmt'riqiin  Spiitentrioniile,  i.,p.  143. 
Albancl  does  not  state  this.  Ilo 
rearliod  Clicgoutimi  An  nist  1,  and 
embarked  on  the  vessel  <>i  Mr.  Denic, 


Captain  of  Tadoussac  :  Rel.  de  la  N. 
F.,  1072,  p.  55. 

'  Thoy  asked  permission  to  go  to 
Hudson's  Bay,  and  wlien  Frontcnac 
refused,  tiicy  asked  to  iroseiilinLr  near 
Anticosti :  Canada  Doc,  I.,  iv.,  p.  218. 


I  '1 


■w 


I 


),l 


t' 


2^4 


HISTOHY   OK   NEW    FRANCE. 


;  / 


J 


16S3.  uliicli  two  liirgo  rivers  craptiod  through  a  common  mouth.' 
—^,~--'  One  is  Bonrbon  Rivrr,  which  has  beeu  asctnuled  to  quite 
a  (liHtaiict>  witliout  <liscoveriiiR  its  source.  A  French  ves- 
sel liad  wintered  tlu  re  in  1075,  and  p;ivt  11  it  the  name  it 
bears.  Pes  (troseilliers  gave  tlie  other  the  name  of  Saint 
Teresa,  after  liis  wife,  a  sister  of  Kadisson."  This  small 
bay  where  the  two  rivers  join,  is  called  by  the  English 
Port  Nelson,  pretending  that  it  had  been  discorered  in 
Kill  by  Nelson,  Henry  Hudson's  pilot. 
What  Bieur  Jereniie,  fi-om  whom  wo  have  quite  a  good  Relation 

oociirred hi- of  Hudson's  Bav,  wliere  he  made  a  verv  long  stay,  and 
uiid  till'     ^vas  in  command  at  the  time  of  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  avers 

Kiigli.-li.  _  _  _  _      -^  ' 

tliat  while  lladisson  and  his  l)rother-in-law  were  wintering 
in  V  Teresa's  River,  some  Englishmen  were  encamped  on 
the  oaidcs  of  Bourbon  River.  The  French  discovered  the 
Englisii  befoi'e  the  latter  had  the  slightest  suspicion  that 
they  had  such  close  neighbors,  attacked  them  when  they 
were  intoxicated,  and  made  them  all  prisoners,  to  the 
number  of  eighty,  although  the  French  had  with  them 
only  twelve  men  ;  that  they  also  found  quite  near  them 
six  English  sailors  abandoned  there  by  a  Boston  vessel, 
who  were  destitute  of  provisions,  and  were  vinaware  of  the 
presence  of  their  countrymen  on  JBourbon  River.' 

But  a  Memoir  which  wns  presented  the  next  year  to  Mr. 
de  Seignelay,'  and  of  which  I  had  the  original  in  my 
hand,  gives  (piito  a  diflferent  version,  and  is  undoubtedly 
entit.'jd  to  greater  credit  than  the  narrative  of  that  travel- 
ler, otherwise  a  v-ry  iudicious  man,  whose  testimony  can 
be  depended  on  when  he  speaks  of  facts  of  which  it  was 


'  At  River  Kakioukiouay  (Qui  va 
et  vient),  Aug.  27  :  Canada  D(K'..  II., 
iv.,  p.  218. 

">  It  was  at  Til  30'  ;  De  la  Potho- 
rie,  i.,p.  144. 

'  Des  Grosoillier's  post  was  on  the 
islands,  three  leairnes  \\\<  the  river. 
He  di.«rovere'l  first  the  six  Bo.-iton 
men  wliose  vessel  had  been  carried 


off  by  the  ice,  and  never  was  heard 
of.  Then,  on  Epiphany,  he  captured 
the  London  party,  which  was  seven 
leagues  u])  Bourbon  River  :  Jeremle, 
Relation  de  la  Baye  d'Hudson,  pp. 
322-3. 

^  Des  Oroseilliers  to  Seignclay : 
Canada  Dec,  II.,  iv.,  p.  176.  De 
Meulles  to  name  :  lb.,  p.  818. 


.     fi 


HISTORY   OK   NKVV    FRANCE. 

in  his  ronch  toolitain  porsonnl  mforiiiation.  According,'  to 
this  ISIonioir,  HiulisHou  aud  his  hrotlicr-in-linv  had  Hcarco 
1h'^,miu  tlu'h'  c'Mtiiblishmont  on  St.  Tfii'H.i  IJivcr,  wluii  ji 
Uoston  vossol  iip{u)arod  at  thi"  mouth  of  the  river  (piito 
ucav  thi'iv  u-anii).' 

Some  days  after  a  largo  London  sliip  anchored  in  tho 
same  phiee,  and  alarmed  tho  Bostonors,'  who  had  no  com- 
mission, as  well  as  tho  French,  who  were  not  yet  sutK- 
ciently  intrenched  to  make  any  defence  if  attacked,  as 
th(!y  would  a))parcntly  ho  ;  but  it  soon  excited  the  com- 
j)aHsion  of  both.  Great  cakos  of  ico,  driven  by  tho  tide, 
struck  it  so  violently  that  they  made  it  dra^,'  its  anchors 
and  drift  out,  where,  notwithstanding,'  all  tho  efforts  of  the 
crew,  it  was  stove  in  by  otluir  masses  of  ice. 

All  on  hoard  escaped  on  tho  very  icoberps  which  had 
caused  their  niishaj),  and  which  carried  them  ba<'k  to  tlw 
mouth  of  St.  Teresa  Iliver."  Then  the  commandant,  who, 
on  his  arrival,  had  summoned  tho  French  to  withdraw 
from  a  country  which  belonged,  he  said,  to  the  king  his 
master,  asked  and  without  difficulty  obtained  hospitality. 
EadisHon  and  des  Groseilliers  oven  gave  them  provisions 
of  which  they  were  hi  absoluto  want,  and  permitted  them 
to  throw  up  huts  on  the  banks  of  Bourbon  River,  after 
requiring  a  written  promise  not  to  fortify  tlnnr  post  or  do 
any  act  that  could  prejudice  the  rights  of  the  most  Chris- 
tian king. 

This  promise  was  ill  kept  :  the  English  no  sooner  re- 
flected on  their  superiority  of  numbers  than  they  set  to 
work  to  intrench  themselves  ;  they  then  took  steps  to  sur- 


'  De  !ft  PotUerie,  HiBt.  do  I'Am. 
Sept.,  i.,  p.  lit.  Till)  wholi^  crow  of 
the  Boston  craft  was  ten  men. 

'  BoBtonnnis  was  used  in  Canada 
to  moan  tlio  British  colonists  gener- 
ally in  America,  and  is  still  so  used 
liy  old  men.  Tlie  word  jmssed  from 
theCunadianB  to  tho  IndianH.  Kveu 
the  Mohawks  called  tlie  English  set- 
tlers near  them  Wastonronon  (Bos- 


ton peo])le).  Sen  Brant's  letter,  Col. 
Ulster  Hist.  Soc. ;  Potier,  Uacines 
Huronnes.  Tho  same  expression 
spread  to  the  northwest  coast,  and 
in  the  Chinook  jargon  Boston  is  tlie 
term  for  American.  See  Oibb's  Chi- 
nook Jargon. 

^  They   escapi'd   in  boats  ;    De    la 
Potherie,  i.,  p.  144. 


286 


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HISTORY  OF   NEW  TOANCR. 


l63j. 


They  iigiiin 

irivi-  lip 

Ilii.Uoi.'s 

Hii.v  til  ilic 

Kii^li:>li. 


priso  tlio  FroDph,  imd  dopiivn  them  of  all  jiowcr  to  injnro 
tlicni  ;  Init  tlio  Ficiich  were  too  ((iiick,  aiid  luiido  huvo  of 
the  English.  The  Memoir  from  wliicli  I  (h'livc  tlicso 
fiiftH  (lot'H  not  Htnt(*  in  wlnit  niiiniit  r  tliin  was  done,  imd  it 
iw  ([uito  i)rol)al)lt'  tliat  HadiHson  and  dcHdrosoillins  H»'i/iMl 
Bonio  luoniont  when  tho  Enp;llHh  wuro  off  thoir  ^^uard,  or, 
it  may  Im,  intoxicated,  as  it  is  stated  in  JonMnio's  ll(\lation. 

^]^'  tint  as  it  may,  so  f,'roat  a  numbor  of  prisoners  soon 
became  a  },'reat  end>arrassment  to  tho  French,  whoso  pro- 
visions, moreover,  began  to  fail ;  accordingly,  as  soon  as 
the  season  permitted  a  vessel  to  pnt  to  soa,  they  embarked 
a  ])art  of  the  Englishmen  on  one  of  the  vessels  which  they 
had  bronght  from  Quebec,  and  loft  them  at  liberty  to  go 
where  they  choso.  They  then  Bet  out  tliemselves,  with 
the  rest  of  tho  prisonoiu,  on  the  ship  which  they  had  re- 
served and  on  the  Boston  bark,  which  they  seized  without 
nnu'li  dilhculty,  and  then  returned  to  (Quebec,'  where  their 
manner  of  procet'ding  with  the  English  displeased  those 
interested  in  the  Northern  Company.  Thoy  were  also  an- 
noyed on  several  points  relating  to  the  fur-trade,  al- 
though they  had  brought  back  a  heavy  cargo  of  peltries. 
This  all  ol)ligod  them  to  return  to  France,  where  tuey 
hoped  to  receive  greater  justice." 

Whether  they  were  really  guilty,  or  whether  the  minis- 
try had  been  prejudiced  by  their  enemies,  their  hopes  were 
balHed,  and  the  despair  which  they  conceived  made  them 
turn  to  the  English  a  second  time.  Lord  Preston,  then 
embassador  from  Great  Britain  to  the  court  of  France, 
learning  their  discontent,  persuaded  Radisson  to  go  to 
London.'  lladisson  followed  this  advice,  was  well  received 
by  Sir  (David  ?)  Kirke,  his  father-in-law,  who  obtained  for 


'  De  la  Potherip,  Hist,  de  I'Ani.  Boston    interloper   was   carried    to 

Sept.,  i.,  pp.  144-5,  dot's  not  mention  Quebec. 

till'  rapture  of  t  lie  London  imrty.  but  "The  English  vD.isel  is  said  to  liava 

nii'rrI,VMiystlmMliel"r.'ii.".miivi'them  been  cnninmniled  by  Gilh\in. 

a  bark  and  j  rovinion.s,  on  wliicli  they  '  De  la  Potherio,  Hibt.  de  TAm, 

suilei"  *'')r  the  head  of  the  bay.    The  Sept.,  i.,  p.  46. 


II 


tf 


Caiue  du  Fonds  dk  la  Bayi   1)1-  Hudson 

que  Ls ^n/flow  avtu-Uetit ILlYK  J.l.UKS  l\vS' lic/Itn  huj'dt-  Li^Uaruitiy^ 

I'.chelli    lit- Licurs  M.Minr«  Je  France  cl  dAiidlrtfrrp 


^"■'— ■"" -i-a"'"""!"."'-.  .iniiiii.im,ii.ii n;^ 


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HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


237 


him  from  the  court  a  pension  of  twelve  hundred  Hvrcs, 
whicli  lie  enjoyed  till  his  death.  The  next  year,  1685,  ho 
was  sent  with  two  ships  to  seize  the  fort  which  he  had 
himself  erected  at  the  mouth  of  St.  Teresa  River,  and 
where  Chouart,  his  nephew,  son  of  des  Groseilliers,  had 
remained  Avith  only  eight  men.  On  arriving  in  sight  of 
the  fort,  and  making  the  signals  agreed  upon  between  the 
young  commander  and  his  father  and  uncle,  he  was  at 
once  received.' 

According  to  another  Memoir,  it  was  the  elder  des 
Groseilliers  who  remained  at  Hudson's  Bay  ;  for  the  au- 
thor ]irctends  that  Eadisson  and  young  Chouard  nego- 
tiated with  Lord  Preston  through  one  Gods.'  Nevertlie- 
less,  I  find  in  a  letter  of  the  king  to  the  Marquis  de 
Denonville,  that  that  general  had  orders  to  assure  young 
Chouard  that  lie  sliould  be  rewar  led,  and  to  promise  fifty 
pistoles  to  any  one  who  should  seize  Eadisson  and  deliver 
him  to  the  officers  of  his  majesty.  It  is,  moreover,  certain 
that  Chouard  died  in  Canada  and  Eadisson  in  England. 
According  to  the  Memoir  just  cited,  it  was  at  this  time 
that  tlie  English  gave  the  name  of  Port  Nelson  to  the 
mouth  of  St.  Teresa  Eiver. 

The  loss  experienced  by  the  French  on  this  occasion 
forms  a  basis  for  judging  of  the  importance  of  this  post 
to  trade,  for  it  was  estimated  at  thirty-two  thousand 
beavers,  six  bales  of  martin,  two  of  otter,  and  other  infe- 
rior peltries,  tlie  whole  valued  at  400,000  livres.'  And  yet 
this  was  the  proceeds  of  only  one  year's  trade,  for  Eadis- 
son had  taken  to  Quebec  all  that  was  in  the  stores  when 
lie  set  out  from  the  Bay.  "We  shall  see  the  measures 
adopted  by  the  Northern  Company  to  obtain  redress  for 
this  perfidy,  after  relating  what  occurred  in  the  colony 
during  that  interval. 


1683. 


'  Jeremie,   Relntion   de   la  Baye        »  De  la  Potherie,  Hist,  de  I'Am. 
d'lludson,  p.  ;VM.  Sept.,  i.,  p.  147,  says  300,000. 


»  Qodet ;  Ite  la  Potherie,  i.,  p.  145. 


I-,.,: 


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HISTORY   OP  NEW  FRANCE. 


241 


k 


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I' 


BOOK    XI. 

Monsieur  de  la  Bakre  was  preparing  for  a  war  against     1683. 

the  Iroquois,  yet  without  liaviiig  lost  all  hope  of  nialdiig  r ' 

terms  witli  those  savages,  and  still  disposed  to  ti'oat  witli 
them  when  he  could  do  so  with  honor.  Accordingly,  hav- 
ing been  informed  that  they  were  on  the  poinL  of  marching, 
to  the  number  of  1500  men,  against  th(5  Miamis  and  Otta- 
was,  although  they  had  given  out  that  they  wore  going  to 
attack  the  Illinois  only,  he  sent  them  a  confidential  agent,' 
who  reached  the  groat  village  of  the  Onondagas,  the  ren- 
dezvous of  the  braves,  on  the  very  eve  of  the  day  when 
they  were  to  take  the  field. 

This  envoy  was  quite  well  received,  and  without  much  liui  taith  of 
difficulty  drew  from  the  Iroquois  a  promise  to  suspend  tlie 
expedition  and  send  deputies  to  Montreal  to  treat  with  the 
general  there  ;  but  it  was  soon  perceived  thai  this  decla- 
ration was  made  simplj-  to  lull  the  French.  They  had  de- 
clared that  their  depiities  should  be  in  Montreal  before 
the  end  of  June,  and  yet  in  May  Mr.  de  la  Barre  received 
intelligence  that  seven  or  eight  hundred  men  from  tlie  can- 
tons of  Onondaga,  Cayuga,  and  Seneca  were  on  tli(>  march 
to  attack  the  Hurons,  Miamis,  and  Ottawas  ;  and  that  the 
Senecas,  with  some  Cayugas,  were,  towards  the  end  of 
summer,  to  scatter  in  bands  througli  our  settlements." 

The  general,  in  forwarding  this  information  to  the  min- 
ister, advised  him  that  this  jiroject  had  been  formed  at 
the  instigation  of  the  Enghsh,  who  employed  in  these  n(>- 


lldilllOlS 


'Ic  la 


iVi'iii  ihu 


'  L(;  Mdync  :  De  In  13ane  to  Soig-        '  Di'  la  Barro  to  Scigiu'luy,  Miiy 

luluy.  Nov.  4,  liiS;;  ;  N,  Y.  Col.  D„i'.,  30,   1083;    N.   Y.  Col.   Dor.,  ix.,   p. 

ix.,  p.  20,'.  197. 
Vol..  III.— 10 


1 


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242 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


1683.  gotititioiis  Froiicli  nmawjiys,  whoso  dosortion  tlicy  enconr- 
"^'^^'^'^  afj;('(l,  !ui(l  wlioiii  tli(\v  then  sold  as  servants  to  the  ]ihniters 
in  Jamaica  ;  tliat,  so  tar  as  he  could  jud}j;e  of  the  actual 
disposition  of  the  Irocjuois  cantons,  the  French  must  re- 
solve absolutely  to  abandon  Canada  or  make  an  effort  to 
destroy  at  least  the  Henecas  and  Cayuj»as,  the  most  bitter 
of  all  against  the  French,  and  who  could  easily  put  2,000 
men  in  the  iield  ;  that  he  bej^ged  him,  therefore,  to  induce 
the  king  to  send  him  soon  four  Imndred  men,  so  that  early 
in  August,  at  the  latest,  he  might  enter  the  enemy's  coun- 
try Avith  sutheient  troops  to  bring  those  savages  to  rea- 
son ;  but  that  ho  deemed  it  necessary,  before  all  else,  to 
obtain  from  the  Duke  of  York,  to  whom  New  York  be- 
longed, an  order  directing  the  governor  of  that  province 
not  to  thwart  him  in  his  expedition.' 
Priaer.ftiio  Some  time  after  the  vessel  sailed  which  bore  this  letter, 
iiiiiiJius  of  the  governor-general  deemed  it  proper  to  make  another  at- 
frnvoniDi-  nC  tempt  witli  the  cantons.  He  sent  to  ask  at  what  time  they 
01 ..  ^^^jjjipL'ted  tliat  their  deputies  would  come  to  Montreal  to 
keep  the  promise  they  had  given.  Tliey  replied  that  they 
did  not  recollect  having  made  him  any  promise,  and  that 
if  he  had  any  tiling  to  impart  to  them,  he  could  come  to 
them  for  the  purpose.'  He  at  the  same  time  received  cer- 
tain proof  that  the  English  of  New  York,  to  whom  the  Iro- 
Cjuois  trade  had  for  some  years  brought  considerable  profit, 
had  given  these  Indians  goods  at  a  loss,  with  a  view  of 
rendering  us  odious  to  that  nation,  by  2)ersuadiug  them 
that  the  French  had  no  object  but  ])lundering  them  ;  that 
they  stimulated  them  unceasingly  to  exterminate  all  the 
triVies  with  whom  we  traded,  and  that  in  tlie  cantons  all 
Mas  preparing  for  waging  an  irreconcilable  war  u])on  us. 
In  reality  the  Iro(piois  found  it  much  more  advantageous 

'  De  111  Havre  to  Scijjnolny  ;  N.  Y.  a  promiso   tliat  deputies  from   tho 

Col.  Doc,  ix.,  1).  I'.lT  ;  Caiiiiila  Doc.,  other  cantons  would  I'omc  in  August: 

I!.,  iv,,  p.  -ICA.  etc.  ■  Dc  la  MiiiTc  to  Scignelay,  N.  Y.  Col. 

-  Le  Mnyiir  was  scut,  ami  riliinu'il  Due,  ix.,  p.  :303. 
July  ^0,  with  thirteen  Seiiecas,  and 


'        I'       '    ^ 


HISTORY  OP  NEW   FRANCE. 

to  trade  witli  tlio  En<,'lisli  und  Diitcli  than  with  the  French, 
beaver  paying'  no  duty  in  Now  York,  and  trade  being  open 
to  private  indivi.hiids.  Tliere  was,  eonseqnently,  more 
profit  to  be  made  hy  purcliasers,  and  tliis  enabled  them 
to  artbrd  tlieir  goods  clieaper.  Still,  as  the  cantons  did 
not  wish  to  employ  open  force  till  extremities,  and  really 
drcailcd  thi^  French  more  than  they  cared  to  show,  depu- 
ties IVom  tlie  Five  Nations  arrived  in  the  montli  of  August 
at  ^Montreal ;  l)ut  they  were  authorized  only  to  make  vague 
protestations  of  sincere  attachment,  and  nothing  more 
could  "he  drawn  from  them.' 

31aiiy  circumstances  concurred  to  throw  sus]ucion  on 
this  emliassy,  and  the  least  ch>ar-sighted  were  convinced 
tliat  tlie  cantons  simply  wished  to  gain  time,  in  order  to 
throw  tlie  general  oil"  his  guard.  In  fact,  they  no  longer 
concealed  their  design  of  making  war  on  our  allies.  It 
was  known,  moreover,  that  one  of  their  parties  had  ap- 
proached Fort  Cataroco\iy  with  the  intention  of  surpris- 
ing tlie  garrison  and  intrenching  themselves  in  that  post. 
In  Ihie,  the  missionaries  who  were  among  those  Indians, 
and  all  who  were  best  acciuainted  with  the  character  of 
tlie  nation,  warned  de  la  Barre  to  beware  of  them;  but 
lie  disregarded  alike  the  advice  of  the  one  and  the  re- 
monstrance of  tlie  other ;  he  received  the  Iroquois  depu- 
ties very  cordially,  showed  them  much  kindness,  and  sent 
them  back  loaded  with  presents."' 

He  sank  still  lower  in  tlit>  estimation  of  many  on  his 
seizing  Fort  Catarocouy,  which  belonged  to  Mr.  de  la  8alo 
or  his  creditors,  as  well  as  Fort  St.  Louis,  in  the  Illinois 
country,  to  which  he  sent  Mr.  de  Baugy,  lieutenant  of  his 
guard,  to  cominaiKl  in  his  name.'     To  crown  his  'misfor- 


243 


1683. 


Mr.  .Ifhi 
15arru. 


'  N.  V.  Oil,  OdC.,  ix..  p.  ■2\H.     S(.( 
la  lloutim,  Voyiig-cs.  i.,  ]i.  (I!). 
''  N.  Y.  C'dI.  Doc  ,  is.,  p  ao;j. 
"  N,  Y,  Col,  l)(ii-.,  i\„  p|i,  'jo:;,  an  ; 


^  SiM' till'  Judiriiiciit  tbriiicd  of  de 
hi  Biiire bydi' .Mi^ullcs. tlu' intcndnnt : 
X,  V,  Col.  Doe.,  is,,  j).  228,  The  in- 
ti'iidant  (Ui'hiitmt,  Uistiiirc  dii  Ciiim- 


la    Sall.-8    proli'st,    ili..    pp.    •>{{-:,-,     da.  p.  IT)  says  ,hnl  ihr  war  was  pro- 
Touty,  Louisiana  Hist.  Col.,  i.,  p.  (iO.     vokfd  l,y  il„.  avaiitv  ot  tlir  trad.Tt;. 


:H\ 


11 1"      I 


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inu",; 


214 


IlISTOHY  OF   NEW   FRANCE. 


1684. 

Tlio 
Iroi|iii>ig 


1683.  tunes,  ho  was  (Iccoivcd  by  the  Iroquois;  and  those  who 
"  '^  sliowod  him  most  forbearance,  said  openly  that  liis  lul- 
vanced  ago  vondircd  him  credulous  when  ho  shnuhl  dis- 
trust, timid  when  ho  shonLl  shov/  energy,  sensitive!  and 
distrustful  of  those  who  deserved  his  confidence,  and 
deprived  him  of  the  vigor  necessary  for  acting  as  became 
him  in  the  crisi*'  'n  wiiich    he  c  olony  was  placed. 

Bo  that  as  it  .   ji /,  :,    .'io  very  time  that  he  relied  witli 
most  assurance    >  >  t^k    ■•  ^testations  of  tlio  Iroquois,  an 
FmloimV  *™y  °^  those  Indi  u,:-  tuui  the  field  to  capture  Fort  St. 
111,'uiirh.     Loui.s,     On  their  wa^  they  I;    I   'ourteon  Fronohmen  wlio 
were  going  to  trade  with  the  Illinois,  and  wore  travelling 
without   mistrusting  any  thing.     Those  the   Indians   at- 
tacked and  defeated,  plundering  them  of  fifteen  thousand 
francs,  worth  of  goods.'     Li  the  sequel,  they  gave  as  an 
excuse  that  they  took  these  traders  for  some  of  Mr.  d(!  la 
Bale's  ])e()ple,  whom  Mr.  de  la  Barro  had  permitted  them 
to  plunder,  a  statement  not  entirely  destitute  of  founda- 
tion.'    This  occurred  on  the  last  day  of  February,  1084. 
The  Iroquois  piirsued  their  route  towards  Illinois  Iliver, 
and  api)eared  in  view  of  Fort  St.  Louis,  where  they  sup- 
pos(!d  thoniS(>lves  entirely  unexpected.' 
Tiiey  are        Tliov  woro  mistaken.     The  Siour   de  Baugy  and   the 
tort  St.     Clievalior  de  Tonti  had  boon  warned  of  their  march,  and 
.  "      Avere  n-tidy  to  receive  them.     This  the  Iroquois  discovered 
on  th(>ir  first  attack,  in  wliich  several  wore  killed,  and  on 
the  28th  of  March  they  retired.'     Mr.  de  la  Durantaye,  a 
Breton  gentleman,  formerly  a  captain  in  the  Carignan  regi- 


'  Dp  In  •Bnrrc  to  ncmfriin,  tluiio  15,  "  Lii  SuUo's  Remonstrance,  N.  Y. 

1084,  N.  Y.  I)(.c.  Hist.,  i  .  p]).  iu.  70;  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  p.  21."). 

N.  Y.  Col.  Doc.  ix.,  p.  2.".3  ;  dc  lu  'Tlu'vapprarcd  March  21  :  Tonty 

Barre's  Memoir,  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  in   Mnrfrry,  p.  23;    Louisiana  Hist. 

p.2;i!l:  Bilmont.llistoirc  (111  Canada,  Col.,  i.,  p.  (10. 

p.   10  ;  Coldcn,  History  of  the  Two  *  Tlicy  kept  up  tlic  sif-gcsix  days: 

Nations,    p    7'-'.  rciircson*    it   as   a  lb. ;  de  la  Bnrre's  Memoir,  N.  Y.  Col. 

seizure    of   arms   riid    ainiminition  Doc,  ix.,  p.  21)0;  Canada  Doc,  11., 

wliicli   they   were   carryin;,'   to   the  iv.,  p.  2.51. 
enemies  of  tlie  Iroijiiois, 


\ 


IITSTOliY  OP  NEW   FRANCE. 


21.-; 


nusnt,  had  marclHnl  from  ^Mic'liilliiuiikiuac  to  tlio  relief  of  1684, 
Fort  St.  Lonis  011  tliu  first  rumor  of  the  approach  of  the 
Irocinois;  hut  lit!  apparently  heard  on  the  way  that  the 
sic^c  jiail  liccn  raised,  and  at  once  returned  to  his  post,' 
wlienci'  we  shall  soon  see  him  set  out  on  a  more  important 
expedition. 

M<>anwhile,  Mr.  de  la  Barre  recovered  at  last,  thouf:;h     Mr.  ,k.  1,1 
Kouiewluit  late,  from  his  lethargy,  and  now  thouglit  only  rJ!\lT^,.„ 
of  carrying  on  the  war.'     What  tended  most  to  arouse       '""'• 
liim  was  the  information  he  received  that  all  the  cantons 
were  making  great  preparations,  and  had  sent  embassa- 
dois  to  the  Indians  of  Virginia  to  assure  them  that  they 
should  not  be  attacked  while  they  were  engaginl  with  us. 
This  resolution  adopted,  the  general  deemed  it  more  easy 
and  less  dangerous  to  anticipate  these  Indians  by  carry- 
ing tlie  war  into  their  country,  than  to  drive  them  from 
the  colony  if  they  once  set  foot  there.     But  as  the  rein- 
forcements which  ho  had  received  from  Fr.inco  were  very 
insignificant,  and  what  he  could  still  hope  for  would  not 
arrive  in  time,  he  was  obliged  to  have  recourse  to  his 
Indian  allies. 

Mr.  de  la  Durantaye,  who  commanded  at  Michillimaki- 
nnc,  and  Mr.  du  Luth,  his  lieutenant,  who  was  at  the  bay,' 
received  orders  to  notify  the  nations  in  those  parts  that 
Ononthio  was  about  to  nnirch  to  destroy  the  Iroquois; 
that  he  wished  to  begin  with  tlie  Henecas,  and  that  he 
invited  them  to  join  him  at  Niagara,  wliitlu'r  he  would  pro- 
ceed with  all  his  forces  about  the  fifteenth  of  August. 
Most  of  these  trili(>s  were  not  less  interested  than  the 
French  in  the  destruction  of  the  Iroquois,  who  seemed  to 


..■'! ,  ■: 


'  II<!   kciit    on    t(p   lM)rt  8t.    \.<y.\\n    Col.  Doc  ,  ix..  p.  2;!0;  PciTot,  Mn>ura 
with  sixty  men  mikI  I'atlicr  .Mloinv.:     ct  Coiistuiiics,  p. :!'2)  to  tlir  mrri'liiints 


'Polity,  IMciiioir  in   .Mai'jriy,   p.  '^2  ; 
liouisiiinii  Hist.  Ci;].,  i.,  p,  (iii. 

•  De  .Miiillt's  iiscriljcil  the  (Iccliini- 
tinn  of  wr.r  Holcly  to  !ii  ''h.'miyc  iind 
uthcf  nuTcliunts:    I)i..pii;<-li   (\.  V.     I'crroi,  Mo'iirs  el  ('(>ll^tunll■H,  p.  i:;-.'. 


uml  sonii'  of  tiic  clcriry. 

■  (iri'l'n  Riiy.  He  avoids  t\v.;  nunio 
Biiir  dcs  riiiints.  Du  I. nth  was  lit 
I-'aiiialiisliii'oiiiii,   or   I'"on(l    du   F.ai- : 


1  ' 


i 


n  ii  :i 


) 


If 


t 


!i 


I      I 


I         *'. 


210 


1684. 


lie  Willi 


HISTOHY  OF  NKW   KUANCE. 

iiHpirc  to  cxcicisi'  a  kind  of  (loininiition  over  the  whole  of 
this  i^wat  coiitiiunit,  Mini  luiikc  tliomsclvi's  soli*  nmstcrs  of 
the  trade:  iiovcrtlu'lcsrt,  do  lu  Duniiitayo  and  dii  FiUtli  hud 
nnu'h  difficulty  in  raisinf^  tlio  fv)i'co.s  uccurdlnf,'  to  their 
orders.' 

TlioHe  in  the  ii('i^,'hhorliood  of  tlio  bay  showed  tho 
iliiii.uiiy  mciitest  rehu'tanee,  and  this  should  have  been  foroHeen.' 
fiihiv.)..     Ther(>   liad   \toou  very  ("xciliii''   dillicnit'  s  between  tlieni 

juili  llllll.  ' 

and  tlie  Freneh,  because  Mr.  do  la  Sidt;,  to  prevent  any 
Olio  tradinfi;  in  tho  parts  reHcrvod  to  him,  had  ordered  tho 
Indians  to  ])lnnder  tho  goods  of  any  one  wlio  had  no 
eoninussion  from  him  ;  and  tliis  order,  which  slumld  nt>ver 
have  been  f^iven  to  these  barbarians,  had  well-ni^di  en- 
kindled a  bloody  war  between  them  and  ns.  Minds  were 
still  somewhat  excited  on  both  sides,  and  tho  moment 
was  by  no  means  favor.djlo  for  inducing,'  those  western 
tribes  to  join  their  forces  to  onrs  af.;aiust  tho  common 
enemy. 

Fortunately,  Nicholas  Peri'ot,  who  was  not  far  oft",  came 
to  the  aid  of  the  Sieur  dn  Luth.  Ho  showed  tho  Indians 
that  they  were  far  more  interested  than  the  FrcMich  in 
exterminating,'  a  nation  which  wished  to  give  the  law  to 
all  others,  and  from  whom,  after  all,  wo  had  nothiiifc  to 
fear  for  ourselves.''  Thus  Mr.  do  la  Durantaye  soon  found 
himself  at  the  head  of  five  hundri'd  warriors,  Hurons, 
Ottawas,  Foxes,  and  other  Bay  tribes,  and  of  two  hun- 
dred Canadians;  but  the  assembling,'  of  this  force  was  not 
all,  the  commander  had  no  little  to  do  to  snccecd  in  march- 
inj,'  theses  auxiliary  forces  to  Xia^ara. 

Most  of  these  Indians,  I  know  not  how,  fi;ot  it  into  their 
heads  that  Mr.  do  la  Barro's  ex]icditiou  would  bo  un- 
successful, and  various  accidents  which  happened  durin<^ 


'  l>e  llcullt's  to  Si'ijriichi.v,  N.  V.  but     tlw    Ottnwiis,    KiUnjxMW,    niul 

fol.  Ddr.,  ix,.  l>. '-:i1  :  ilc  In  I'litlii'rir,  Siiinircis.  witii  tlic  (Irocn  Hiiy  trilirs, 

Histciii'i'  (Ic  rAiii('ri(|in',  ii.,  )'.  IT!';  n't'iisiMl  it:  l'crri)t,  p.  i;':!. 
I'cinit,  MiMii'H  it  ('i)iisiiiiiic.-,  ji.  1:!;!.         •  Pcrrcit,  Ma?urs  et  Coustumi^s,  p. 

'■■ 'I'hr 'luiDiih  ri'Ci'ivfil  till' liutrlu't,  l;};). 


IIIMTOHY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


247 


llic  iiiaicli  Ii;i,l  (•(iinplctfly  (liscoiu-cittMl  tliciu,'  so  tluit  tlicy       i(>U- 

wi'ic  a  liiiiidivd  timos  on  tlio  jioint  of  dislmiiiliiij,'.     It  wiis    — ' ' 

still  worse  w  lien   tlu'v  iviu-lunl  Niiv<'iira  aiul  I'uilod  to  fmd  ,   'P'""", 
the  K<'"«'''fil  <»i'  any  I'lcnfiiiiicii  tiuTo.  "ini  mo.i 

Then    tlicy    coiupluiiiod    liittcily    that    tlioy   had   beru  lianr  u'ltiio 
•  liawii  IVoiii  their  (.'ountry  only  to  lus  delivored  up  to  tiin  "wirM^iT' 
Iioipiois,  and  there  was  every  renHon  to  api)reheiul  that     "ueci>.^" 
tliey  would  adopt  some  prejudicial  coarse. * 

Their  coniniaiiders,  themselves  unaware  of  the  cause  of 
this  delay,  wished  at  tirst  to  ascribe  it  to  the  head-winds 
which  had  for  some  timo  prevailed  on  Lake  Ontario  ;  but 
this  resource  Avas  soon  exhausted,  and  the  intelli^'once, 
which  they  received  a  few  days  after,  that  peaci^  had  been 
made  with  tlu^  Irocpiois,  completely  disconcerted  them. 
They  could  not  avoid  imparting  this  informati(m  to  the 
Indians,  and  they  had  evei'ything  to  fear  fi'o'>i  their  re- 
si^ntment.  Th(^y  escajunl,  however,  with  soiiic^  reproaches, 
wliich  the  Indians  made  with  a  calmness  that  betokened 
far  deeper  resentment  than  if  thoy  had  spoken  with  im- 
p(>tuosity.'' 

The  chiefs  told  them  that  it  Avas  not  the  first  timo  that  Their. lu. 
they  perceived  that  their  interest  did  not  enter  into  the  ""ttu'e"'' 
enterprises  of  the  French,  except  so  far  as  avo  found  it  to  "'^"'*-"'  "' 
our  oAvn  advantage;  but  that  thoy  would  no  longer  be 
dupes;  that  Onoiithio  Avould  never  in  future  draw  them 
from  their  homes  but  Avhen  it  became  tl.em,  and  that 
tJiey  would  leave  him  to  setth*  his  dift'erences  Avitli  the  Iro- 
tpioi  ,  against  Avhoni  they  could  defend  themselves  Avell 
enough,  Avithout  his  aid,  Avhencver  attacked. 

La  Durantaye,  du  Luth,  and  Perrot  omitted  no  means 
to  appease  thcnn,  and  flattered  themselves  that  they  had 
succeeded,  by  persuading  them  that  they  had  not  been 


pcaou. 


ii 


iii 


:*'/• 


^■■■n 


'  Pcrrnt,  >[nnirs  pt  Constiiiiics,  ]i.  I'Ami'riciuc    Soptontritninli',    ii.,    ]), 

VM  ;    (1(!    la    I'otlicrii',    Ilisloirc   dc  Kil. 

l'.\iiirri(|u,.  Sc|.t.,  ii.,  p.  l.-)S,  otc.  'Dclii  Potlicric,  llistciircdi' I'Aiii.'. 

■  I'ciTot,  Mmiir.s  ft  Coiistiinics,  ji,  ri(|Hi'    h.-iitrntrioMiiIi',    ii  ,    p.    l.Vi  ; 

luO  ;    De   la  Potlicric,   IIi«toire   de  Perrot,  MoeiWH  ct  CouHtumea,  p.  137. 


':•■    f, 


I 


M,  i! 


'i'*^- 


2i8 


IIIHTOUY  OF    NEW  FRANCK. 


I        *i 


U 


'^'^4.  fiiif^'ottcii  ill  llic  tiiiilv  <if  pc'io"  just  coucliuli'd  ;  tliat  this 
""■"""'"""^  jit'iu'c  wits  ill  ]iait  tlicir  \\oik,  Hiiico  it  wiih  only  the  t'ciir 
of  liiiviii",'  nil  tlicsc  niitioiis  ujx)!!  tlum  tliiit  could  Imvo 
liroii^'lit  tin'  fidiiuoiH  to  ti'i'nis ;  iumI  that  tlicy  should  ho 
Avcll  siilislii'd  tliiit  it  had  cost  tlicm  so  litth^  to  ii'storo 
tviiii(|iiilht V  throuj,'hout  the  wholo  hind.  These  reasouH 
Hoonicd  to  satisfy  thcni,  and  thoy  rptuincd  homo  ((uito 
traiu|uilly.' 
Mr.  (1,  III  Ihit  nuittors  had  jxisscd  far  less  honorahly  for  'Mr.  dc  la 
Willi  ih"  Ihirre  than  tlicso  ofticcrs  mudo  u  show  of  Iwliiuinj,'.  That 
*Ne'w  yI^ik.  Rfuoral,  haviii}!;  niado  his  i^rcpaiations,  set  out  from  Que- 
bec for  ^lontreal,  where  the  troops  had  orders  to  assenihle. 
While  on  hin  march  he  dispatched  Sieur  Bourdon  to  Col- 
on(!l  Don^iui,  (,'overnor  of  New  York,  to  inform  him  that 
if  he  wiHhed  to  avenge  tlie  Mood  of  twenty-si.\  Euf^lish- 
nien  nmssncred  in  ^laryland  the  ])revious  winter  hy  the 
Senecas,  he  niij,'lit  join  him  ;  but  that  at  least  lii^  reckoned 
enough  on  (he  promises  made  him  in  conse(|uence  of  tho 
orders  from  the  Duke  of  York,  to  feel  sure  that  he  would 
in  no  way  traverse  an  expedition  so  just  as  that  he  had 
now  nuv'ertaken  ;  that  it  aimed  to  ri'press  an  insolent  na- 
tion who  wcmld  not  spare  tlu!  Eiif^lish  if  they  could  suc- 
ceed in  havinj^  nothing  further  to  four  from  the  French.' 

This  step  was  not  generally  ai)proved,  many  fearing  that 
this  negotiation  would  give  the  Iro(piois  all  the  time  to 
fortify  theii  towns,  and  enable  the  English,  whose  dispo- 
sition was  not  doubtful,  to  find  moans  of  succoring  those 
Indians  ;  but  there  was  ajiparently  in  this  fear  some  preju- 
dice and  ill-lmmor,  and  we  shall  see  in  fact  that  nothing 
contributed  more  to  bring  the  Iroquois  to  terms  than  this 


'  Perrot,  Mcbuts  et  Const.,  p.  1.S8.  followed  in  July  by  oni'  of  tlio  Sieur 

'  De  In  Uiirro's  Mnmf)lr,  N.  Y.  CV,1.  de  SHlvaye,  whose  instructions  are 

Doc.  ix.,  p.  240  ;  de  MeuUes,  il).,  p.  in  N.  Y.  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  p.  70  ;  N.  Y. 

24(!.     De  la  Bnrre  to  Donftan,  .June  Col.  Ooc!.,  iii.,  p.  4r)(),  with  Donf^mn's 

1."i.  1084,  (Ir)c'K  not  iilluilc  to  Mary  reply,  ib.,  p.  71.     The  ri'ply  of  the 

land  ;  the   letter   of  .Inly   !24  (Ioch  :  SeiitM'ns    to    Donjrnn    in    Salvnyo's 

N  Y'.  I)i)f   Hist  .  i  ,  ])]i.  (i7.(il).     This  I'n'si'iicL'  is  in  Colilcn,  Ilist.  I'ivoNa 

embassy  of  Bourdon  in  June  waa  tions,  p,  74. 


1 


IIIHTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


240 


conduct  of  ^[r.  do  la  Biirvo.     Hut  it  is  unfort'Uiiito  for  ii      i^'«4. 
luuii  ill  an  oxiilti'd  ponition  to  linvo  nmde  pcrHoniil  oiii'iuios  ^-*'>''~-' 
by  wavM  tlint  cnii  lie  suspt'cttid  of  iiaviu(,'  any  olijfct  Imt  tlio 
I'ulilic  >,'i)()d,  and  <if  not  knowing  liow  to  t'oiiiniand  cMtconi. 

'i'lic  gt'iicml  took  anotliLT  precaution  wiiich  should  nat-  iiiHjiru- 
urally  liiivo  Bocurod  huccosh  to  Iuh  ontorjjriHo.  TliiH  wua  ''""'"°"•■ 
to  divide  tho  cimtouH,  no  as  uot  to  hdvo  all  to  doal  with 
ftt  tho  sauK!  tinio.  For  tliis  purp<yS(i  ho  scut  IicUh  to 
tht^  Ononda^as,  Mohawks,  and  Onvidas,  to  induct!  thciu  to 
remain  uoutral  botwecu  him  and  tho  Sonocas,  wlu)  liad  of- 
fondod,  and  whom  alono  iio  propoK"d  to  attack.'  Ho  then 
dispatched  tlic  Sifur  du  Tast,  Captain,  with  tifty-six'  picked 
men,  to  convoy  a  hu'f,'e  quantity  of  jjrovisicuis  and  ammu- 
nition to  Ciitarooouj",  and  guard  that  post,  Mr.  d'Orvil- 
liers,  who  commanded  tlioso,  having  received  orders  early 
in  tlic  s})ring  to  make  a  recomioissanco  of  tho  enemy'? 
territory,  and  select  the  most  suitabh)  phico  for  a  binding. 

D'Orvilliers  discliarged  his  cummissiou  most  satisfacto-  xiiu  KnnoU 
rily.  Ho  was,  indi'ed,  one  of  tho  officers  of  tho  colony  on  "'^"'*" 
whoso  ])rudence,  genius,  and  firmiu;ss  tho  governors-gen- 
eral of  Now  I'rance  placiul  the  great(;st  reliance,  as  long  as 
they  possessed  him.  All  being  thus  arranged,  tho  army 
received  orders  to  march.  It  was  composed  of  seven  hun- 
dred Canadians,  one  hundred  and  thirty  soldiers,  and  two 
hundred  Indians,  chietly  Iroquois  from  Sanlt  St.  Louis  and 
Hurons  from  Lorette."  It  was  divided  into  throe  corps, 
and  the  general  loft  Quebec  on  the  9tli  of  July'  at  tho  head 
of  tho  tirst,  having  Avitli  him  the  Baron  de  Bekancourt  and 
his  brother,  tho  Chevalier  de  Villebon." 


I 


'  De  la  Uarru's  Memoir,  N.  Y.  Col. 
Doc,  ix.,  p.  '2'A',).  He  nlso  seized  Te- 
piineout  and  twelve  otliers  whooiimo 
to  rntity  tlie  ]ionce  :  ib.,  N.  Y.  Doe. 
Hi.^t.,  i.,  p.  TO. 

'  De  111  Burre'K  moir,  N.  Y.  Col. 
Doc,  ix.,  p.  'HO,  sin     tivo  or  six. 

■'  See  Uoturu  of  the  troops,  N.  Y 
Col.  Doc,  ix.,  p.  234  :  Dutiist  with 
130  ;  Dugue,  vau,  20.')  ;  Villebon,  re- 


serve, 227  ;  D'OrvilJiers,  rear,  314  ; 
total,  782.  De  .MeulleH  says,  loosely, 
000  French,  ;!00  Indians;  lb.,  p. 
24.-). 

■•  De  la  Barre's  Memoir,  N.  Y.  Col. 
Doe.,  ix.,  ]).  240.  altliouf;h  de  Meulles 
to  Seignelay,  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  p. 
2:i2.  says  10,  with 200  men. 

^  The  Haron  de  Hekiincourt  is  not 
mentioned  in  tho  return  of  troops. 


i'': 

a' 

1;  I 

1* 

^  ^ 
"•ii 

1: 
..1 

'! 


.liV 


I' 1 


'    ! 


'» 


)i' 


J' 


It 


i  r^ 


i  h 


f^r 


250 


HISTORY  OF    NEW   FRANCE. 


16,^4.         Ho  rc'U'hcil  !^^ontl■^^'^l  on  tlio  "Jlst,  iuul  11  tVw  days  liter 
""'■^'         tlio  otlier  two  corps  joiiUHl  liim  niuler  tlio  coimiiiiiul  of 

All   the  troops  ciu- 


liitonniainn  ^lyssirurs  d'Orvilliers  uiid  du  Guv 

rtx'eui'd 

,  i>,v  •)"'••     biulvL'd  on  the  2Gtli  or  27th,  and  on  tho  1st  of  Aimust  'Sh- 

(Je  hi  ISarre  ° 

oil        de  hi  Biirre  learned,  by  channels  that  could  not.  bo  sus 

tlio  rimic'h. 


pected,  that  the  cantons  of  Onondaga,  Oneida,  and  Cay- 
uga had  obliged  that  of  S(>neca  to  accept  them  as  media- 
tors between  it  and  the  French,  and  asked  the  fSiour  le 
Moyne  to  negotiate  this  import' lut  af*air.' 

The  gi'ueral  at  the  same  time  reoci^•ed  a  letter  from 
OnoniLi}>;a,  written  by  a  very  trustworthy  person,  which 
informed  him  that  his  proposed  campaign  against  the 
Senecas  would  not  cause  them  any  great  injury,  however 
successful  it  might  bo,  inasmuch  as  these  Indians  had  re- 
tired to  a  place  of  safety  M'ith  all  their  sto^'t^s,  and  that  his 
campaign  Mould  liave  no  effect  except  to  unite  the  wholo 
nation  against  us  ;''  bixt  that  if  he  wcidd  be  contented 
with  satisfaction  on  the  part  of  that  canton,  tliey  would 
be  found  dispost.'d  to  make  it,  the  sachems  having  secretly 
informed  the  writer  that  if  the  French  general  was  willing 
to  forget  the  jiast  they  would  do  more  even  than  should 
be  recpiired  of  them,  and  would  refrain  from  all  hostilities 
against  our  allies  ;'  that,  licwever,  if  they  made  these  ad- 
vances, it  was  not  that  they  dcanned  they  had  any  thing  to 
fear,  inasmitch  as  the  governor  of  New  York  had  ottered 
them  four  hundred  horses  and  as  many  foot  soldiers,  if 
they  wi.shed  to  sustain  the  war.' 

Yet  there  is  no  reason  to  doubt  that  if  Colonel  Dongan 
had  ke])t  to  his  offer  it  would  have  boon  accepted,  and 
th;it  Mr.  lie  la  IJarre  would  have  found  himself  in  a  very 
great  t'mliarrassmeiit  ;  bu'..  Dongan  wished  the  Senocas  to 


'  The  younjrcr  LnmbiTvilli',  from 
OnoiidiiirH,  iind  Mili't,  from  Oni'iila, 
johiril  liiiu  Auf;ust  1  ;  N.  Y.  Col. 
Doo..  i.\  ,  ]..  -J  II. 


•■'  Letter,  July  18, 1084,  ib.,  ]..  2.15. 
■*  There  \ti  nothing  of  this  in  do 
Laniberville's  hater,  but  de  lu  Barre 

so  ussi'rts  ill  his  dis|'nteh  to  the  king. 


•SeeFiithev.lolui  de  I.iimldi'vilK's    Nov.  i:i,  l(i8-i;  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  ix., 
Letteri^,  July  10-11,  ib.,  pp.  •i'yl-'.i.        pp.  2i'6,  251. 


■■1^ 


HISTORY  OF   NEW  FRANCE. 


251 


pay  too  liigli  a  ])iiro  foi  tlie  aid  lie  offered,  and  lie  assumed 
too  ]ii,i;Ii  a  tone  with  a  liau,<j;lity  tribe  that  never  has  loved 
or  esteemed  the  En,L;lisli.  This  jj;ov(^i'nor  had  be^nn  by 
settin--  uj)  th(>  arms  of  the  Duke  of  York  throu^diont  the 
whole  Tr(i(|uois  country.'  He  then  sent  to  forbid  the  can- 
tons, ill  th;it  ])iiuce's  name,  stylinj^-  liini  their  sovereif^n, 
to  n(>o(itiat(>  with  the  French  without  his  intervention. 
Finally,  he  dispatched  to  Oiionda<;a  a  man  named  Arnaud,' 
with  orders  to  jiropose  to  that  canton,  and  throu.^h  it  to 
the  otliin'  four,  to  profit  by  tlie  aid  which  he  was  perfectly 
williiii,'  to  rjivo  tliem,  in  order,  once  for  all,  to  free  them- 
selves from  the  tyranny  of  the  French. 

This  commission,  im])rudently  given,  was  executed  as 
l)adly.  Arnaud  addressed  the  Ononda<i;as  as  a  master, 
and  asked  them  whether  they  wonld  not  obey  the  governor 
of  the  ])rovince,  who  re])resented  tlu;  Duke  of  York,  their 
h'gitimate  ])rince  ?  This  exordium  shocked  the  Ononda- 
ga -  :  oiH!  of  their  chiefs  at  once  called  heaven  to  witness 
th(>  insult  offered  to  the  whole  nation,  as  well  as  the  mis- 
conduct of  the  English  envoy,  who  wished  to  trouble  the 
land.  He  then  addressed  Arnaud  in  a  tone  which  should 
have  made  him  sensible  of  his  imprudence,  and  of  the  in- 
di^natioii  it  had  awakened  in  his  auditors  : 

"Learn,"  he  said,  "that  the  Onondaga  places  himself 
betwecMi  Ononthio,  his  father,  and  the  Seneca,  his  brother, 
to  prev(>nt  tluur  lighting.  I  would  have  suppo.sed  that 
Corlar'  would  hav(>  t.ikeii  his  position  behind  me,  and  ex- 
claimed :  'Courage,  Onondaga!  do  not  sutler  the  father 
and  the  son  to  kill  i>acli  other.'  I  am  greatly  surprised 
that  his  envoy  should  address  me  language  just  the  re- 
verse, and  oppose  my  rcjstraitiing  the  arm  of  both,     Ar- 


16R4. 


All  iiiihicky 

iimnii'iivrc 

(.t'Clcni'l 

DoiiL'nii 

KIlVl'S  tlio 
colony. 


••■i 


'  T>o  In  llirrr  In  llir  kiiiu',  N".  V.  iiy.il  wrll  kiiDwn  iiitrriiri'icr:  ()'(  al- 

Col.  Doc,  ix.,  ]).  ','r)l  ;  .liilin  (Ic  I, am-  liiirlian,  X.  V.  Cnl.  D.ic.ix..  ji.  ','."il. 
liiTvillc  1(1  <lc   hi   l^iUTc.  X.   y.  Cdl.  ■  I  liiivc  Hlrciuly  siiiil  that  the  In- 

Dnc.  ix.,  p.  0()T  :  Doniran  tn  Blaytli.  diiins  thus  styh'  tlio  fj;r>vcriiiii-iif  Xrw 

wnit,  X.  Y.  Cdl.  T)cw..  iii..  ]i.  :ii;:!.  Ynrk.     ChirUrui.v.      Sfi-   ante,    vnl. 

''  AraoUU 'iiiuclihii'ii  Viflc.  1)1'  Allia  ii..  p.  1','4. 


[    ^5 


:f 


■■I 

-I'..  '.I 

ill 


I 


252  HISTORY  OP  NEW   FHANCE. 

1684.     nand,  I  cannot  believe  that  Corlar's  mind  is  so  ill  made 

« '  as  you  say.     Onontliio  does  me  great  honor  by  being 

willing  to  labor  for  peace  in  my  cabin  :  would  you  have 
the  son  dishonor  the  father?  Corlar,  hear  my  voice! 
Ononthio  has  adopted  me  as  his  son  :  at  Montreal  ho 
treated  and  attired  mo  as  such.  We  there  planted  the 
tree  of  peace,  and  have  also  planted  it  at  Onondaga, 
whither  my  father  ordinarily  sends  his  embassadors,  be- 
cause the  Seneca  has  no  sense.  His  predecessors  pursued 
the  same  conduct,  and  all  profited  by  it.  I  have  two  arms  : 
I  stretch  one  over  Montreal  to  uphold  the  tree  of  peace  ; 
the  other  is  on  tlu^  head  of  Corlar,  who  has  long  been  my 
brother.  Ononthio  has  for  ten  years  been  my  father. 
Corlar  has  long  been  my  brother,  and  this  because  I  so 
chose.  Neither  is  my  master.  He  who  made  the  world 
gave  me  the  land  that  I  occupy  :  I  {im  free.  I  respect 
both  ;  but  no  one  has  a  right  to  command  me,  and  no  one 
must  find  it  amiss  that  I  resort  to  everything  to  prevent 
the  land  from  being  troubled.  Nor  can  I  longer  delay 
proceeding  to  my  father,  since  he  has  taken  the  pains  to 
come  to  my  very  door,  and  has  reasonable  propositions  to 
make  me." ' 

From  this  discourse  it  seems  that  the  Sieur  le  Moyno 
had  reached  that  canton  before  the  envoy  of  the  governor 
of  New  York.  It  is  certain  at  least  that  he  was  very  well 
received  there,  both  because  he  was  ]iersoually  loved  and 
because  he  brought  back  a  Seneca  who  had  long  been  a 
prisoner  at  Quebec,  and  whom  Mr.  de  la  Barre  placed  in 
the  hands  of  the  Ouoiidngas  to  show  them  what  unboui'ded 
ccnifidence  he  placed  in  them.  On  the  27th  of  Au;^ust 
some  of  the  sons  of  the  Sieur  le  Moyne,  who  had  accom- 
panied their  fntlier  to  Onondaga,  reached  La  Galette, 
from  which  ]i()int  th(>v  proceeded  to  the  governor-g(>neral, 
and  informed  him  whnt  had  occurred  boUveen  Arnaud  and 


•  De  la  Banc  (N.  y.  Col.  Pnr.,  ix.,     I  olden   fxivrs  a  report    of  it,  Hist, 
p.  31'^)  pives  tliis  in  substanco,  l)ut  I     Five  Nations  (1728),  p.  79. 
do  not  find  the  addrr.:s  as  here  given. 


^ 


HIFTORY   OP  NEW  FRANCE. 

the  Onondugas,  as  well  as  tlio  disposition  of  the  latter  in 
regard  to  peace.  Ho  added  that  these  Indians  had  in- 
duced Father  de  Laniberville,  who  vas  much  respected  in 
that  canton,  to  -write  to  the  f^overnor  of  New  York,  in  or- 
der to  inform  hira  of  his  envoy's  conduct,  lest  the  report 
of  that  offu-er  should  be  an  unfaithful  one. 

This  information  was  hif^hly  c;ratifyiurr  to  Mr.  do  la 
]]arre,  because  sickness,  caused  l)y  the  want  or  bad  (inality 
of  the  provisions,  had  reductnl  his  little  army  to  the  most 
wretched  state.  The  evil  increased  even  to  such  a  dep;ree, 
that  there  was  every  reason  to  fear  that  he  would  be  ob- 
liged to  retii'f!  without  awaiting  the  Iroquois  delegates,  a 
step  that  would  undoubtedly  have  exposed  the  nation  to 
the  jeers  of  the  Indians,  and  perhaps  even  have  induced 
the  Oncndagas  to  change  their  system.  Mr.  de  Meules, 
intendui't  of  New  France,  informed  the  minister  that  the 
army  would  not  have  run  out  of  provisions  had  they  not 
usiilessly  lost  ten  or  twelve  daj's  at  Montreal,  and  two  en- 
tire weeks  at  Catarocouy.  He  adds  that  the  whole  colony 
murmured  ahjud  at  the  general's  conduct.' 

It  cannot,  in  fact,  be  denied  that  there  was  room  for 
censure  in  the  steps  taken  by  Mr.  de  la  Parre  to  make  war 
Avith  dignity,  and  still  more  in  the  nnmner  in  which  peace 
was  concluded.  To  bring  the  Iroquois  to  it,  not  only  was 
an  eagerness  disjjlayi'd  which  these  Indians  perceiviut  but 
too  soon,  but  he  sull'ered  them  to  put  it  at  the  very  highest 
price,  and  give  us  in  every  respect  the  law.  It  is  true  that 
the  condition  in  which  tlu>  deputies  from  the  cantons  found 
our  army  gav(>  them  to  understand  at  once  that  we  were 
not  in  a  condition  to  inflict  great  injury  on  the  Senecas  ; 
but  it  was  not  ditlicult  to  persuade  thera  that  we  were  not 
reduced  to  what  they  bebeld,  and  this  should  have  been 
done.  They  found  Ah'.  (h>  la  I'arre  encamped  on  the  shore 
of  Lake  Ontario,  four  or  five  leagues  from  the  mouth  of 
the  river  towards  Montreal,  in  a  l)ay  to  which  the  extreme 


253 


1684. 


Kxtrcmity 

ill  wliicli 

Mr.  ,1,!  Ui 

Hurro  tliuls 

liliimcU'. 


He  iiiakeB 
|ieiii,'e  on 
ai»li(jnor- 

alilo 
conditions. 


1 1  si 


"l,( 


'  N.  V.  Col.  Dnc  ,  ix.,  i)p.  'Hi-'}. 


,  ^ 


I    ii 


i'<     I 


). 


254 


1 684. 


'ilie  kiiiir 
sends  iniii| 
TO  Cauailii 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 

scarcity  which  his  army  had  endured  for  a  fortnight,  gave 
the  name  of  Lti  Fa  in  inc.' 

Garakouthie  and  Oureonati,  the  two  leading  chiefs  of 
the  disputation,"  spoke  quite  well,"  and  had  they  been  alone 
all  would  have  gone  otl'  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  French 
general  ;  hut  the  Seneca  deputy  made  an  address  full  of 
arrogance,  and  on  the  proposition  made  hiiu  to  leave  the 
Illinois  quiet,  he  replied  that  he  would  not  let  tlieni  go 
till  one  of  tlie  two  aides  had  entirely  destroyed  the  ether.' 
This  insolence  shocked  the  wliol(>  army  extremely  ;  but 
they  were  still  more  surpi-ised  to  see  Mr.  de  la  Barre  con- 
tent himself  with  replying  that  they  must  at  least  lieware 
lest,  in  endeavoring  to  strike  the  Illinois,  their  hatchet 
should  fall  on  the  French  who  dwelt  among  them.  This 
he  pronused,  and  peace  was  concluded  on  this  single  con- 
dition. Tlie  deputies  from  Onondaga  made  themselves 
security  that  the  Senecas  should  repair  the  injury  which 
their  -warriors  had  done  the  French,  whom  they  had  plun- 
dered while  on  their  way  to  attack  the  Illinois  ;  but  they 
exacted  from  the  general  that  his  army  shouhl  decamp  the 
next  day  ;  and  he  himself  immediately  set  out,  after  giving 
his  orders  to  carry  out  this  last  article.'' 

The  court  had  not  anticipated  such  a  speedy  conclusion 
'.'^  to  tlie  war,  still  less  one  so  dishonorable  to  the  nation. 
Mr.  dc  la  Barre  had  scarcely  reached  Quebec  when  he  re- 
ceived a  reinforcement  of  troops  which  v,  ,,;[,;  1  have  put  him 


'  The  name  seems  to  have  bee., 
previously  jriven  :  N.  Y.  ('i)l.  Doc. 
ix.,  p.  '^M.  V'olili'ii,  Five  Nations 
(ed.  1T2S),  11.  Tit,  says  that  Kaiholiage, 
as  hi'  calls  it,  was  ten  leajrucs  from 
OiionJaK'a-  l-^a  lloiitan,  i  ,  p.  -Jii, 
Bays  eigliteen  Irafiiirs.  It  is  said  to 
be  S'lliiion  River,  Oswejjro  County, 

-'  Then'  weri;  nine  Oiinnilafias, 
three  Oneidas,  two  (iiyus'as,  'I'e- 
ganneout,  the  Seneea,  was  present, 

■'  Outreouati,  called  by  the  French 
(irande  (lueule,  or  liiir  Tliroat,  was 
the  only   s])eiiker   mentioned.     See 


his  address,  N,  Y.  (A.  Doc,  ix,,  ]). 
24().  f  .1  iiiminn,  finding  tirande 
(Jui'ule  not  higli-soundini;'.  made  if 
iido  an  Indian  iiiune,  (Jraiifrula,  and 
dressed  up  Ins  discourse  accordingly  ; 
N'oyages,  i,,  p,  ol,  Coldtai,  History 
I'ive  Nations  (1727),  ]).  S.l,  and 
Smith,  History  of  New  York  (1757), 
ji,  4(i,  adopt  his  version,  giving  tlu' 
name  as  (iaiangula,  or  (iarrangula. 

^  Teganneout  does  i,ot  ap])ear  to 
have  s|i<iken, 

'^.•lal?arre'sM.'iii.,N,Y,Col,l)(ic, 
ix.,  p.  21o  ;  N.  Y.  lioc.  Hist,,  i,,  p,  7(i. 


i    ' 


THSTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 

in  a  coiidltioii  to  dictate  terms  to  tlioso  from  whom  ho  liad 
just  received  them.  Tlieso  troops  were  eommaiHh'd  by 
Messieurs  de  IMontortier  and  Desnos,  captains  of  sliii)s  of 
the  Hno,  to  wliom  some  Memoir.s  add  a  third,  namely,  Mr. 
du  Rivau,'  but  the  king's  letter  which  they  handed  to  the 
ffovernor-ffeneral  does  not  mention  him. 

Til  is  letter  (ixpressod  that  it  was  his  majesty's  intention 
that  Messrs.  de  Montortier  and  Desnos  should  command 
in  the  most  advanced  and  important  ])osts  of  th(^  colony; 
and  it  seemed,  even,  from  the  terms  of  tlie  letter,  that  their 
authority  there  was  to  be  independent  of  Mr.  de  la  Barre. 
This  p:ave  that  general's  enemies  occasion  to  say  that  these 
two  ollicers  were  surveillants  whom  the  king  had  sc^it  to 
scrutinize  his  conduct ;  but  it  is  much  mon;  natural  to  be- 
lieve that  his  majesty,  deeming  Mr.  do  la  Barre  engaged 
in  a  difficidt  war,  and  convinced  that  his  advanced  age  did 
not  allow  him  to  proceed  easily  to  every  place  where  the 
presence  of  a  chief  officer  would  be  necessary,  had  sent 
them  to  him  as  men  to  whom  ho  could  transfer  many  of 
his  cares. 

This  letter  is  dated  Augiist  5th.  In  another,  dated  on 
the  last  day  of  July,  the  king  says  to  de  la  Barre  :  "  As  it 
benefits  my  .-service  to  reduce  the  Iroquois  in  number  as 
much  as  possible,  and  as,  ioo,  these  savages,  who  are  very 
strong  and  robust,  will  serve  usefully  in  my  galleys,  it  is 
my  Avill  that  you  do  everything  in  your  power  to  make  a 
great  number  of  thorn  jirisoners  of  war  and  sliij)  them  to 
France." '  It  was  too  late  to  think  of  fultilling  this  order 
when  Mr.  de  la  Barre  received  it.  I  do  not  know  whether 
in  the  sec[uel  the  order  was  repeated  to  his  successor,  or 
served  as  a  rule  for  him,  when  the  Avar  was  renewed  with 


'  Ln  ITontan.  Voya-jrcs.   i.,  p.  TiT,     posts,  p.  02,  and  return,  p.  OS.     Ht'- 
mcntions  thr   ihn'i'  as  iirriviiifx  at     nault   dos  IJivaux  is  incntionod  bv 


Qiicbi'c  to  pass  thf  winter  and 


Ki'hnont,   Hisi 


(In    Canada, 


as  connsi'llois  to  di'  la  Banc;  and     17,    as    govcrum    of    Minitreal    in 


that  t'lc  tliird  bronjrlit  a  fn  r  ccmi- 
pany,  whiph  he  nmnnandiMl  in  \>rr- 
Bon.     lit'  mentions  their  esaniininir 


Mm. 

•  X.  Y.  Culimial  Documeuts,  ix., 

p.  -im. 


255 


i6,-<j 


'  'it ' 


'ill 


m 


y  I 


'I 


.:k 


i  \'J 


I    I "  f 


^^1 


256 


nisTonv  OP  new  france. 


1684. 


Acuiiiu. 


the  Iroquois.'     Wo  slmll  see  iu  clue  time  its  pernicious  ef- 
fects when  obeyed. 
Mr.  do         This  same  year  New  France  acquirocl  an  officer  of  great 
iipiwiiitud   nierit,  wlio  rendered  it  most  important  services.     Porrot, 
^Mom'uuui"'  governor  of  Montreal,  disagreeing  with  the  clergy  of  tlie 
.Mr.'perrot  Seminary  of  St.  Sulpice,  who,  as  already  remarked,'  had, 
frrred'to    ^^  seigncurs,  the  right  of  nominating  to  the  governorsliip, 
the  )f()v-    {^jj(,  liii]fr  to  maintain  harmony,  made  Perrot  governor  of 
Acadia,  and  a]ipointcd  as  his  successor  at  TMontreal  the 
Chevalier  de  Callieres,  ex-captain  in  the  Navarre  regi- 
ment."   The  limits  of  his  government  Avere  fixed  the  next 
year  at  Lake  St.  Peter's. 

Meanwhile,  in  the  colony  little  dependence  was  placed 
on  the  peace  wliicli  had  been  concluded  at  Famine  Bay. 
The  Iroquois  had  there  seen  us  in  a  situation  not  calcu- 
lated to  ins])iro  them  with  an  exalted  idcs".  of  our  power  ; 
nor  had  they  ever  consented  to  include  our  allies  in  its 
terms,  altiu)ugli  they  promised  not  to  molest  them.  Tliey 
had  oven  expressly  exchided  the  Illinois  by  name  and  we 
had  so  great  an  interest  in  the  preservation  of  that  nation, 
that  've  could  not  avoid  defending  them  t  case  they  were 
attacked,  .  liicli  no  one  doubted  would  soon  happen.  Ac- 
cordingly, the  late  reinforcements  from  France,  although 
an-iving  after  the  promulgation  of  peace,  were  deemed  any 
thing  but  useless.  Still,  for  nearly  a  year  nC'thing  was 
heard  of  the  Troijuois  ;  liut  towards  the  close  o."  July,  in 
the  ensuing  yv'ar,  WSo,  de  la  Barre  received  tw«)  letters 
from  Father  de  Laniberville,  missionary  at  Onondaga, 
which  caused  serious  thought. 


'  It  wtts  r(  pen  1(1 :  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc, 
ir  ,  |..  1  ;!.■). 

'  Ante,  pp.  23,  83,  123. 

''  liO,  llnntan,  Voyn<ros,  i.,  p.  "i?, 
Letter  November  2,  HiS4.  The 
Oheviilier  Louis  TIeetor  'le  f'nllieres 
Bonncvuc,  niter  twenty  j  ears'  ser- 
vice ii;  wiir,  assmiied  llii'  f^  iverimr- 
sliii)  of  ^•ontrenl  iibout  NoV('iiibir. 
1084  :  N.  Y.  Col.  Uoc,  ix.,  p.  ^'49. 


He  stood  bif;li  in  favor  with  Denon- 
ville,  and  was  on  tlu>  Seneoa  expe- 
dition in  1087.  The  nest  year  ho 
went  to  France  and  iiroposed  a  plan 
for  reducing  New  York,  lli'  was  to 
command  the  expedition,  and  be  the 
French  {governor  of  New  York.  lie 
returned  to  Canadp,  and  took  nn  ac- 
tive part  in  the  Indian  war.  In 
1099  governor-general ;  died  in  1703. 


HISTORY   OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


257 


"IIIOIS. 


That  r('lip;ions  iiil'onncil   him   tlmt  the  Senccii.s  Imd  ro-      16R4. 

iiiiiiiifd  at  hoiiK^  all  winter  without  f^'oing  out  to  limit,  for  "-~^r— ' 

fear  that  the  French  niidit  mako  a  ilasli  at  their  eautou  .  \>^"''»* 

irilnnnMtiiin 

in  case  thev  learned  that  it  was  striitiied  of  its  braves  ;    'wcivo.! 

,,  1  '•        1     1  '"  '■cijurd  to 

they  coinplained  that  the  Mascoutius  and  Miamis,  proud  H'o. 
of  the  avowed  protoetion  of  Onouthio,  had  made  war  on 
them,  takiiii,^  and  killing'  several  of  theh'  peoi)le  ;  that  the 
Mascoutius  had  even  liurned  their  prisoners,  and  boasted 
that  they  had  done  so  at  the  instigation  of  the  governor- 
general  ;  that  the  five  cantons  had  recently  renewed  their 
alliance,  to  strengthen  themselve ;,  they  said,  against  the 
Fr(>nch,  in  case  of  rupture  ;  that  the  Mohegans  had  ])i'oiu- 
ised  them  a  body  of  twelve  hundred  men,  and  the  English 
a  still  lai-g(M'  force,  with  arms  and  supplies  of  all  kinds  ; 
that  there  were  several  Iroquois  parties  actually  in  the 
field  against  the  Miamis  ;  that  the  Senecas  refused  to  de- 
liver tlie  thousand  beaver-skins  agreed  upon  ^ith  them  as 
the  first  instalment  of  payment  for  what  was  due  the 
French  ]ilundered  on  their  way  to  the  Illinois,  and  that 
they  excused  themselves  for  this  delay  by  reason  of  sev- 
eral losses  which  they  pretended  to  have  recently  sus- 
tained, Avhile  it  Avas  known  that  they  were  carrying  more 
than  10,000  beaver-skins  to  Orange. 

As  for  the  promise  they  had  made  to  meet  tlio  governor- 
general  to  concert  measures  with  him  suitable  to  the  posi- 
tion of  afJ'airs,  Father  Lamberville  stated  that  they  deemed 
themselves  entirely  released,  1st,  bocaiTse  the  roads  wm'e 
bad  ;  2d,  because  one  of  their  young  men,  returning  from 
Quebec  the  last  summer,  having  fancied  that  they  wished 
his  life,  had  tied  acrt)s«  the  Avoods,  where  he  starved  to 
death,  and  the  French,  who,  according  to  them,  were  the 
cause  of  his  death,  had  neither  bewailed  nor  covered  him.' 
Fuially,  that  the  Onondagas  liad  left  nothing  undone  to 
induce  them  to  keep  their  word  ;  but  that  their  sole  reply 


'  Tlmt  is  ti)  say,  luvl  not  madrimy  Pffl.iifitiiu,  Mrpiirs  di's  Saiivnii'i'S,  ii., 

i'iim|iliiiiciits  (11- piTsiTits  to  his  fam-  p.  414  ;  Kclatiou  du  la  N.  F,,  1(J4U, 

ily.     C/iiirln'i>i.i\     As  to  this  euptora,  p.  fi. 
Vol.  hi.— 17 


H  i 


f 


2.18 


1684. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW   FRANCE. 

AViis  :  "You  nvo  soon  to  <,'o  to  Montrciil  on  ^-our  own  fon- 
ccrns  ;  do  tlioiv  wli;it  you  (Iccni  ])ro)icr  ;  yon  sliall  not  be 
(lisavowecl,"  a  fo)'ni  of  spcccli  wliich,  anionj,'  tho  Indians,  is 
puvoly  coniplinu'iitary,  and  liinds  to  notliin^,'. 

A  few  days  afttn-  this  Utter  was  received  by  do  la  Bavre, 
tli(>  Marquis  do  Denonville'  landed  at  (Quebec  with  new 
(.'o'enior'-"  troo])s.'     He  liad  been  appointed  povornor-general  of  New 
gciuiui.    p^-j^jigf,  tijg  preceding  year,"  that  is  to  say,  immediately 


Mr.  (1(1 

V>('MOiiville 

urrivcrt  ill 

<*un:iilu  lib 


I       . 


I  "", 


). 


'  .Tnmf's  Rint'  (In  Brisay,  Mnrqnis 
(Ic  ni'inmvillc,  intiTi'd  tlin  Kink^'n 
Miii'kt'tci'rs.  nivl  was  nt  this  time 
ciilonol  of  tlic  (Juccti's  lii'ffiiiiciit  iif 
PrnfrtxHis.  On  bcinpiipiHHnteil  jrdv- 
ernnr  of  Cnnadn  in  1085,  ho  sold  liis 
roninitssion  to  tlif  ^[l•S!^rs.  Atcrrcy, 
Riiys  I.n  Ilonlnn.  He  liroufrlit  out  to 
Ciinii'ln  his  iniiri'liioinHs  iind  their 
(liiu^jlitiT,  Mile,  lie  Hrisny.  who  cn- 
tcri'd  the  Until  IMcil  with  the  view 
of  lit'coniinL''  11  nun,  Imt  wiis  with- 
drawn hy  hiT  mother,  iind  heciimen 
('nrnirllte  nt  I'hartrcs:  .lucheren'.i, 
Ilistoire  de  rilotel  Dieu.  p.  200. 
After  a  most  unfurl iinate  udminii-i- 
trntion,  this  tvorthy  nohleiiiiin  was 
supersedeil  in  Kis!),  and  on  his  re- 
turn to  France  was,  tiirouRh  the  in- 
terest of  tile  I"»iiUe  de  Hi^aiivilliers, 
apiv  i"ted  witli  tlint  nohlenian  and 
the  ,L.i.'at  Fonelon,  siiI)-!rnvernor  of 
the  Duke  of  Bnrgundy  and  thi^ 
Princes  of  tlie  Blood,  sons  of  the 
Great  Dauphin.  See  I.a  Ilontan,  i., 
p.  107  ;  de  la  I'olherie,  ii.,  p.  Vi-.i  ; 
Juehereiiu,  ]).  100.  ITis  wife  is.-ipolten 
of  hi  the  hit,'hest  terms  by  Mgr.  de 
St.  Valier,  Ktat  Present,  p.  SO.  Oi'- 
nonviile  is  the  only  trovernor  after 
C'ha'.iiplain  who  In-oujiht  his  wife  to 
Canada.  Madame  d'Aillehoust  was 
in  the  colony  on  lier  husband's  ap- 
pointm(>nt.    Denonvillediedin  1710. 

'•'  In  the  same  vessel  cnnie  John 
Baptist  de  la  Croix  de  Chevrieres  de 
Pt.  Valier,  nominated  to  the  see  of 
Quebec  on  the  resignation  of  Mgr. 


I-aval.  He  was  horn  Nov.  14,  lO.'iiS, 
lit  Oreniible,  where  his  f;randfatlier 
and  his  uncle  had  be'n  liisliop.  Ho 
was  cliaiihiin  to  I.oiiiB  XIV.  when 
nominated,  and  before  areeiiting 
winlied  to  visit  his  new  diocese.  Ho 
came  out  with  Denonvllle  as  viear- 
peneral  of  Mgr.  Laval,  reached  Que- 
bec July  20,  lOS.-),  and,  after  an  ex- 
tensive visitation,  sailed  IHtli  Nov., 
lOsii.  lie  wasapjiointed  l)isho|)  ,Iu1y 
7,  1IIS7,  consecrated  liy  A  lip.  Colbert, 
coadjutor  of  Rouen.  January  25, 
1088,  and  August  1  reached  Queliec. 
lie  Went  to  Europe  in  1702.  and  oa 
liis  voyage  hack  to  Canada  was  taken 
!)y  the  English,  and  did  not  n  ach 
Canada  till  1714.  H-  died  at  Que. 
bee  20th  December,  1727.  See  a 
sketch  of  his  life  in  the  reprint  of 
the  Ktar  Present,  Quebec,  IS.Ti; 
Les  Ursulinesde  Quebec,  ii.,  p.  14(1. 
For  tlie  original  see  ante.  vol.  i.,  p. 
83.  lie  iiidiight  over  nine  priests, 
one  of  whom  died  on  the  sen,  and 
anotlier  soon  after  landing  ;  Elat 
Present,  pp.  Q-H.  Yet  the  Liste 
Chronole.gique,  Quebec,  1S,'?4,  men- 
tions only  one  as  arriving.  Tlie 
Hospital  Nuns  had  more  than  three 
hundred  sick  on  their  hands  :  Ju- 
clit— can.  Hist,  de  I'llotel  Dieu,  p. 
28.^.  Mgr.  de  I-aval  was  not  imme- 
diately permitted  to  return  to  Can- 
ada :  Lttres,  1087:  lAlieille,  ii..  No. 
20.  iii..  No.  24. 

■'  See  liis  commission.  January   t, 
1085.     Arrets  et  Ordonnances,  iii.,  p. 


niSTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


250 


after  tlio  n^tnrn  of  tlic  vessels  whicli  took  out  Mossrs.  Dos-  16H4. 
iioH  and  (le  Montortii'i'  to  Caiitidii  ;  tli<'  kiiif^  sooiuf»,  hy  tlio  '-^<'~~^ 
information  f,'ivf'n  liim  of  tlio  inuniior  in  which  jioaco  had 
lioon  oonoludod  witli  tho  Iroquois,  that  it  CH)nld  not  bo 
lastiii.L(,  ,111(1  as  Mr.  do  lii  Barro's  advaiiood  a^'o  and  infir- 
mities incapacitated  liini  from  jmsliin}^  on  tlio  war  vif^or- 
ously,  Ills  majesty  felt  tho  nooossity  of  snpersodinp;  him, 
and  selected  the  Afaniuis  do  nenonvill(\  colonel  iu  tho 
dra<,'ooiis,  estiniahle  alike  for  his  valor,  ii])rij;litiiess,  and 
])iety,  resolving  to  make  ono  raoro  eft'ort  to  pnt  tho  gover- 
nor in  a  jiosition  to  establish  tranquillity  in  tli(>  country. 

Mr.  do  Deiionvillo,  giving  himself  but  a  ft;w  days'  rest     Recon- 

,  -1      fi  1  •   1     1      1    1  •,  Killers  wnr 

to  recruit  alter  a  i^assage  winch  had  been  (jmtc  severe,     wiih  tim 

ascended  at  oneo  to  Cataroccmy.'  TIk;  Hieur  do  la  Toivt  '^'ce«si,'rV,'"" 
had  been  restored  to  it  by  orders  from  the  court,"  to  com- 
mand there  in  tho  nnme  of  Mr.  de  la  Halo  ;  but  having  so- 
licited permission  to  proceed  to  tli  Illinois  country,  whore 
he  ex])ooto(l  that  the  8ieur  do  la  Sale  would  soon  arrive,  if 
he  was  not  already  there,  Mr.  d'Orvilliers  had  been  again 
appointed  to  command  the  post.'  During  the  governoi-- 
genoral's  visit,  learning  that  tho  Iroquois  had  conceived 
a  great  distrust  of  the  French,  ho  left  nothing  undone  to 
reassure  them.  He  saw,  nevertheless,  that  this  nation 
was  exalted  to  a  tone  of  insolence  which  must  of  necessity 
be  brought  down,  and  ho  informed  tho  minister  that  the 
hostilities  which  tho  Iroi[uois  continued  against  tho  Illi- 
nois was  a  sufficient  ground  for  making  war  upon  thorn  ; 
but  that  it  was  nc^cessary  to  be  perfectly  ready  before  de- 
claring war,  because  the  Indians  ah\ays  are. 

There  is  every  presumiition  that  tho  injunctions  so  ofton       Tim 
made  to  his   predecessors  in  reganl  to    P'rcnchi'/i/huj  the  iiiecdiniiy. 
tribes  of  this  o<  >ntin(>nt,  as  it  v.as  tin  n  expressed,  wore  I'e- 


4S  ;  instrurtiDiis  N.  Y.  Col.  T)<)c,  ix  ,  Ssllc's  rt'iiKinstrauci-  njininst  de   la 

p.  2Tt.     The  ronimission  was  regis-  Barrc's  seizure   of  the  fort,   ib.,   p. 

tennl  a1  Quebec  .Viiiriist  :?,  IflS").  21:!  :  liis  new  comniissioii,  ib..  p  23.') 

I  X.  Y.  Col.  Doe.,  is..  |.  ■,>:;!,  '  N".    Y.   C'ul.    Uoc,   ix.,    pp.   2T-i, 

•'  lb ,    ix.,   pp.    -iHH.  21)4.     See   1«  384. 


;  t 


). 


* 


'  t 


2(10 


IIISTOHY   OK   NEW    FKANCK. 


i''ivf.  p-  atcil  to  tliis  new  gnicrul,  for  in  tho  li'ttcr  just  ritctl  hv 
tliii^  alhulch  to  tho  sulijoct  :  "  It  wiiH  lon^  holiovod  tluit 
it  was  Docossary  to  ilraw  tho  ludiaus  near  na  to  froiiohify 
tliciii ;  tlioi'c  is  every  reason  to  acknowledge  that  it  wus  a 
niistaivo  Thosi?  who  have  approaeliod  us  have  not  be- 
coniu  Fi'oncli,  and  the  French  wlio  freqnontod  them  have 
hecnnie  savafj;eH.  'I'hey  afl'ect  to  dress  and  livo  hko  them. 
It  is  not  so  witli  tlie  Indians  assenibh'd  in  vilhif^os  amid 
the  cok)ny.  >«othin;^  is  ht^tter  rej^Mihited."  '  Ho  adds,  in 
conchision,  that  he  found  tho  colony  totally  unprotected.' 
This  was  an  old  complaint,  renewed  from  year  to  year, 
and  always  in  vain. 

I  liavo  already  observed  that  in  clearing  new  land  tho 
C()h)nists  tlionj^'ht  only  of  settling  apart  from  each  other, 
so  as  to  1)0  able  to  extend  more,  without  reflecting  that 
this  prevented  mutual  assistance,  and  by  embracing  au 
iiiinieiise  territory,  compared  to  the  scanty  population 
contained  in  tlu!  colony,  no  one  could  be  safe  from  tho 
enemy's  insults  ;  but  in  vain  did  the  conrt  issne  orders  to 
remedy  this  great  evil,  and  to  reduce  the  pai'ishes  to  towns : 
it  was  never  able  to  enforce  tlu!m.  Every  one  feared  for 
the  publii'  in  general,  and  no  one  feared  for  himself  in  par- 
ticular. Ncn'  did  experience  even  make  those  wiser  w!io 
had  fallen  victims  to  their  own  imprudence.  They  made 
U])  tlu'ir  losses  when  they  were  in  a  condition  to  do  so ; 
those  which  could  not  bo  rei)aired  were  soon  forgotten, 
and  the  ]irospect  of  a  slight  temporary  interest  blinded  all 
to  the  future.  This  is  the  genuine  character  of  the  In- 
dians, and  men  aetun  to  inhale  it  with  the  atmosphere  of 
their  countiy. 

Tlie  information  acquired  l)y  tho  new  governor  as  to  the 
affairs  of  Canada,"  to  which  he  devoted  himself  seriously 


I  N.  Y.  ("ol.  Df)c.,  ix..  |>.  '27;.     For  ■'  N.  Y.  Cor  Doc,  ix.,  ]<.  2S0. 

an  ni'CDunt   of  tlic  inissioiis  nt  this  "•  Cliarli'voix  cays  little  of  the  in- 

tinu",    iVdiii    iictuul    vi;4tiiiioii.    si'c  trnuil   coinliiinii   of   Caniidii    itself 

M}rr.   St,   \'i\lier,   Elut   I'l'i'sent,   iip,  Mr.  ile  Meules  did  iniich  to  iiii|iro\e 

47-70.  Queljee.     He  turned  an  olff  brewery, 


'i.i  I 


IMSTOHV   OF    NFAV   FRANrE. 

durliif,'  tlif  winter,  contiiiiu'il  him  in  the  opinion  that  wo 
never  coulil  make  Hinccro  fricimls  of  tlio  IroquoiH,  and  tlnvt 
to  avoid  hininj^'  idwiivs  on  our  himds  .'i  tronl'lrsorni'  and 
(hnintions  ( iiriiiv,  they  nnist,  :it  any  cost,  bo  dt'stroyod  or 
huiniii.itrd  and  weakened  to  Much  a  point  an  to  ho  coni- 
))eiled  to  seek  our  alliance  and  adiiero  to  it.  Ho  was, 
aliove  all,  eiiin  irieed  that  then?  was  only  this  means  of 
maintaiiim^M'ommercu,  winch  theymi^dit  calculate  on  soon 
iielioldiiiL^  reduced  to  nothinij,  if  thing's  remained  any 
short  time  in  th.eir  actual  condition;  and  that  tlu-  lro(|uois 
alone  aricst  jgress  of  the  ^,'os|iel  aiiion^'  the  In- 

dians, a  jioii  which  touched  the  Manpiis  do  Deuouvillo 
at  least  as  much  as  the  care  of  preservint,'  the  colony.' 

On  the  other  hand,  all  Acadia  and  tlm  nei'ddjorin'' 
coasts  were  (>xposcd  to  the  incursions  of  the  Ku<,dish,  and 
Mr.  de  Meullos,  who  had  proceeded  thither  the  year  pre- 
vious in  order  to  make  a  visitation  of  tlieni,  had  found  that 
fine  country  and  all  the  French  settlements  in  the  utmo.st 
desohition." 

Eadissou  was  still  at  the  head  of  the  English  in  Hud- 
son's Ba\,  and  it  was  almost  impossible  for  the  French 
to  trade  any  longer  in  the  North  ;  nor,  in  line,  was  com- 
merce more  free  in  the  "West,  since  tln^  Senecas  had  drawn 
the  Englisii  to  Niagara,  whence  the  latter,  by  means  of 
the  lakes,  from  which  they  cut  oil'  our  communication, 
could  extend  their  trips  as  far  as  Michillimakiiiac.  They 
had  even  already  begun  to  show  themselves  in  the  vicinity 
of  that  post,  and  they  laboriMl  earnestly,  by  means  of  the 
IriKiuois,  to  debauch  from  us  the  Indians  of  those  parts, 
who  were  our  greatest  resource  in  the  fur-t)-ad(>. 

To  })rotect  Nt>w  France  from  a  misfortune  which  was  not 


201 

16K4. 


li 


•'  I 


abandoiiiMl   siiici' Talon's  dny.  inln  ii  \'aliiT,  Klat  I'l'i'sciU  ;   I.i's  rrsuliiics 

]ialac(:  till- tliciiiti'iidaiit.     Tlie  I'lims  dc  Quebec,  1.,  p  4:10. 

(if  nn  old  storcliimse  luadi-  way  Ibr         '  N.  Y,  Col.  Doc,   .;.,  pp.  'VM,  320, 

till'  cluirch  of  Our  l.adv  of  Victory  ;  etc. 

but,  Oi'tober  'JO,  lii-^i!.  llie  rrsuliiic         ■'  X.  Y.  Col.  I)oc.,  ix..  p.  ■iH-'i  ;  Can- 

C'ouvcut  was  destroyed  by  fire  :  St.  ada  Dociimeut.-i,  II.,  iv.,  p   :!:21. 


1  1 


1^    ■ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1.1 


11.25 


■  2.2 
12.0 


^U4 


Vi 


/. 


s 


/: 


% 


.V 


/^ 


'^ 


y 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


*^^ 


V 


iV 


:\ 


\ 


[V 


33  WiST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14SS0 

(716)  872-4503 


^*^- 

> 


6^ 


'<^ 


!    »< 


r 


262 


i^' 


168^). 


I'Mjcd  of 
I'orl  lit 
Nju);uiu. 


niSTOHY  OP  NEW  FHANrB. 

as  roiiioto  as  inaiiv  supiioscd,  (lie  Maiipiis  do  Dt'iionvillo 
pi()|)().s((l  to  tlu'  iniiiisttT,  li_v  his  letter  of  May  H,  1()8(),  to 
"  erect  a  stone  fort  at  Niapira  caiuilile  of  lioldiiif,'  four  or 
five  liniiilred  i,ieii.  He  re]ireseiite(l  to  liim  that  tliis  post 
thus  piar(h'(l  wonhl  alisohitely  elose  the  passage  of  tlie 
Eiif^lish  to  tlie  lakes,  and  put  us  in  a  conditiou  to  prevent 
the  Tro(|uois  from  lirinj^'ini,'  them  their  furs,  more  espeeially 
as  by  means  of  Fort  Cataroeouy  wlicrc^  harks  ('(mM  he 
kejjt  sheltered  from  the  winds  all  the  v- liter,  it  would  he 
easy  to  navigate  Lake  Ontario  freely,  we  commanding 
both  extremities  ;  and  these  Indians,  whose  territory  ex- 
tend;; along  this  lake,  would  no  longer  hav«i  any  outlet  for 
hunting-parties  excej^t  such  as  we  chose  to  give  them  ; 
that  then,  as  there  is  almost  no  hunting  in  their  territo- 
ries, where  there  are  Hcarcffly  any  wild  animals,  and  not  a 
single  beaver,  Hiey  would  be  at  our  discretion  in  regard 
to  trade.  This  v  ould  entail  a  loss  of  four  hundred  thou- 
sand francs  a  year  to  the  English,  by  wliich  we  would 
profit.' 

Moreover,  he  added,  if  we  wished  our  allies  to  l)e  able 
to  aid  us  when  we  shall  be  at  war  with  the  Inxpiois,  it  is 
of  absolute  necessity  to  hav(i  a  jiost  where  they  can  aa- 
Remble  and  take  refuge  in  ease  of  reverse  or  bad  weather. 
In  tine,  it  did  not  seem  to  him  doubtful  that  such  a  for- 
tress, within  reach  of  the  Iroquois,  would  keeji  them  in 
fear  and  res]>ect,  arrest  tliat  great  niunber  of  French  de- 
serters who  generally  went  in  that  way  to  tlie  English,  and 
then  seived  them  as  guides  to  reconnoitre  the  advanced 
posts  of  the  colony.  Moreover,  we  should  perhajis  suc- 
ceed in  time  in  gaining  tlie  Iroipiois,  by  enabling  them  to 
see  nuire  clearly  the  dilVennce  between  (Uir  habits  and 
those  of  the  settlers  of  New  York. 

After  having  thus  shown  the  necessity  for  this  work,  the 
general,  to  meet  the  objection  which  might  be  made  on  the 


'  N.  Y.  ('ill.  DiH',,  ix..  11)).  visii-S.     lljsiciricHl  Skct<'lii'Hii!iil  Ijdi'jil  Nmiii'H 
For  llif  uuiuu  Niuj;uru,  wu  .Miii-Mhull,     ni  \\n:  Niuguru  KiDiilirr,  [if).  1:J-13. 


/* 


till' 


l! 


HISTORY  OF  NKVV   FRANCE. 


263 


^Tonii,!  „f  rxpoiiso,  sn^r^',.st..l  (..  tlic  rnitiistor  to  cstal.lisli      16H6. 

it  f.iriii.  (lie  CI. pit;, 1  of  wliicl,  slioulil  1)1-  the  cxcliisivc  tni.lo > ' 

(if  tlic  post,  wliicli  would  soon  Ixtouks  the  ct'iitn-  of  all 

tho  Caiiailiiiii  tiado.     Ho  avcnv.l  tliat  in  tiim;  tliis  farm 

would  aflord   tlio  kiii<,'  vcrv  ronsidc'rahlc    suiuh,  without 

•IniiiK  any  injury  to  the  settlors  in  Now  Fianoo,  inasniuoli 

as  all  tlio  furs  that  wouM   l.o  ohtainod  at  Niaj,'ara  would 

otli.rwiso  -o  to  till.  EnKlish.     Nor  was  Mr.  do  IVnonvillo 

til.'  only  ono  wlio  thouKht  so,  f(jr  tho  Company  of  (^uohoc 

Moivhants   for   Northorn    Trade    oarin^stly  solioitod    this 

privilof,'o,  l)in<linjr  th.nisolvos,  in  case  it  woro    ,'rantod,  to 

supply  tho  warohousos  at  Niagara  with  all  tho  ]^oniU  tlnit 

could  1)0  oxohant,'od  for  furs,  to  ronow  tho  loaso  ovrry  nino 

years,  and  to  i)ay  his  majesty  for  the  privilo;;.'  a  sum  of 

•'!<»,<)()()  livros  a  year.     W(.  shall  shortly  see  what  provenfed 

the  fultillinent  of  this  project.' 

About  a  month  after  writing  this  lottor,  th(>  Koneral  re-  u.u.r  f„„„ 
(•oived  rne  from  Colon.-l  Don-aii,  dated  May  '22d,  stating  ...o'lli.r ,.|• 
in  substance  that  tlu-Mvat  collection  of  provisions  mado   ''^^i,'''^ 
at  Catarocouy  induced  the  Irocpiois  to  think  that  there  '^'•"""^ '''«-•• 
was  a  dosiyn  of  declaring  war  against  thorn  ;  that  these 
trilios  being  subjects  of  the  British  crown,  to  attack  th,.m 
would  b<;  a  manifest  infraction  of  the  jx-ace  between  the 
two  kings  ;  that  he  iiad  als..  learned  that  there  was  a  de- 
sign of  building  a  fort  at  Niagara,  and  that  this  inform.i- 
tion  had  given  him  the  greater  astonishment,  as  they  could 
iiot  be  ignorant  in  Canada  that  all  that  country  was  with- 
in tho  dependence  of  New  York. 

The  reply  of  Mr.  d(>  Denonvillo  was,  that  tho  Tro.piois 
feared  chastisement  because  they  felt  guilty  ;  that,  n<;v- 
ertheless,  tho  suppli..s  s.^nt  to  Catarocouy  need  not  have 
alarmed  them  ;  that  having  always  a  large  garrison  in 
that  ])ost,  and  op])ortunities  for  forwarding  supplies  not 
occurring  frecpi.  ntly,  it  was  neco.ssary  when  they  did  arise 
to  avail  of  them  to  send  uj.  coiisideral>le  convoys  ;  that  it 


OcricrnI'D 
ruply. 


'  N.  Y,  Col.  D()c.,  ix.,  p.  290. 


/* 


i  'l 


f 


l.     f 


^1  ! 


i 


2fi4 


1686. 


Eiitor|>ii>o 

(Jl  l'c.|..l|,'l 

JlKjigaii. 


niHTORY  OP  NEW  FRANCE. 

lui^'lit  well  l>o  that  snmo  Ficiicli  ilcsntcis  liad  oii^'iiiatrd 
or  supported  tho  Hiispicions  of  tlio  Inxpiois,  Imt  tliat  the 
rpports  of  th('H(^  va^alionds  (h-servod  110  credit,  *he  more 
ospceially  as  they  were  interested  in  sowinj^  tronhU)  and 
division  hetween  the  two  eohtnies  ;  tliat  Enghmd  had  no 
foundation  ftn*  its  i)ret«Misions  to  tho  sovereignty  of  tho 
Tro(|uois  country,  and  that  they  nnist  kiK)w  that  tlie  French 
liad  taken  possession  of  it  hi'fore  there  were  any  Kuj^hsh 
in  New  Yolk  ;  that,  niori'over,  the  two  moiiarclis,  their 
masters,  liTiii},'  in  ])erfect  understandinj,',  it  did  not  beeonio 
the  lieutenants-general  to  seek  to  trouhlc  it.' 

In  this  step  of  Colonel  Pongan  there  was  nothing  to 
snr]U"ise  the  ^lanpiis  de  Denonville.  The  whole  conduct 
of  that  ollicer,  from  his  taking  ottiee,  had  convinced  tho 
French  that  thev  should  always  find  him  in  their  way, 
and  they  were  well  informed  that  he  would  lose  no  o])por- 
tunity  of  stirring  u])  the  Iroipiois  against  them  ;  hut  they 
did  Jiot,  peihaps,  yet  kno  v  all  thi'v  had  to  fear  from  so 
dangenms  a  neighbor,  whom  all  the  authority  of  tlic  Duk.) 
of  York,  on  whom  he  de])en(led  imnndiately,  coiild  never 
induce,  ev(Mi  after  that  ])rince  ascended  the  throne,  to  re- 
main a  calm  sjiectator  of  all  that  occurred  between  us  and 
tho  Iroquois.  In  tine,  they  were  soon  after  enlightened 
by  a  channel  above  sus])icion.' 

During  the  summer  information  arrived  that  tho  Iro- 
(piois  had  made  an  irru|)tion  into  the  Saguiuam,  a  very 
deep  bay  on  the  western  shor*!  of  Lake  Huron,  and  had 
attacked  the  Ottawas  of  >richillimakinac,  wlioso  ordinary 
hunting-ground  it  was.'  Father  (h*  Land)erville  dis- 
covered at  Ononilaga  that  this  hostility  was  the  fruit  of  a 
deliberation  of  all  the  cantons,  whose  de|)uties  Colonel 
Dongan  had  convoked  at  Albany ;  that  ho  had  warned 


'  N.  Y.  ("ol.  T>o(- ,  iii.,  i>i).  4r),5-8  ;  Ma n  land  :  Told™,  pp.  48-62.  i-tr. 
D<ir.  IIiHt.,  i.,  ]>]y  ris_9.  '  X.  Y.  Cdl.  !)(»• ,  i\.,  pp  2;i:i,  •><Mi. 

■  Ooii^'Mii   lirM   many  (■(nit'iiini'is  I'lTrnt     iimkrs    im    iilliisidii    to    it. 

with  111.'  I'ivi'  N'liilnii-  in   iiLiiiril  l<)  Sivfiiiy  IlnnnH  iiml  lliirty  fix  Otttt- 

tlii'ir    iiiro:i(i.-<     into    Viri;iniiL    iin(\  whh  were  carrifd  off. 


inSTOHV   OF    NEW    FKAN(E. 


S6S 


IIh'Iu  that  tlic  inw  {^'ciicrnl  of  tin-  Frciidi  wiis  rcsolvfil  t(j      i''!^f>. 

(lonlurc  will-  11-,'aiiist  tliciii ;  that  Iir  .xliorted  tli.m  to  an- r- 

tioiimtc  it,  to  |.liiii(l.r  tlic  riviuli  imd  thfir  allies  wher- 
ever thev  fouud  tliein,  adiliii},'  that  tiiey  would  easily  etl'ect 
this,  as  thev  would  tiud  tlieiu  oil' their  guard;  and  that  lio 
had  assured  them  that,  eume  what  would,  he  would  not 
forsake  tlieiu. 

The  missionary  had  liueii  warnod  of  all  these  intrigues 
by  the  C'hiistian  Iro(|u.>is,  and  even  hy  idolaters,  who 
lovi'd  him  greatly.  He  liad  beeu  unabh;  to  pr.nent  tho 
meeting  held  at  All.any,  but  h.i  had  labored  sueeess- 
fully  to  divert  a  j.art  of  the  temjx'st  formed  th.'re,  and, 
after  obtaining  i:  promise  from  the  lu^ad  saciiems  of  th.^ 
Onondaga  canton  that  they  would  uever  consent  to  any 
enterprise  during  his  absence,  he  set  out  to  inform  Mr.  do 
D.'nonville  of  all  that  he  knew.  Dongan,  who  was  scxm 
informed  of  his  departure,  gues.sed  the  reason,  and  it  was 
then  that  he  wrote  to  the  French  general  the  letter  re- 
cently UK'ntioucd,  and  which  arrived  before  Fatluir  do 
Land)er\ille.' 

At  the  same  time  he  sent  exi)resses  to  all  tho  cantons  to 
hasteu  the  execution  of  the  design  couceivcd  at  Albanv, 
uud  he  summoned  the  Onondaga  cantons  to  deliver  up  to 
him  Father  James  de  Lami)erville,  brother  of  the  one  who 
had  gone  to  Quebec,  and  left  by  him  as  a  hostage  in  that 
canton.'  He  did  more:  he  umhjrtook  to  seduce  from  us 
the  Iroquois  Christians  of  Sault  St.  Louis  and  the  Moun- 
tain, sending  them  word  that  he  would  give  them,  in  his 
jurisdiction,  a  tract  where  they  would  b<'  better  and  more 
safely  situated  than  in  the  French  colony;  and  as  he  was 
not  ignorant  that  they  were  retained  in  (mr  interest  chiefly 
by  the  tear  of  h.sing  their  religion  among  the  English,  la; 
gave  them  on  this  point  every  assurance  that  they  could 
desire,  adding  that  the  king,  his  master,  as  well  as  himself, 

'  D.'iiniivilli.'s  M.riiiiir.',  N.  Y.  '  Di'nntivill,  lo  Siiundiiy.  .N.  Y. 
Col.  Doc.,  \\.,  !>.  -^'M  ;  Doc.  lliol.,  i.,  Vnl.  Doc,  U..  [,.  aU7  ;  Doc.  llisl.,  i., 
l>  i:iy.  p.  i;w. 


f: 


I    ! 


206 


HISTORY   OF  NKVV   FHANCE. 


1686.     worn  Catholics,  and  tliat  tlii'V  should  liavo  in  New  York 
~'  iiiissioiiarii's  nf  tin'  saiii(<  rclij^ioii.'     Yrt  h(>  {gained  noth- 
ing, fithcr  with  the  Christian  InxjuoiH  or  oven  with  tho 
jjagans,  ami  the  canton  of  Onondaga  refused  to  surrender 
Father  de  liandicrvillc  to  him. 
Thfl  He  succeeded  lietter  at  first  at  Michilliinakinac,  whither 

nr.i\.ii  ,ii  for  some  tinio  f)ast  all  tiie  Indnms  wlio  liad  been  gatheroa 
iniikiimr.  at  Sault  St.  Mary's  had  n'tired.  He  sent  tluun  English 
tiaders,  who  took  great  care  to  announce  in  advance  that 
t:iey  woidd  sell  their  goods  much  cheaper  than  tho  French 
could  do.  They  were  very  well  received,  and  conducted 
their  ♦rad*)  in  perfect  liherty,  because,  unfortunately,  Mr.  do 
la  Durantaye  was  absent.  He  arrived  almost  at  the  mo- 
ment when  they  had  just  departed,  and  he  wished  to 
pursue  them  instantly  ;  but  the  Hurons  prevented  him, 
and  sent  an  escort  to  the  English,  which  conducted  them 
till  tliey  fell  in  with  the  Senecas  coming  to  meet  them. 

Nothing  was  fraught  with  greater  danger  than  this 
opening  of  trade  between  New  York  and  th(»  nations 
whom  we  had  till  then  regarded  as  our  most  faithful  allies.' 
Accordingly,  Mr.  do  Denonville  thought  that  he  must  no 
longer  def(>r  making  war  on  tho  Senecas,  who  were  tho 
intermediat<'  ageids ;  but,  before  all  things,  it  was  neces- 
sary to  present  a  front  on  all  sides,  have  a  strong  garrison 
at  Catarocouy,  send  n  considerable  detachment  by  Sorel 
River  on  the  side  of  the  Alohawks,  to  hold  that  canton  in 
check,  and  excite  the  jealousy  of  Colonel  Dimgan. 

Nor  was  it  less  necessary  to  have  magazines  at  various 
j)oints,  and  ])ut  them  beyond  danger.  For  all  this,  and  to 
compose  this  army,  which  the  general  wish(>d  to  command 
in  person,  only  eight  hundred  men  could  bo  drawn  from 


Forces  of 

tlie 
""loiiy. 


'  Dongnn's  Hc|K>rf,  ili ,  iii.,  p.  !!1(4.  p.  !I7:  IlarriHon,  Henry,  p.  113  ;  Ilar- 

TVintriiii    lirmifrlit    out    .IrmiilH    Irom  wy,  Tlios.,   ]>.  114;  I)(»c.   Hint.,   iii, 

Kli(.'lainl    li>    ri'pliiiT    the    Krciicli  :  p.  ~'.i. 

Oliver's  ('i)lle('ii(ms.  Scot.'liKiigliHli         '•'  IVncmville  to  Sfijrnelny,  N.  Y. 

MeinlitrH   of  tlie   Soriety  c,t    .lewun,  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  p  21(7;  lb.,  iii.,  p.  205 ; 

London,  isl'i;  F<i-Wj«,(iiig«',('Uttrlu8,  In  llontau,  i.,  p.  08. 


nis'ioHY  OF  Npnv  France. 


2G7 


(lie  cdloiiy  ;  nor  was  iniicli  (I-'ixmkIciico  to  ho  placed  on  tlio      i6Hr). 

rtKuIiir  tniiips.  who  w.ic  liltic  nsn]  to  war,  for  tlio  moHt f"— ' 

part  ill  ariiu'd,  aii<l  wlio  had  no  knowh-dj^o  of  tlio  tnodo  of 
cinryinLT  on  war  in  Aincrica.  It  was,  oonsiunifntly,  of 
necessity  to  (lissenil.le  till  reinforceni(>nts  arrived  which 
were  exjiected  from  France!;  and  the  only  point  was  to 
seek  ]tretexts  to  cover  all  these  prej)urati()nK.' 

The  lirst  tiling'  to  wiiich  the  f,'ovcrnor-f^('noral  turned  his    Kutii.r.io 
attention  was  to  send  Father  de  Lanil)orville  hack  to  his    ".nviM'/ 
mission,   and    he   loaded    him   with    presents    for    all    tht' 'fp,m ','l!ir 
Oiionda^ra  chiefs  whom  he  had  most  hope  of  },'aininK  and   i,?lVi'S. 
pnservin;,'  in  onr  interest.   It  was  time  that  the  missionary 
made  his  appearance;  in  that  canton,  tlio  governor  of  New 
York  liavinj,'  jirofited  i)y  his  ai)seiice  to  revive  in  the  minds 
of   the   Indians    fears  of   a   Frercli   incursion  when   they 
least  expected  it.     He  had  jjersuaded  them  that  Father  do 
liMndierville   did  not  wish  to  he  among    them  when  tho 
troops  of  his  canton  cnuw  to  bear  fire  and  sword  thnmgh 
their  towns,  and  that  In?  would  take  care  never  to  appear 
there  jigain.     In  a  word,  lie  had  negotiated  so  successfully 
that  all  the  cantons  had  asseinliled,  and  a  part  of  the  war- 
riors were  already  on  the  march  when  that  religious  ap- 
peared once;  more  at  Onondaga. 

His  jiresence  in  a  moment  changed  the  face  of  afTairs. 
He  spoke  to  the  chiefs  with  that  frankness  and  that  in- 
sinuating manner  tlifit  had  won  him  the  esteem  and  affec- 
tion of  tiiat  nation  ;  he  di.ssipated  almost  all  the  suspicions 
that  had  l)een  instilled  into  tluMu,  and  the  pres(>nts,  season- 
alily  distriliuted,  completing  what  his  suavity  of  manner 
had  successfully  hegun,  the  warriors  wer(>  recalled,  and 
no  more  was  s.aid  of  a  rupture  with  the  French.  The  rest 
of  the  summer  was  sjieiit  in  negotiations,  sonietinH>s  to 
exchange  tht;  prisoners  made  on  hotli  sides,  and  some- 
times to  i)ring  <mr  allies  hack  to  sentiments  more  suited 
to  their  real  interest.'     Those  entrusted  with  the  last  part 

'  .\.  V.  Col.  1»(M'.,  i\  .  pp. 'JiHl-iUHI.      Allmny  Imi-  ivuioviil  >>{   Kroncli,  N. 
'  ti<H<  t'ctition  iirCoiiiiuiwioniTHdt     Y.  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  p.  41S. 


P      t 


;    h 


[i-o 


368 


I 


;  1 


/    V 


si  ^ 
!i  ft 

Li    « 


I 


16H6. 


ol'llmi 
iiiitidii. 


HISTORY  OP  NEW  FRANCE. 

snrcfpdctl  so  tliat  tli(\v  induced  tlic  ITurons  and  tlio  Otta- 
wiiH  of  ^licliillinmkinac  to  como  down  to  Catarocouy  to 
confer  with  tlic  (,'ov('inor-Ronoral. 

Towind.s  the  end  of  Sc])ti'ml)('r  Father  do  LainhorvilU) 
asain  returned  to  Queliee,  to  rejiort  to  tlio  iSIarqniH  de 
Deiionville  the  disjiosition  in  which  the  Iroquois  actually 
w»'rc.  He  told  him  that  the  Ononda^as  alonti  had  f,'iven 
up  the  prisoners  taken  from  our  allies,  and  that  tho 
Sen<'caH  had  pleaded  as  an  excuse  that  their  cai^tives 
would  not  return  to  their  tribes.  This  report  confirmed 
the  f^eneral  in  tho  opinion  that  it  was  time  lost  to  nefjo- 
tiiite  with  that  nation.  Ho  had  even  already  decided  on 
his  course ;  l)ut  he  would  not  disclose  it  to  tho  missionary ; 
he  merely  let  him  see  that  ho  was  resolved  to  drive  the 
Senecas  to  the  wall.' 

"  That  Father,"  ho  says  In  a  letter  which  he  wrote  to 
Mr.  du  Sei;^nelay,  under  the  date  of  November  8,  "  loves 
these  Indians  p-oatly,  althouf^h  in  daily  danger  of  being 
killed  bj-  drunkards;  nevertheless,  he  admits  that  there  are 
no  hopes  oi  their  convi-rsion  unless  tlun'  are  humbled  ; 
that  their  only  desif^u  is  to  destroy  tho  other  Indians  in 
'^••^er  then  to  fall  upon  us,  and  this  is  tho  jiolicy  of  Colonel 
D>  f^'aii.  That  •,'()' ernor  lavishes  great  kindr..;ss  on  our 
deseiters,  from  whom  he  derives  great  services,  and  I  am, 
myself,  obliged  to  manage  them,  till  I  am  in  a  position  to 
punisli  them.  I  havo  sent  back  Father  do  Lamberville 
with  orders  to  cimvoke  all  the  Iroquois  nations  at  Cataro- 
couy next  spring  to  talk  over  our  affairs,  and  as  it  is  ne- 
cessary to  have  a  faithful  interju'eter,  and  as  tho  Recollect 
Fathers,  chaplains  of  that  post,  do  not  know  the  language, 
and  all  our  interpreters,  except  a  son  of  Siciir  lo  Moyno's, 
are  ignorant  fellows,  I  havo  selected  Father  Milet,  and  I 
have  roqU(>sted  th(^  llecollect  Fathers  to  yield  the  place  to 
him  till  the  war  is  endinl,  promising  to  restore  it  to  them. 
Father  de  Lamberville  is  to  send  rao  back  his  bi-othei',  in 


'  Dt'uonvillf  to  Sfigncltty,  N.  Y.  <  'i.l.  Doc.,  ix.,  pi).  297-8 ;  Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  I:i3. 


Hlf'TOIlY   OF   NRW   FHANCK. 


269 


onlii'  lliat  lie  iii.iy  luivr  less  dinicullv  in  ri'liiiiif,'  .iloiit*.  i(iA(>. 
Tlw  poor  FutlHT,  witliiil.  kiiowH  iiotliiii^'  of  our  (lcsij,'iis,  imd  '^^^'— 
T  rf;;rct  to  expose  liini.  T  Iiani  tlmt  tlic  five  caiitoiiH  iiro 
iiiakiii",'  up  ii  larj,'!'  force  aj^'aiiist  the  INIiainis  lUid  tlio  lu- 
tliaiis  of  ((in'eu)  Lay.  They  ih'stroyt^d  a  vilia^^'o  of  th((  lat- 
ter, Imt  tlie  liuiiters  overtook  and  defeated  tlieni  with  loss; 
they  now  wish  to  takt^  their  revenj^e.  Tliey  have  recently 
made  t,'reat  havoc  uinf)n^'  tlie  Illinois;  they  no  lon<,'er 
keep  any  terms  with  us,  and  plunder  our  cauoes  wheruver 
they  find  them.'" 

Wliihi  these  thini,'s  were  jiassiuK  i»  tho  midst  of  the  .MrnirH  at 
colony,  alVairs  jiiid  o!ic(>  more  changed  face  in  Hudson'.s  "Tiny."* 
IJay.  Tlie  Kn^'Iish  always  treated  our  eKtahlishnient  on 
Kt.  Teresa's  Kiver  as  an  usurpation  ;  hut  the  court  of  Lon- 
don had  been  couvinced  on  this  point,  and  the  two  kinf,'s 
had  af^M-eed  that  each  ))a:ty  should  remain  in  possession 
of  what  h(>  occupie<l.  I'.oth  courts  acted,  doui)tless,  with 
e(pial  sinc«'rity  ;  hut  as  in  En^'land  the  nation  is  not  always 
in  harmony  with  tlu;  soveitign,  and  does  not  rof^ard  the 
deliherations  of  tho  council  as  laws  which  require  their  sub- 
mission to  them,  i)recantion  must  Vie  taken  in  treating 
with  the  court.  This  the  French  had  not  previously 
tlumfjht  of  doiufi;,  and  we  have  seen  tho  consetpiencos. 

It  was  afterwards  known  that  Colonel  Dongan,  who 
then  exercised  (((////« ,////  the  functions  of  <,'overnor-^(>u- 
oral  in  New  En^dand,  had  had  no  slif,dit  share  in  the 
ticachery  that  deprived  us  of  the  fort  on  St.  Terosa'.s 
liiver,  an  act  as  to  which  the  most  Christian  kiuj,'  had 
made  ;j;reat  but  ineffectual  complaints  to  the  kinjj;  of  (Ireat 
Britain  throu^'h  Mr.  de  Ij.irillon,  his  embassador  near  that 
prince.  Charles  II.  disavowed  his  .subjects,  but  he  had 
not  tho  ])owor  to  restore  to  his  ally  what  had  been  wrested 
from  him  through  the  troacliorv  of  a  desurtor." 


'  N.  Y.  Col.  DiK!.,  ix.,  )i.  2'.IH  :  Due.  fcnt   r)f  tlic   IrcMpiois   i«  aj)|iiiri'ntlv 

Hist.,  i.,  p.  l:!'->  ;  Ciiiiii'ln  Doc,  I  ,  iii.,  tliat  l)y  tlif  Oiitn^rnmis  iiirntii.tii'il  in 

p.    110.      Cliarlovdix    diHs    no!    citi'  la   Ildiitaii.  Vo_va<rrs.  vol    ii  ,  p.  KIT. 

VLiljally  or  l■olllim^cm^l_v.     T',.    de-  •  «'o11<m'1.  ,.;  Tn-alii*,  i,  iip.  41:i-(;. 


'J 


f 


I    :> 


.rt-j 


<   > 


( 


270 


1686. 


li"M-<  ill 

Cliniiila  tn 
PXI'i'l  tirr 

Kii(;lii<li. 


RncccKn  nf 
tlic  fX- 
puililioii. 


niSTOIlV   OK  NRW   FUANfR. 

On  tlio  otlicr  IiiiikI,  IIioho  iiitorcHttMl  in  tho  Nortlu'in 
CiMiiitanv,  to  wliicli  tlu'  Kinf,'  liiul  concotlrd  tho  fort  Hcizcd 
liv  tlif  I''n;,'lisli,  Hfcin^^  no  j^ospcct  of  ol>tiiiniii(,'  from  Iuh 
niajt'sty  a  force  Huflicicnt  to  rrjilacc  thciu  in  ])osHossion, 
r»'Hi>lv«'(l  to  raise  iiieanH  llieiiiselves.'  Tiiey  asked  ^Ir.  de 
Denonville  f(»r  Holdievs,  and  an  officer  to  eoniniand  tlieia. 
Tliat  j^enenl  ^,'ninted  them  eii,dit.v  men,  ahnoHt  all  Cana- 
diaiiH,  and  as  eomniander  the  Clievalier  (h' Trove,  a  retired 
(■a]>tain  and  a  man  of  resohition.  Sainte  Ileh-in^  d'lher- 
ville,  and  Maricourt,  all  three  sons  of  Mr.  le  Moyno,  vol- 
unteered to  aeconipany  the  exjWMlition.'  This  little  force 
Bet  out  in  March,  1(>80,  and,  after  underf,'oinf,'  man}'  hard- 
ships, arrived  at  the  head  of  Hutlson's  Bay  on  tho  *20th  of 
June.' 

It  l)e}^an  operations  at  once,  and  tho  first  fort  to  which 
the  Chevalier  de  Troye  laid  sief,'e  was  that  of  Monsi])i,  on 
th(^  ^Fonsoni  River.  It  was  a  stodjiide  fort,  and  had  four 
Itastions  covered  with  earth.  In  tlie  middle  was  a  house 
forty  feet  sepiaro  and  as  man}  high,  terminating  in  a  i>lat- 


'  Till'  F'^ri-nrli  Uin^'.  l>y  n  dccrcf  in 
counril.  iOt)i  Miiy.  IdH,';,  ^rnvc  thr 
B«««'iut<'H  II  ffTixM  of  St.  Tfri'sa 
HiviT  ;  Di-  la  I'oIIht'h',  i..  ,).  1 J7. 

'  Jami's  Ir  Moyiu'.  Sii-ur  di-  Sto. 
HcliTir,  HiToiid  lioii  lit'  Clinrlos  lo 
Miiyiic,  rcnivcil  his  naiiH'  from  an 
iHltiiiil  (i|ip(iHitc  Montrrnl.  Horn  at 
Montreal  .Viiril  1(1,  KI.V.I.  Aftcriiiany 
Bi-rviccH,  111'  wii.t  inor'ally  wnundt'd 
at  lieaiiport.  r>'|iulKin^  th<'  Kn^xlinli, 
in  Octolicr.  HUM) ;  Daniel,  Une  PaRi- 
dp  Notre  llistnire.  p.  23(1.  I'tler  le 
Moyne,  Sii'iir  d  Ilx-rville,  one  of  tlie 
fjrealest  I'iriich  naval  (■oimiiiviiders, 
third  wm  of  Charles  le  Moyne,  horn 
at  Montreal  .Inly  !(!.  t<liil  :  niidsliip 
man  at  fonrtein.  .\fter  his  serviee 
at  lludsonV  Hay,  <ook  Kort  l'em(|iiid 
in  IttlMI,  reiluced  Newfoundland,  an- 
nually visited  Hudson's  Hay.  In 
Ki'.tT  totally  dileated  the  Knglish 
there.     Sailed  from  Franei'  in   ItiiJH 


for  the  Misslfwippi  ;  found  mouth  in 
l(l!»!t.  In  17(10  tiK.k  Nevis,  and  died 
at  Havana ;  Daniid,  I'ne  l'a>;e  de 
Noin-  Histoire,  )).  22:t.  I'aul  le 
Moyne,  Sieur  de  Maricourt,  fourth 
son  of  Charles  le  Moyne,  horn  at 
Montreal  l.lth  Deeemher.  1(l(i:i,  suh- 
seqiiently  nef;otiated  a  treaty  with 
the  Ir»<|uois,  and  diwil  at  M'lntreal 
.March  21.  1701,  leavinjr  no  issue, 
though  twice  married  :  Daniel.  I'ne 
I'np'  de  Notre  Histoire,  pp.  22H-:iO. 
l-'allier  Anthony  Silvy,  S.  .1.,  accom- 
panied the  I'ort'e  :  De  la  I'otlierie,  i., 
p.  1  17.  See  his  letter,  .luly  DO,  KiHO, 
in  St.  Viilier,  Ktat  I'n'sent,  p.  A'.). 
He  arrivril  in  Canada  JiOth  Septem 
her.  I(i7;i  ;  dieil  in  Canaila  in  171 1  : 
Martin,  Catalogue  in  Carayon,  Do-. 
Inedits,  xiv.,  p.  llti. 

'  De  la  Potherie,  Hist,  de  lAm. 
Sept.,i.,|i.  147  ;  Collection  of  Treaties, 
i.,  p.  447. 


■i    . 
I         4 


IIISTOUY  OK  NEW   FRANCE. 


971 


form.'  Tliis  fort  was  iit  (list  cscaladcd  and  tlio  palisadoa  i^'S6. 
cut  down  witli  axes.  Tli(«  cannoiicrr  aloiir  att<'iii|ttcd  a  lU- 
friu'f,  and  died  l>iav«ly.  All  tlio  ront  askod  for  quiirter, 
and  wdf  Miadt!  prLsoiiriH  of  war.'  Tlioy  woro  Hixtcon  in 
iiunilxr,  and  had  twclvo  cunuon,  cij^dit  and  six  ixniudorH, 
tlir(>n  tiiousand  iiounds  of  powder,  and  ti-n  of  load. 

D'Tliirvilli-  then  «'nil)arkid  with  nino  nii-n  iu  two  hiirk 
canoj'H,  and  procu'tulcd  to  attack  n  small  vosscl  lyin^,'  at 
anchor,  with  fourteen  men  aboard,  the  j^eneral  of  tlw  Hay 
l)eiiir,r  there  in  person.  They  made,  however,  a  very  feehlo 
resistance,  and  surrendered  without  any  condition  except 
that  their  lives  should  l)c  spared.'  Sainte  Hehiuo  had  hoen 
detached  at  tln^  same  time  with  fifty  men,  and  finding  near 
tile  shore  a  vessel  unguarded,  enil)aiked  witli  ids  men  and 
Hailed  to  Fort  Kupeit,  fifteeu  or  twenty  leagues  distaut 
from  Monsipi,  and  situated,  as  proviousl)  remarked,  on 
the  River  Xeniiscau.  He  landed  near  the  place  without 
any  o]tposition,  and  at  once  mounted  to  the  assault;  but  the 
garrison,  astoundiid  at  this  intrepidity,  cried  tpiarter  and 
threw  down  their  arms,  so  that  no  one  was  killed.  This 
fort  had  just  been  rebuilt,  and  the  guns  wore  not  yet 
mounted  on  tlie  carriages.' 

After  this  second  cai)turo  all  tlie  French  united,  and, 
embarking  on  Iberville's  and  Sainte  Helene's  two  prizes, 
.sailed  to  Fort  (Juitcliitchouen,'  the  reduction  of  which  cost 
them  only  the  voyage,  i)owder,  and  cannon-balls.  The 
garrison,  after  standing  a  considerable  cannonade,  capitu- 
lated."    The  great  English  stores  were  at  this  place,  and 


'  Dp  In  Potlicric,  in  liisdfscription, 
siiVB  thirty  feet.  Fatlicr  Silvy  (St. 
VnliiT,  Eta'  Pn'sent,  pp.  4:i-i))  ciiIIh 
it  Monsoufipiou. 

''  Dc  la  PdtliiTJc.  Hint,  dc  I'Am. 
Sept.,  i..  p.  1,-)1  :  St.  ValiiT,  Ktat 
Pivs<'nt,  p.  44. 

■'  St.  ValiiT,  Etat  Pivscnl,  p.  44, 
my.- lie liiid  iwi'lvc  iiicii.  ( 'Iiailcviiix 
fcilIowH  dc  la  PothiTii'.  IliHioiii'  dii 
rAiui'riqui!  Soptuntrioiialc,  i.,  p.  153. 


They  call  tlie  English  commander  at 
the  Hay  Brijruiiir  :   II).,  p.  I,'54. 

*  Oe  la  Potherie,  Hint  d.>  lAm. 
Spi)t.,  i.,  p.  I,V,>,  Hays  they  Imilt  the 
t«)at,  started  .lune  2.5,  were  off  Ku- 
pert  1st  July. 

»  I).'  la  Potherie  Hist,  de  I'Am. 
Sept.,  i.,  p.  1,"),5,  writes  Kichicliou- 
aniie. 

'^  De  la  Potherie,  Hist,  de  lAin, 
Sept,,  1.,  p,  15(i,  utc.     It  surrendered 


^ 


f 


u 


rk 


,1 


>  . 


1 


I 


272 


HISTOHY  OK   Ni:\V    FHANcK 


|68<).  l)oeiiin(>  Hit'  j)riii."i|ml  fruit  >>{  IIijk  i'X|>i-(|iti<iii,  which  miv«» 
^"^■^'''~'  thr  Kniicli  the  iniiNti  it  of  all  (hf  Mdiithcni  |iiirt  of  Uml- 
hom'h  IJiiy.  However,  the  furn  foiiinl  luiioiiiited  to  only 
fifty  thousaiid  crowns,  which  Hceineil  to  hIiow  that  the  Iti- 
(liiiiiH  (lid  not  gather  there  in  any  ^neat  iiuinlier,  or  tluit 
tlin  Kn^'lish  did  not  yot  know  liow  to  treat  with  thorn* 
trihes.  The  ^,'arriMt)n  of  Qnitchitchouen  waH  Kent  to  Port 
Xelrton'  in  a  vcsHel  j^iven  to  them.' 

It  appears  from  some  hittern  written  towards  tlio  cIohc 
of  this  year,  that  this  exjjedition  excited  f,'n'at  outcry  at 
fiondon,  and  it  is  ceria!:i  that  it  wns  made  a  crime  in  tlx* 
kin^^  of  1',11^'land,  to  whom  his  sulijects  then  ascril)4'  1  every 
disaster.     What  is  still  more  astonishing  is,  that  the  pleni- 
potontiariefi  of  (^iieen  Anne,  at  tlio  Con^'ress  of  I'trecht, 
(h'manded  compensation  on  this  account,  laying  the  (him- 
a^'c  at  a  very  larj^e  amount,  as  thou^jh  we  were  not  entitled 
to  exact  still   heavier  for  the  invasion  of  the  fort  on  .St. 
Teresa's  lUver,  for  which  the  capture  of  the  three  forts  at 
the  head  of  the  hay  was  only  just  reprisal. 
A  inijcitid      Some  time  after  the  expedition  of  the  Chevalier  de  Troye, 
ii.  lu       it  was  a;;reed    Ketween   tiie   two  kin};s   that   I'ort   Nelson 
.I.iini.V  '  should  remain  in  common  to  the  two  nations,  who  nii^^ht 
""'hi'o!'"   traile  tlien;  in  all  free(h>m  ;  liut  this  project,  which  required 
sulijects  as  well  disposed  as  their  sovereii,'ns  to  live  in  har- 
mony, was  deemed  impracticahle  liy  all  who  saw  matters 
more  closely."     The  Manpiis  de  Denonville  rej>resented  to 
the  king  his  master  that  the  pro|)in(piity  of  the  English  in 


July  10,  inSfl.  Set-  nrtirht*  grnnti-d 
llttnry  SiTp'nt.  >fov»Tiior  lor  tho 
IIiiiIhoh'h  liny  ('niiipHiiy.  ili..  \>.  KM. 
Fiitlicr  Silvy,  in  St,  Viilirr,  Hint 
PrrHcnt,  |p.  A't,  HHVH  it  \\n»  titkcii  (in 
Htf.  AiincH  (Iny,  ut't<T  iM'injr  ridilli'd 
witli  iiiir  liiinilrrd  imd  twenty  IiuIIh, 
in  IcsH  tinin  iin  lioiir. 

'  T<i  till'  iKliind  lit'  Cluirlrs  l'"j(t(in  ; 
Df  III  I'otliciii',  i.,  |>.  Ifi'J. 

■'Tlii'ClicvaliiTdc  In  Trnyi'  Ktiirti'd 
for  Muntroal  uguiu  Augimt  lU.  lUHU  : 


11),  p.  10«.  Drnnnvlllo  mils  lilm 
thf  niOHt  Intflli^ciit  nnd  ctlicirnt  nf 
liiM  <-ii|itHlliH.  "  Mi'ttiT  ciindiii'l  than 
liiTxIiililii'il  \h  ini|M)S!'ililc."  Ilr  waH 
|iliir('d  lu  till'  tort  ill  Niapira.  and 
diisl  tlirrc  with  all  hlH  men  in 
1(W7. 

'  S<'c  instriirtiiiiiK  tii  Knmlrnac, 
.Iiini'  7,  l(ls!i,  N.  Y  Col.  !).)<• .  ix..  p. 
•I'.'S  ;  ('iiniiila  Dim',  I.,  iv  .  p.  I'.IS. 
Till'  lii'vnliitiiin  in  Kii^laud  titiippud 
thr  proiHiUc'd  adjuHtnii-nt. 


HIHTOHY  OF  NEW  rRANCB. 


273 


olltl'tlHC, 

.  ix  .  p. 

p.    Ills. 

htl>|l|H.'d 


Hiicli  iTiiiotc  |)iiiIm  wmild  III'  II  cniitiimiil  Hourci'  of  linstili-      i<^'"> 
tit'M  on  iiotli  hiih-M,  mill  ti  iIuhj^i-iouh  t«'iii|itatiiiii  for  niirii-   ""^<''~^ 
Ih'ih  of  lilii'i'tiiH's,  whom  llii>  Inist  Nulijcrt  of  iliHmitiHfiu-tion 
woiilil  induct'  to  takr  iffii^^i'  tit  I'ort  Ni-lsoii. 

Hi*  iiilili'd  tliiit  tiio  Kii^dJHli  iiKM'olnuits,  ]»i,viii^  hii^'liiT  for 
lu'iiviT  tliaii  till'  Frifiicli,  would  iiIwuvh  have  tlio  prcfori'iiro, 
and  (■oiisi-(|iii'iitly  would  ahiioNt  nionopoli/.i'  thi'  tradi*; 
that  in  i'ii.hi'  it  was  ihrnii'd  advisalih'  to  luaki*  a  ronipro- 
iniwi  in  IludMon'H  liny  Ix'twi'cn  the  Hulijccts  of  thr  iwo 
crowns,  it  wiih  bettor  to  withdraw  Tort  NcIhou  from  tho 
IiuihIh  of  the  En>,diHli  and  rcHtorn  tluin  tho  tiirci'  forts 
just  captured  from  them  ;  tliat  all  thrci'  were  not,  liy  far, 
woitli  I'ort  Nelson  alont'  for  tradin^^  purposes  ;  and  thiit 
on  thu  tirst  rnpturu  it  would  ho  vory  easy  to  retaku  tliwm 
l»y  nn  overland  march,  as  tho  Chovaiior  de  Troy*?  had 
dono. 

In  tho  sprinK  of  tho  ensuing  j-ear  tlio  govornor-generftl  Trfutv  m 
recoivod  an  order  from  tho  king  which  would  Inive  lieen  i,I.'i'«',!.',Vtfiii 
nioro  erticacious  in  avoiding  all  the  disadvantages  wliich  ',',';„'r'' 
the  general  wished  to  avoid,  and  to  reduce  the  Iro(|uois  '^'„'|'„riLlt!'^ 
to  traiupiillity,  than  tiie  most  successful  expedition,  liad 
the  English,  who  solicitiul  it,  acted  in  good  faith.  "  Hav- 
ing been  informed,"  Huid  his  mivjesty,  "  by  Mr.  de  I  irillon, 
my  embassador  extraordinary  to  tho  king  of  Kng.,^iid,  that 
tho  ministers  of  his  liritannic  majesty  had  projjoseil  to  him 
a  treaty  of  neutrality  between  my  subjects  and  his  in  tho 
islands  and  countries  on  the  mainland  of  America  ;  and 
considering  that  I  could  do  nothing  more  advantageous  to 
my  said  subjects  than  to  secure  thorn  the  means  of  carry- 
ing on  trade,  cultivating  the  ground,  and  advancing  their 
settlements  unintenniitedly,  I  would  havo  accepted  tiiis 
pro])osition,  and  sent  to  snid  Sienr  de  Barillon  the  neces- 
Btirj-  jiowers  to  conclude  this  tn-aty,  whiid.  '.as  been  hap- 
pily terminated  on  the  115th  of  the  month  of  S»'pteinber 
last.  I  disitatch  this  letter  to  make  knowii  my  intention 
that  you  should  publish  and  register  it  in  tin  sovereign 
council  of  t^uebec,  and  that  you  give  e.\act  attention  to  its 

Vol..  111.— IS 


I 


i    > 


»     -i 


r  ^^, 


274 


1636. 


The 

Vililllli-  it. 


HISTORY  OF    NEW  FRANCE. 

oxocntion,  without  doviatiiij.^  from  it  for  iiny  roasoii  wliat- 
cvcr.  And  as  by  tho  1  ttli  and  loth  articles  of  tliat  treaty 
it  is  especially  agreed  that  orders  kIuiII  be  sent  to  the  gov- 
ernors and  other  officers  to  proscciito  as  pirates  all  the 
private  shippers  who  liavo  no  lawful  commission,  and  those 
wlio  hold  on(;  from  any  prince  or  stat'>  with  which  either 
of  the  two  nations  is  at  war,  my  intention  is  that  in  case 
any  of  these  ships  arrive  in  your  jurisdiction  you  have 
them  arrested  and  pioi^ecuted."' 

It  is  beyond  doubt  that  such  a  treaty,  if  it  could  be  re- 
lif,'iously  observed,  would  be  equally  advantageous  to  all 
European  nations  which  have  coloni'^s  in  the  New  World, 
and  that  it  would  contribute  infinitelj-  to  the  progress  of 
religion  among  the  nations  subject  to  the  Catholic  jn'inces  ; 
but  experience,  on  i?iore  than  one  occasion,  should  have 
convinced  them  that  the  English  would  not  observe  it,  and 
there  is  everj-  reason  to  infer  that  they  proposed  it  only  to 
lull  the  French  into  false  security.  This  was  not  doubted 
for  a  single  moment  in  New  France,  nor  were  they  long  in 
l)crceiving  that  their  anticipations  were  not  unfounded. 

The  'erv-  next  year  they  made  an  attempt  on  the  fort  at 
Quitchitcliout'u,  which  bore  the  name  of  Sainte  Anne  after 
we  had  taken  po.ssession  of  it ;  but  they  found  there  the 
valiant  Iberville,  who  repulsed  them  with  loss,  took  a  ves- 
sel from  them,  ajid  burned  a  house  wiiich  they  had  built 
on  the  seaslKU'e."  Colonel  Dong.'in,  on  his  side,  never  de- 
sisted from  his  constant  intrigues  with  the  Iroquois,  who, 
sure  of  support  whenever  they  needed  his  aid,  grew  more 
insolent  every  day,  and  no  longer  kept  any  bounds.  This 
had  obliged  Mr  de  Denonville  to  declare  war  on  them  in 
the  month  of  September  in  the  preceding  year,  168*>, 


'  See  Treaty,  Novt-nilHT  16,  1f)8Ci : 
Menioirt'8  <lrs  CoiiiiiiiHsiiiri's,  vol.  ii., 
p.  8t  ;  Coi'iis  I)ij)lc)iimti(iiir,  VII., 
pnrt  ii ,  p.  141  :  nlai>,  Provisiomil 
Treaty  concerning  Aniericu,  Me- 
niiiircH  (li's  Com.,  vol.  ii  ,  p.  Mil.  Sic 
letter  of  Louiw  XIV.  to  de  Denon- 


ville and  d(  Cliampigny,  N.  Y.  Col. 
Doc,  ix  ,  i>p,  '.yi-i,  3;iO  ;  Order  to  Don- 
{Tun.  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  p.  .'504  :  In- 
strument for  Preventing  Acts  of 
Hostility,  il).,  'M. 

■  Canada   Documents,   II.,   v.,   p, 
5i!. 


HISTORY   OF   NEW   FRANCE. 


275 


Tilt'  ^'('iicral  liiid  then  aj)])an>nt]_y  rccoivod  from  Franco 
all  tli(*  ri'iiif<)rc<!iii<'iits  wliicli  he  had  snliciteil,  for,  after 
writing;  to  Mr.  (li<  Sci^'iielay,  on  the  Gth  of  June  in  the 
sanii^  year,  that  ho  could  not  draw  from  the  colony  for  this 
war  more  than  nhw  hundred  men  at  most,  and  that  with 
.so  small  ,1  force  he  was  not  in  a  jwsition  to  undertake 
any  thin,-,',  he  says,  on  the  fith  of  Auf,'ust  foUowiuf,',  that 
he  expected  to  he  on  Lake  Ontario  before  the  month  of 
•Time,  1(587,  with  two  thousand  Frenchmen  and  six  hundred 
domiciliated  Indians;'  but  the  declaration  of  war'  was 
])reeeded  by  a  step  which  it  is  not  surprising;  that  the  king 
ordered,  as  we  have  seen"  that  this  prince  had  done  even 
ill  ]\rr.  (h)  la  Barre's  time,  but  that  Mr.  do  Denonville 
cannot  \w  ]iardoned  for  undertaking  without  having  fore- 
seen and  represented  the  pernicious  consequences,  still  less 
for  executing  it  in  a  way  that  could  not  have  been  pre- 
scribed. 

The  king's  project  of  filling  the  banks  of  his  galleys 
with  all  the  Iroquois  prisoners  that  he  could  capture,  was 
in  no  way  illegitimate,  after  the  repeated  acts  of  treachery 
of  that  fierce  nation,  as  they  had  almost  always  kept  the 
French  who  had  the  misfortune  to  fall  into  their  hands  in 
a  bondage  far  more  severe  than  that  of  our  galley-slaves, 
io  say  nothing  of  those  whom  they  put  to  death  in  the 
most  fearful  torments.  To  this  may  bo  added  the  right  of 
conquest  in  the  IMohawk  cimton  under  Mr.  de  Tracy,  and 
the  acts  of  taking  possession  made  before  the  very  eyes  of 
the  Iroquois,  and  in  some  sort  with  their  consent ;  but  they 
knew  little  of  the  Indians,  who  imagined  that  they  intended 
to  fetter  their  liberty  by  this  ceremonial:  and  even  had  all 
this  entitled  us  to  regard  them  as  subjects  of  the  crown, 
which  I  by  no  means  gainsay,  it  seems  to  me  that  nothiu" 


1687. 


The 
giiveriior- 

BoruTiil 
prL'parL'S  to 

ruari^'li 

ngaiiisl  tlie 

Iro'iuoi:*. 


f 


'  Tlif  letters  of. luni' I)  and  Aufrust  '  War  was  iiroHiiiiiiiMl  at  viiioluv 

0  arc  not  in  the  N.   Y.  or  Canndn  with  fxtniordinary  solemnities  :  St 

("olleotions.     An  to  liis  prepanvtion.  Vnli-r.  Etat  Pr'si'nt  de  rEglis*-,  p. 

see    St.    Vnlier,    Etat    Present    de  !)0. 

I'Egliw"  (reprint),  p.  HO.  '  N   Y.  ('<•:.  i>(M\.  ix  ,  pp.  .nr,,  :j34. 


I, 


276 


HISTORY  OP  NEW  FRANCE. 


} 


% 


i  fV 


f 


■» 


1687.     can  juHtify  tho  pevfiily   esorted  to  in  treatinp;  with  tlicni. 

—~r'~'~^  It  is  at  least  certain  that  tho  kinp,  in  his  onler  to  Mr.  do 

la  Barro  to  send  them  to  the  galleys,  spoke  only  of  such 

as  should  be  made  prisoners  of  war,  alwayi  taking  the 

ground  that  they  were  revolted  subjects. 

Tim  loniinir      Bo  that  as  it  may,  Mr.  do  Druonville  believed  himself 
'  cliK-ir    justified  in  using  all  possible  moans  to  weaken  and  intimi- 

Hii'r't'iM'l'iid  '^''**'  s-ivages  wliose  perfidy,  unheard  of  cruelty,  and  con- 

•■"'',,"' '''"  duct  on  all  occasions  rendered  unworthy  of  being  treated 
with  any  regard  of  ordinary  rules.  On  this  principle,  and 
not  reflecting  sufficiently  that  he  owed  to  himself  what  lie 
deemed  not  duo  to  the  Iroquois,  he,  before  declaring  war, 
under  various  pretexts,  allured  several  of  the  leading  chiefs 
to  Catarocouy,  and  when  they  arrived  put  them  in  chains. 
He  then  sent  them  under  a  strong  guard  to  Quebec,  with 
orders  to  the  commandant  to  send  them  in  the  ships  to 
France,  to  be  conveyed  to  tho  galleys.'  In  this  it  cannot 
be  denied  that  he  committed  several  faults,  which  cannot 
bo  excused  by  saying  that  he  was  not  sufficientl}'  ac- 
quainted with  tho  Indians,  and  gavo  himself  up  too  com- 
pletely to  bad  advice. 
Evil  con-        The  first  is,  that  to  draw  the  Iroquois  chiefs  into  *Lo 

*iMr"iup."  snare  he  employed  the  two  missionary  Fathers,  de  Lam- 
berville  and  Milet,  from  whom  he  had  concealed  his  dc- 


'  riinrlcvoix, misled  apparonily  by 
In  Hoiitnn  and  Frontpnac(N.  Y.  Col. 
Pop  ,  ix.,  p.  \M),  niisiiliin-s  and  cnn- 
t'ounds  tills  inafttT.  The  soi/.urc  of 
tlicKc  Inilians  wos  cirrii'd  out  by 
Cliar.ipifiny.  who  led  the  van  of  ttic 
anny,  in  ,11101'.  Klf'7,  ,.>  Catarooimy. 
The  Indians  taken  were  not  ihii'f's 
inv'tpd  to  ronfiTencc  :  Cluiinpipiy, 
Letter  .htly  10,  KW,  N.  Y.  Col. 
Doe.,  is.,  p.  :i:!2  ;  Di'nimville,  ib.,  p. 
3(iO :  St.  Valier.  Htat  Pivsent,  pp. 
01-2.  Some  were  Indians  taken  by 
Cliampifrny  on  Lis  way.  and  trcateil 
as  s]>ies  :  others  were  lr(ii|iinis  ro- 
Bidiug  at  K  iiie,  etc.     liilniunl.  Ilis- 


toire  dii  Canada,  p.  20,  says  forty 
men  and  eighty  women  and  children 
were  taken  from  (ianeyousRe.  Kente, 
and  Catarookhy  :  the  men  with  Ilor- 
ehouasse,  a  Cayuga,  beinfr  sent  to 
the  galleys.  Mgr.  de  St.  Valier  says, 
loosely,  nearly  two  hundred  W('re 
take'.,  p.  !I2.  The  army  moved  Juno 
11.  Oureouate  was  taken  by  Pere 
June  ISltli.  Those  seized  at  Cataro- 
couy were  taken  about  July."  :  and 
Lamberville  reached  IVnonville  Juno 
2!l  (N.  V.  Col.  IVi-.,  ix..  I.e.  ;io:!.  :)tl2), 
and  triust  have  left  Onondaga  before 
news  of  the  :fi/,ures  could  have 
reaclu^d  there. 


I    r, 


HISTORY  OF   NEW  FRANCE. 


277 


mtrn      ior  did  ho  rofloot  tlmt  by  so  doing  he  would  con-      1687. 

tribute  to  tliiow  jx-rpftnal  discredit  on  the  ministry  of  tho   . ' 

gosjK'i  hil>orcr.s  in  t:  o  mind  not  only  of  that  nation,  but 
also  of  all  others  on  that  continent.     Secondly,  that  he 
could  not  avoid  punishing  the  innocent  with  the  guilty; 
foi-  lie  might  well  infer  that  those  who  on  his  word  would 
come  to  Catarocouy,  would  not  bo  tho  sole  authors  of 
niiscliief,  as  in  fact  iia))iiened.     Thirdly,  he  culd  not  bo 
assur.'d  of  entiivly  .subjugating  a  nation  whom  so  striking 
a  blow  must  natuially  rend<>r  irreconcilable,  and  provoke 
to  the  greatest  excess  of  fury  against  us.     Finally,  tho 
circumstances  of  this  seizure  were  mo.st  odious,  and  unfor- 
tunately this  alone   remained.      Mr.   de  Denonvillo   had 
promised  himself  to  humble  these  Indians,  and  the  obli- 
gation of  disavowing  his  act,  to  which  government  was 
driven,  rendered  them  more  insolent.     He  embittered  them 
much  mon^  tlian  ho  weakened  them,  and  by  comi)(41ing 
tliem  to  have  recourse  to  the  English  in  ord(>r  to  wreak 
their  V(>ngeance  on  us,  he  gave  the  latter  great  advantages 
in  attaching  the  Iroquois  firmly  to  them.' 

Of  tho  two  missionaries  whose  services  the  general  had  Captivity  of 
employed  to  lure  the  Iroquois  into  the  snare,  one.  Father      jiiiet' 
.Milet,  shortly  after  fell  into  the  hands  of  tho  Oneidas, 
who  at  first  doomed  him  to  the  stake,  and  made  him  un- 
dergo all  the  surt'erings  which  are  the  usual  prelimiimries 
to  that  cruel  torture.     He  was,  nevertheless,  jjreserved, 
almost  at  the  moment  of   execution,  by  a  matron,  who 
adopted  him,  withc'irew  him  to  her  cabin,  and  treated  him 
well.*     I  shall  have  occasion  to  speak  of  her  hcreaftia-, 
and  show  in  what  manner  heaven  rewarded  her  generous 
conduct. 
As  for  Father  de  Lamberville,  in  regard  to  whoso  fato 


'  ('linrl('voi\'(,v.Tsi<,n(,rtliiiiiift"iiii'  Fntlicr  I.iimlHTvillcK  nccouiit   loi.j; 

Bt'cms  inui-li  ixajrf>iTati'<l,  nnd,  US'  \vr>  iit'tiT. 

liiive   shown,   cnniint   )  ,•   ronmrili'd  '  Milot  was  not   takon  till   lO'.tO: 

with  dates  anil   facts.     It  was  ) in-  Milet,  Hrlation  de  sa  t'aptivit.' |,anni 

hapH  liaHi'd  on  men'  rt'coll.'i'tion  of  ieu  OniicistH,  X.  V.,  It;s4,  Svo,  ],.  .jti. 


i 


278 


I 


\(>!^J. 


'r,! 


-f 


I 


HISTORY   OF  NEW    FRANCE. 

^Fr.  do  Dvnoiiville  had  not  umensouaMy  entertained  so 
niucli  uneaHiness  because  ho  hud  remained  in  the  hands 
of  the  Onondagas,  ho  owed  his  safety  and  his  liberty  to 
the  great  estooin  and  the  sincere  attadiment  felt  for  him 
in  that  canton.  Wlion  the  tidings  arrived  of  wliat  had  oc- 
curred at  Catarocouy,  the  sachems  .summoned  him,  and, 
after  stating  the  fact  to  him  with  all  the  energy  that  men 
are  capable  of  in  the  first  impulses  of  what  is  deemed 
•well-founded  indignation,  when  he  expected  to  meet  the 
most  bitter  proofs  of  the  fury  which  ho  beheld  depicted  in 
every  countenance,  one  of  these  sachems  addressed  him 
in  these  words,  which  we  heard  from  his  own  lips  : 

"  It  cannot  be  denied  that  reasons  of  every  kind  would 
justify  us  in  treating  thee  as  an  enemy  ;  but  we  cannot 
bring  ourselves  to  it.  We  kno\\  thee  too  well  not  to  be 
convinced  that  thy  heart  had  no  share  m  the  treachery 
thou  hast  acted  towards  us  ;  and  we  are  not  so  unjust  as 
to  punish  thee  for  a  crime  of  which  wo  believe  thee  inno- 
cent, which,  beyond  a  doubt,  thou  dost  detest  as  much  as 
we  do,  and  of  which  wo  are  convinced  thou  art  in  despair 
at  having  been  made  the  instrument.  Still  it  is  not  safe 
for  thee  to  remain  here  ;  all,  perhaps,  will  not  render  thee 
the  justice  that  we  do,  and  when  once  our  young  men 
have  .sung  th"  war-song,  they  will  behold  iu  thee  only  a 
faithless  man  who  has  betrayed  our  chiefs  to  a  har.sh  and 
unworthy  slavery,  and  they  will  hearken  only  to  their  fury, 
from  which  it  would  Uv.  longer  be  in  our  power  to  rescue 
thee." 

They  did  more  :  they  compelled  him  to  set  out  at  once, 
giving  him  guides,  who  conducted  him  by  by-pnths,  and 
did  not  leave  him  till  he  was  out  of  danger.'  No  doubt 
was  entertained  that  Garakonthii'"  was  the  chief  author 
of  such  noble  conduct.  This  Indian  was  deeply  attached 
to  Father  de  Laniberville,  and  the  affection  which  that 


'  Thrrp  sci'ins  no  nlluKion  to  tli'm     it    was    not    Daniel,    wlio    died    iu 
elsfwlicn'.  lilTti,  l>ut  liis  brotbiT,  a  far  inferior 

'  11' a  (iarakontUie  figun'd  in  tliis,    man. 


' 


W- 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


279 


inissioiinry  uhvays  inaintaiiiod  for  liim  gives  every  reason 
to  infer  tliiit  la;  r('j,'anle(l  iiim  as  Iuh  deliverer. 

All  was  ready  to  bot,'iu  the  war  when  Mr.  do  Druouvillo 
declared  his  inteiitidiis  iu  the  manner  wo  have  just  de- 
scribed.    His  jilans  were  quite  well  arranged,  and  it  must 
be  conceded  that  if  the  result  of  the  expedition  did  not 
altogether  meet  his  expectations,  this  was  more  his  misfor- 
tune than  his  fault.     The  Chevalier  do  Touti,  returning 
from  a  voyage  which  he  had  made  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Micissipi  to   seek    tidings    of  Mr.  de  la   Sale,  being  at 
Montreal  in  the  month  of  July  of  the  preceding  year,  had 
received  orders  to  return  at  once   to  the  Illinois,'   and 
there  to  proclaim  war  and  assemble  all  of  those  Indians 
that  he  possibly  could,  and  to  lead  them  do\ni  in  June  of 
this  year  to  the  vicinity  of  the  Seuecas,  in  the  direction  of 
the  Anda.stes  and  the  Ohio  ;  then  to  send  out  small  par- 
ties in  order  to  si)read  alarm  through  the  enemy  and  cut 
oft'  the  retreat  of  their  women  and  children,  which  it  was 
believed  they  could  do  securely  only  iu  that  direction.' 

The  Indians  around  (Green)  Bay  were  greatly  incensed 
against  the  Iroquois,  who  had  quite  recently  carried  oft"  a 
considerable  nundjer  of  their  women.  The  Marquis  de 
Denonville  did  not  fail  to  profit  by  the  fortunate  moment 
to  induce  them  to  swell  his  army.  Still,  he  did  not  deem 
it  advisable  to  disclose  his  whole  project  to  them  ;  but  ho 
begged  them  to  join  Mr.  du  Luth,  whom  he  directed  to  in- 
trench him.self  at  the  head  of  the  strait  (Detroit)  towards 
Lake  Huron,  an  important  post  for  the  assemblage  and 


'  Memoir  of  tlie  Siciir  dp  Tonty  in 
Margry,  pp  a:}-4  ;  Louisiana  liist. 
Col.,  i.,  p.  07  ;  Drnonvillc  to  Seigiic- 
lay,  NovcinlKT  8,  l(18(j,  N.  Y.  Col. 
Doc,  ix.,  1).  liOl.  D.'nonvillc'B  letter 
infornii'il  Tonty  that  la  Salle  was  at 
the  mouth  of  the  .Mississi]>|ii.  He 
stHrte<l  from  Miclilllimakiiinc  on  St. 
AiKlrew's  <lay,  and  went  hy  way  of 
Chicago  to  Fort  St.  Louis.  Hi'  h'ft 
it  February  10,  reached   the  gulf, 


and  wished  his  men  ♦i  coast  around 
to  New  York.  He  readied  Montreal 
at  the  end  of  July,  and  stalled  in 
September  for  Illinois,  which  he 
readied  in  December.  The  Indians 
assembled  at  the  fort  in  April, 
marched  on  the  17th.  and  on  the  l!)th 
May  were  at  the  fort  of  Detroit, 

■'  T(mty's  Memoir  in  Margry,  pp. 
S;!-.").  The  allusion  to  the  Auduates 
is  unfotinded. 


1687. 


I'Inn  of 

euiiipulitn 

AKiii'ist  the 

Seiicous. 


IS" 


I 


"      V 

-"5    1', 


280  HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 

'687.  security  of  tho  difliTeiit  unities  who  were  to  come  from  all 
quarterH  of  Caiiudii  to  the  general  remlezvoiis  of  the  army 

Boisf^uillot  aiul  Niihoias  Perrot,  who  were  tradiiif^  near 
the  MicisHipi,  were  notified  to  bo  at  Michillimakinac  at  a 
time  ajipoiuted,  with  all  tho  French  who  were  in  their 
company  or  vicinity,  except  such  as  it  mif,'ht  be  neces- 
sary to  leave  to  protect  their  property  ;  and  to  notify 
the  Sioux  that  if,  during  their  absence,  they  molested 
our  allies  in  the  least,  they  should  bo  made  to  repent  it 
bitterly.' 

Finally,  Mr.  de  la  Durantaye,  who  still  commanded  at 
Michillimakinac,  and  who,  by  his  wisdom,  vigilance,  firm 
yet  mild  conduct,  had  won  the  esteem  and  affection  of  all 
the  Indians  settled  around  that  ])ost,  had  orders  to  as- 
semble all  these  different  bodies  of  troops  and  lead  them 
to  Niagara,  there  to  reconnoitre  the  country  well  and 
harass  the  enemy  while  awaiting  the  army,  in  case  he  was 
the  first  to  arrive  ;  but  to  make  a  distinction  in  favor  of 
the  Onondagas,  and  content  himself  with  making  them 
prisoners,  both  because  they  had  acted  better  than  the 
other  Ir()(|Uois  and  to  servo  as  exchanges  for  the  two  Fa- 
thers de  Lanibervillo,  in  case  those  two  missionaries  should 
not  have  had  time  to  withdraw  from  that  canton  before 
the  declaration  of  war." 

All  this  was  successfully  accomplished,  except  that  the 
Chevalier  de  Tonti  could  bring  down  only  eighty  Illinois 
of  tho  six  or  seven  hundred  on  whom  he  liad  reckoned, 
because  they  heard  that  the  Senecas  were  in  the  field  to 
dash  down  upon  their  villages.  The  information  was  true ; 
but  this  party  having  been  informed  by  an  envoy  of  the 
governor  of  New  York  that  the  French  were  on  the  point 
of  entering  their  canton  in  arms,  was  compelled  to  retrace 
its  steps.  Meanwhile  Tonti,  seeing  himself  too  slenderly 
attended  to  carry  out  all  that  Mr.  de  Denonville  had  pre- 


'  Perrot.  Mcnurs  ft  ("oustuiueis  des        ''  Di'nonvillc  to  Scijjiifla.v,  June  8, 
Sauvagi'8,  pp.  VM,  303.  1U87,  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc.,  ix.,  p.  337. 


HISTORY  OP  NEW  FRANCE. 


281 


Hcribod.  Imd  no  altornative  but  to  join  Mr.  du  Luth  at  the     1687. 
ontranco  of  Detroit  River.'  ^— y— ^ 

Nor  was  it  witliout  ^reut  difHculty  that  the  majority  of      ti,o 
the  o:!).>r  Indians  wore  induced  to  take  up  arms  for  this  ""pn'Tm' 
expi'dition.     The  Hurons  and  Ottawas  liad  even  been  on  "'%l!,','r""' 
the  point  of  contracting  an  allianoo  witli  the  Ironnois  and   ,""""""' 

III  1       1        1       T  ^  1  >  "">■«     (rinii  )..in- 

althoiigli  (le   la  Lurantaye   and   du  Luth,  who  were   at    .'"f"'" 

till*  .  i  .'■.,.  .  IruinK^ia. 

tlie  Ju'ad  of  a  pretty  considerable  number  of  French,  kept 
them  in  awe,  still,  had  not  the  missionaries  found  moan.s 
to  win  over  the  two  leading  chiefs  of  these  nations,  tliero 
can  be  no  doubt  but  that  they  would  have  then  joined  tho 
Senecas  or  remained  inactive.  The  governor-general  ro- 
iwrted  to  the  minister  that  these  Fathers  had  on  this  oc- 
casion warded  off  the  greatest  misfortune  that  could  befall 
tlie  colony."  Ho  contributed  not  a  little  Iiimself,  for  the 
two  chiefs  of  ■« hom  I  have  spoken  having,  at  tho  persua- 
sion of  tlio  missionaries,  come  down  to  meet  him,  he  suc- 
ceeded, by  his  winning  manners,  in  binding  them  to  his 
interest. 

All  these  arrangements  were  made,  and  in  part  carried  snp;„oness 
out,  before  tho  declaration  of  war,  witlvK.t  the  Iroquois 
learning  what  was  preparing  against  them.  Tho  first  tid- 
ings which  they  received  through  Colonel  Dongan  pro- 
duced no  other  effect  than  to  make  them  a  little  more 
watchful  of  our  operations ;  and  even  then  they  soon 
calmed  down.  The  departure  of  the  younger  Father  de 
Lamberville,  which  had  been  colored  with  a  plausible 
pretext,  had  not  opened  their  eyes ;  and  the  presence  of 
the  elder,  who  seemed  very  tranquil,  and  who  in  fact  was 
utterly  unsuspicious,  reassured  them  absolutely. 

Meanwhile  the  governor  of  New  York  unceasingly  kept 
using  every  means  to  rouse  them  from  this  letliargy,  and  „„„„,,„„„ 
seeing  that  he  could  not  succeed,  he  turned  his  attenti(>u  Jl'plnene,'! 

'  Di'iionvill.'  to  Scifrmliiy,  August        '  D.'mmvillo  to  Seipncliiy,  .runr  « 

•r.,  ICHT,  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc.  ix,.  1).  :):!!»;  1(1H7,   N,   Y.  Col,   I)„r.,  ix,.   p    :!■,>.-) 

Toutys  Memoir,  L.  U.  Col.,  i.,  pp.  I'ather  Enjulrau  w.is  th,.  superioroi 

08-0.  these  western  missionaries. 


of  the 

Ir<n|iioirt 

;liinii4;  our 

prijiaM- 


Cr.lmipl 

l)"ll!.'ll|| 


'V 


289 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


I 


16R7. 


V 


Sl 


wholly  to  Mr.  do  Drnonville,  whom  he  Hiittorcd  himself  ho 
would  1)0  able  to  nmuso,  but  ho  did  not.  At  last,  loiirninpf 
that  all  GUI'  French  and  Indians  wore  on  tho  j)oint  of 
marching,  ho  notified  tho  Iroquois,  who  began  to  distrust 
something.  Yet  this  did  not  prevent  their  sending  their 
chiefs  to  Catarocouy,  where  they  trusted  they  would  in- 
timidate the  general,  or  involve  him  in  some  negotiation 
which  would  give  them  time  to  anticipate  him.' 
Tho  French  But  the  French  army  was  already  encamped  on 
the  small  island  of  St.  Helen,"  which  is  in  front  of 
Montreal ;  and  on  the  7th  of  Juno  Mr.  do  Champigny 
Noroi,"  who  had  the  year  previous  succecsded  Mr.  do 
Moulles*  as  intendant  of  New  France,  proceeded  to  the 
camp  with  tho  Chevalier  do  Vaudnniil,  who  had  recently 
arrived  in  tho  colony  with  the  rank  of  commandant  of  the 
troops.'    All  was  ready,  and  on  the  lltli  the  army  began 


iirrny 
boiriiii  ilH 
lulvuiici'. 


'  See  Correspondence,  N.  Y.  Col, 
Df)c.,  iii.,  pp.  4.55-H,  ix.,  p.  .311  ;  Doc. 
Hist.,  i.,  pp.  14:!,  11").  Donfinn  sold 
them  powder  nml  lend,  nnd  jrave 
them  R  considernl>le  quantity  as  a 
present :  Colden's  Five  Nations,  ed, 
1727.  p.  !)7. 

'  La  Hontnn,  Voynpes,  1.,  p.  89. 

'  .lolin  Bocliart,  Seigneur  de Cliatn- 
pifrny,  Noroy,  Verneuil,  etc.,  was 
made  Intendant  Ajiril  21,  IfiSfi  :  Ar- 
rets I't  Ordonnnnres,  iii.,  p.  .T1.  He 
arrived  in  Si''])teml)er  (Juehereau, 
Histoire  de  I'Hotel  Dieu,  p.  289)  or 
earlier  (In  Hontan.  Voyapea,  i.,  p. 
72).  He  belonged  to  one  of  the  most 
distinjrnislied  families  in  civil  em- 
ploy in  France  (ib.,  p.  ~'4),  and  was 
related  to  de  l.nuson,  n  former  eov- 
ernor  :  .lucliereau.  Histoire  de  I'Ho- 
tel Pieu.  p  2.'<9  He  was  succeeded, 
in  1702,  by  Mr.  de  Benuharnois :  N. 
Y.  Col.  Doc.,  ix..  p.  740. 

*  De  Meules,  appointed  May  1, 
1082  (Arrets  et  Ordonnances,  iii,  p. 
471,  was  removed  in  lOSO,  on  the  un- 
just charge  of  looking  too  much  to 


his  own  interests  :  La  Hontan,  i„  p. 
72  ;  Juehereau,  Histoire  de  I'Hotel 
Dieu,  ]).  2H9. 

'  Philip  de  Rifraud,  son  of  John 
Louis  de  Hiiraud,  Seigneur  et  Baron 
de  St.  Cornette,  who  died  in  1(159, 
then  entered  the  king's  musketeers, 
and  in  1070  had  risen  to  the  rank  of 
brigadier  and  colonel,  Apjiointed  to 
connnand  the  detachment  of  eight 
hundred  men  sent  to  Canada,  he  ar- 
rived in  the  Arc-en-ciel  July,  1087 
(N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  ix-.,  p.  ;!31),"aft.'r  a 
voyage  of  thirty-three  days  (St. 
Valier.  Etat  Present,  p.  91).  accom- 
panied Denonville  to  Western  New 
York  (ib.,  p.  ;i:i4),  distinguished  him- 
self at  Quebec,  where  he  held  the 
rank  of  colonel  in  the  regular  army, 
and  was  promoted  in  consequence  to 
the  CHiitaincy  of  n  uian  of  war  :  Dan- 
iel, Une  Page  de  Notre  Histoire,  p. 
S.W.  Was  in  Frontenac's  Onondaga 
expedition,  and  in  1098  became  gov- 
ernor of  Montreal,  succeeding  Mr. 
de  Callieres,  whom  lie  succeeded  as 
governor    of   the    colony  in  1703. 


'ih 


i        .  I 


'\ 


HISTORY  OP  NEW  FRANCE. 


283 


Jt 


its  advanco  on  two  luindit'd  hattcanx  ami  as  many  Indian 
canoes.  It  was  oomposod  of  oi<,'lit  Imndrcd  and  thirty-two 
mon  of  till'  kint^'s  troops,  about  a  thousand  Canadians,  and 
three  hundred  Indians.' 

Tlu^  perfect  liarniony  wliicli  existed  between  tho  gover- 
nor and  the  new  intendant,  based  on  tho  most  sincere  vir- 
tue and  a  siiiiihir  zeal  in  both  for  th»>  king's  service,  liad 
difl'used  this  same  concert  in  all  the  c()r])s  which  consti- 
tuted this  little  army,  and  cau:  1  abundance  to  reign. 
Mr.  de  C!liampigny  accompanied  it  for  three  days,  at  tho 
end  of  which  he  took  the  lead  with  a  detachment  of  thirty 
men,  with  tho  view  of  so  anticipating  ev  rything  that 
could  arrest  the  troops  at  Catarocouy,  that  they  should  not 
be  obliged  to  make  any  long  stay  there  ;'  but  tho  vigilance 
and  activity  of  Mr.  d'Orvilliers  had  provided  for  this,  and 
the  intendant  found  scarcely  any  thing  to  do. 

Mr.  de  Denonville  followed  close,  and  that  general,  on 
arriving  at  Catarocouy,'  received  a  letter  from  Colonel 


1687. 


n 


After  Hovcnden  Wnlkrr'B  repulse 
he  wuB  iiuiile  governor  of  Uevel,  in 
Lnngucdoc.  in  ITIO;  Commander 
Orand  Cross  of  the  Order  of  St. 
Louis  in  1713-  lie  died  OctolxT  10. 
1725,  at  the  cnstle  of  St.  I.ouis,  i.}\ir- 
hec.  He  is  i\t  first  stvled  ClievnliiT, 
nnd  fromal)i)ut  170')  Miiniiiis.  Even 
Mr.  Daniel,  in  his  elalionite  sketch, 
does  not  tell  how  heac(|uired  the  title. 
'  Cliamiairny  to  Sei^rnelay,  July 
10,  lf)S7,  N  Y.  ("ol.  Doe.,  ix.,  p.  :i:il, 
gives  eifiht  hundred  nnd  thirty  reg- 
ulars, nine  liundred  and  thirty  uiili- 
tia.  hesideg  one  hundred  sent  in  tho 
convoy,  Indians  three  hundred.  He 
says  it  moved  the  Kith.  The  Me 
moir  of  the  Voyage  and  Ex))edition, 
N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  p.  ;!.")!l.  says 
eight  hundred  regulars,  eight  hun- 
dred militia,  distributed  on  the  10th 
in  the  l)atteaux,eacli  carrying  eight. 
The  regulars  were  under  Captains 
d'Orvilliers,  St.  Ciri].  de  Troyes,  nnd 
Valrennes  ;   the  militia  under  Her- 


thier,  la  Valterye,  Orandville.  and 
Longucuil  le  Moyne.  La  Hontan 
(vol.  i.,  p.  00)  makes  regulars  and 
provincials  fift.'cn  hundred.  Bel- 
mont. Histoire  dn  Canada,  p.  30, 
says  eiglitei'U  liundred  regulars  and 
militia,  one  hundred  and  sixty  Iro- 
(|uois  from  the  Snult  and  Mountain, 
forty  Ilurons,  sixty  Ahiinkis,  and  a 
few  .\Igoii(|uins.  Smith.  History  of 
New  York  (17.")7).  p.  51.  says,  loosely, 
two  thousnn<l  troo]is,  six  hundred 
Iiidia'i.-..  Mgr.  de  St.  Valier,  Etat 
Present,  p.  ill,  says  the  army  was 
composed  of  thirty-two  companies, 
in  eight  l)attalions,  four  of  regulars 
and  four  of  militia,  one  hundreil  and 
fifty  Indians  from  the  Sault  and  Lo- 
rette,  fifty  fVom  the  Mountain,  one 
hundred  from  Sillery. 

'  Chatnpigny  to  Seigni'lay,  July 
10,  1687,  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  ix.,"p.  :«l. 
La  llontnn  Nouveau  Voyage,  i.,  p. 
90,  says  he  started  June  0. 

'■*  He  reached  it  .luno  liO  :  .Memoir 


ii  I 


r: 


TV 


li 


If 


28t 


If 


'fi 


16H7. 


('oli.Mcl 

litter 

li.  Mr.  .!.• 

l»tiii>ii\illu 


Tlio 
goniTiir« 


I).  f.!ll  of 

tliu 
Kiiirli»h 
I'll  I.iiko 
Iluriiii, 


HIRTORY  OF    NEW   FRANCE. 

Doiif^tui  written  nt'iiily  in  tlio  Hiiin«  Umo  tlmt  that  gover- 
nor wiiH  nccustonipd  to  ftsKumo  wlinro  tlio  IrocpioiH  wero 
confonu'd  ;  that  in  to  Ray,  tlmt  he  niado  great  coinjilaints 
of  tho  Frciu'li  making  war  on  the  subjocts  of  tlio  king  of 
England.  Ho  addrd  that  Mr.  do  la  Barro  had  deomod  it 
n  duty  not  to  nndcrtako  such  uu  expedition  without  pre- 
viously inforxning  him. 

IMr.  do  Dt'nouvillo  replied '  that  they  wero  very  far  from 
agreeing,  if  ho  regarded  tlio  Iroquois  as  subjects  of  his 
Britannic  majesty  ;  and  as  to  the  course  of  Mr.  do  la  Barre, 
on  which  ho  pretended  to  rely,  ho  must  inform  him  that 
it  was  not  an  example  for  him  to  follow.  Ho  spoke  all  the 
more  firmly,  as  ho  had  just  learned,  through  the  Sieur  de 
la  Font,  some  tidings  which  completely  unmasked  the 
governor  of  New  York.'     The  affair  in  question  was  this  : 

On  Lake  Huron  Mr.  de  la  Durantaye  had  fallen  in  with 
sixty  Englishmen,  divided  in  two  bands,  escorted  by  Sen- 
ecas,  led  by  a  French  deserter,"  and  carrying  goods  to 
trade  at  Miehillimakinac.  This  was  in  formal  violation  of 
the  agreement  between  the  two  crowns,  as  Colonel  Dongan 
well  knew.  Accordingly,  de  la  Durantaj'e  did  not  hesitate 
to  attack  the  convoy.  All  in  charge  of  it  were  taken,  and 
their  goods  distributed  among  the  Indians.  There  is  no 
doubt  that,  had  these  traders  reached  Miehillimakinac 
■while  the  commandant  was  absent,  they  would  again  li.u'o 
induced  the  Indians  to  take  sides  with  the  Iroquois,  or  at 


of  the  Viiyape,  N.  Y.  Ctl.  Doc.,  ix., 
p.  8(13.  Thi8  Memoir  details  liis 
march. 

'  nrnnnvillc,  in  the  Memoir,  does 
not  mention  receivinf;  this  letter. 
8«'e  in  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  (ip.  4(14-.') ; 
I)(H'.  Hist.,  i.,  ])\t.  144-.') ;  Donjian  to 
Lnml>er\'ille,  May  20  :  Dongnn  to 
Denimville,  ,Iunc  U  :  Di'nonville  to 
Donpnn,  August  2'^,  N.  Y.  C'ol.  Doc., 
iii.,  p.  4(19  ;  Due.  Hist  ,  i..  p.  I.")9 

'  Di'nnnvillr'B  Memoir,  N.  Y.  t'ol. 
Doc.,  ix  ,  p.  :103. 


'  La  Fontaine  Marion.  There 
were  two  parties,  one  tnlien  before 
Tonly  renclietl  Detroit,  the  other 
after  :  Tonty,  Memoire  in  Mnrfrry,p. 
25.  Mpr.  (le  St.  VRlier  stiites,  Etjit 
Present,  p.  02,  that  one  of  the  parties, 
running  out  of  provisions,  sent  the 
puide  to  Miehilliiiiukiniic.  Fmlicr 
Enjiilran  learned  nil  from  liim,  and 
warned  la  Durantaye,  who  went  out, 
took  tlicni,  and  liriiu;rht  them  nil  to 
Miehillimakinac,  and  then  to  Toueh- 
arontion. 


I 


» 

L 


r 


. 


niSTORY   OF   NKW    KI:AN('E. 

loiiHt  reiaiiin  ncutiul.     There  wiih  ovon  reason  to  bolievo 
this  thoir  iiutiii  ol)jnct.' 

After  tliiiH  HueeeHsfullj  (lefeiitiii«  their  jiIaiiH,  Mr.  do  la 
Diiniiitii.ve  procecih-d  to  join  .MesHrs.  »hi  ],uth  and  Tonti 
at  th((  entrance  of  tlu«  Detroit,'  and  then  advanc.Ml  with 
them  to  Niajrura.'  Searei-ly  had  they  arrived  wlien  the 
Sieur  do  hi  Foret  l)rou>,'ht  tlient  an  order  from  tho  f,'overuor- 
Reneral  to  he  on  the  tenth  at  Riviero  des  S  ihles,  tiiin  side 
of  tlie  hay  of  the  Henecas,  towards  Cataroeouy.'  Mr.  <le 
Denonvilh,  advanced  to  that  spot  with  all  hi.s"foreo,  and, 
l).v  a  chance  from  w.  '^h  tho  Indians  did  not  fail  to  draw 
favorable  au<,Miries,  they  all  entered  it  Himultaneously. 
Tiiey  at  once  set  to  work  to  throw  nj)  on  the  lake-shoro,  a 
little  al)()ve  the  river,  an  intnuichment  witii  stockades  to 
inclose  tho  stores.  It  was  completed  in  two  days,  and 
Mr.  d'Orvilliers  left  there  with  four  hundred  men  to  guard 
it  and  protect  the  rear  of  tho  army.' 


285 


i6«7. 


Kort  ■le« 
ShI)]^, 


'  Dt'nonvlllo'B  Memoir,  N.  Y.  Col. 
Doc,  ix„  i>.  ;i(i;} :  Pcrrot,  Mopurs  i-t 
('i)iistuini'H  (lc8   Siiuvnf,'cs,   j).    141  ; 
Bflmont,  Histoiro  dii  Canada,  p.  at  ; 
Tonty,  Afcmoirc  in  .Margry,  p.  2!) ; 
do  la  PotliiTic,  llistoire  dc  I'AnK'- 
riqui'  Scptinirioiittlp,  ii.,  pp.  201-5, 
followed   by  ( 'olden,    Five  Nations, 
N.  v.,  ITir,  pp.  i):t-(i ;  Smith's  New 
York  iliru),  p.  .jl  :  |a  Hontan,  Non- 
venu  Voyage,  i„  p.  !Mi  ;  Information 
furnished   hy  .Vaiining  llarnienlse, 
N.  V.  Col.   IXw.,  iii.,  p    .(:!(t     xhey 
were  under  Colonel  Patrick   Maf;re- 
gorie,  who  came  from  Scotland  to 
Murylaiid  in  l(;s4,  with  a  number  of 
followers,  l)Ut  removed  to  New  .Jer- 
sey, and  was  finally  induced  to  settle 
in  New  York,     lie  was  made  nius. 
ter-master  jreneral    of     the   militia, 
and  turned  his  attention  to  the  In- 
dian  trade.      He    was  .released    irt 
l<iH7,   and   killed  at    New  York  bv 
Leisler  in  KiOl  :  O'Calhighan,  N.  Y. 
Col.  Doc.,  ill. 


»  Toucharontion,  St.  Valier,  Etat 
Present,  p.  0;(.  All  tliree  then  ad 
vanced  on  Lake  Erie,  and  on  the 
way  to  Niagara  captured  the  second 
party:  lb. 

'■'  Perrot,  .Mneurs  et  Coustuines,  p. 
141  •  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  Ix,.  p.  :m. 

■>  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  p.  ;i(i:i ;  Tonty, 
•M.-nioire,  i>p.  a-0.  Th,-  place  wag 
(lannyeodathah  on  (ianniaf,'aronta- 
gouat  (openintf  into  the  hike).  New 
Irondi^iuoiti  Bay:  Mor>;an  in  N.  Y. 
Mist.  Col.,  II.,  ii„  p.  I7(i,  „. ;  Ci.iden, 
Five  Nations  (1727),  p.  100:  N.  Y. 
Col.  Doc.  ix.,  )).  3(t4  ;  ib.,  p,  2fil,  n. 
Smith.  History  of  New  York,  17.-)7, 
p.  51,  writes  Tyrondecpuiit.  Bel 
niont,  Histoire  du  Canada,  p.  21, 
writes  Ateniatarontaf;ui'.  Mfrr.  de 
St.  Valier,  Etat  Present,  p.  il.'j,  Aten- 
niataronta^'uet. 

^  Di'nonville's  Memoir.  N.  Y.  Col. 
Doc.  ix.,  ]..  :i(l4  ;  la  Hontan.  .Vouv. 
Voyage,  i.,  ]).  07  :  Perrot.  M<eiirs  et 
CouHturae«,   p.    142;   Belmont,  His- 


'S 


I 


niSTOKY  OF  NKW  FKANC'E. 


I 


1687. 


T!i««  ^nicriil,  before  iniiirliin^  fioni  tluH  pcmt,  nliot  thu 
Frciicliiniiti  wlio  hud  acttul  ah  gui<lo  to  tlio  Kii^'IIhIi  to  ^o 
to  Michilliiiiiikiiiiic,  iiiid  who  whh  tiiki'ii  fi^'htin^'  a^'iiiiisl 
th(<  s(>rvii-(«  of  hJH  Hovcrcign.  This  thu  Ihiron  (h)  hi  Hoiitaii 
(h'lKtunccs  iiH  uiijiiHt,'  IxH'iuiHc,  ho  Hiiyn,  wo  wcro  tlifii  at 
jxiicc  witli  Eii>,'hiii(l,  ami  tlio  EiiKhHli  pretrinhd  to  ho 
iiiaHtt'i'H  of  tho  hiki>H.  Ah  thoiif^li  tliis  chiiiit'iical  pictt'ii- 
Hion,  iH'Vur  iiKMitioiicd  to  my  kiiowlrilg»<  hy  any  oiio  hut 
tliis  author,  rcHtorcil  to  iniioccm'i!  a  dcHcitor  wlio  was 
H(>i'ving  another  natiun  to  thu  ih'trimcut  of  his  sovurtiigii. 
KnifiiifL'.  From  Fort  dus  Sid)h's  thu  army  took  its  way  iiihiud ;' 
ilieSciiut'iu!.  "'"^  ""  *'"'  l'*t''>  after  liaviuj,'  j)ass<'d  two  very  (hiiij,'t'rons 
(h'tih's,  it  reached  a  third/  whero  it  was  vif^orously  assailed 


tdiri-  ilu  Canniln,  y.  'i\  ;  Mgr.  ilo  St. 
ViiliiT.  Kiiit  I'rrHi'iit,  J).  IM  ;  Tonty, 
Mi'iiiiiirH,  |(  ','(1. 

'  I.a  llontnn,  Nmiv.  Voyajji',  1.,  p. 
07.  I.ii  lliintiin  rcprrm'iitH  hiniwlf 
lis  III'  Di'uni,  Hciii  lit'  one  wliii  Imil  ilnni' 
Hcrviir  til  tlic  Stiiti',  iiH  liav'  i  cimic 
<iiit  witli  tliri')'  ('(iiM|iitiiii'H  lit'  triiii|iH 
of  tilt-  iimriiio  Bi'iit  til  di'  lu  Uarrr  in 
th<-  uutiiiii  lit'  His:),  an  in  ili'  la 
Harrc's  cxpoililinii  in  lOHJ,  in  I)r 
nonvilli^'s  in  KiST,  niKl  the  next  yi'ar 
BH  Bi-nt  to  taki-  romnianil  of  Fort  St. 
JoHcpli.  Iliti  |irii|i<Tty  in  Fninci; 
liavin;;  lii'cn  titi/.i'il,  hi'  anltril  li'avr 
of  aliHiiin-  til  return  to  Krauct'  in 
1(18H,  and  linally  ifarlii'il  France 
early  in  l(i!l3,  after  bavins  (Hh- 
covered  anil  explored,  an  lie  pre- 
tended, till'  Loiin  Kiver.  It  i«  a 
ruriouH  tait  that  no  luitlmr  alludes 
to  such  a  persiinaj^e  as  the  Huron  la 
Ilimtan  or  his  doings  in  Canada  at 
the  time.  In  the  series  of  pajHTs  in 
tlip  N.  Y.  Colonial  DoninieiitH  rover 
inj{  the  ihtIikI  fniin  Ids;)  to  l(!i):3,  his 
name  never  iwcurs :  nor  does  it  in 
Tonty  or  any  of  the  other  writers 
on  la  Salle's  iifTairs  in  Illinois. 
Fellur  represents  him  us  Ijoiii  about 


llltlOat  Mont  ill' Marsan.ln  OaHcony, 
lie  was  sent  to  I'lareiitia  in  HWA  im 
kinff'^  lieutenant,  liut  iiuarrelin^ 
with  the  irovernor.  was  mshiered, 
went  to  Piirtnual,  and  thence  to  Ih-ii- 
liuirk.  He  pulilished  hin  voyaffes  In 
Kilo—")  at  the  Ila^'iie,  aided  liy 
Oueildeville.  lie  seelils  to  have 
died  liel'iire  171tf,  wliell  I.eilinitz 
pulilished  his  |Histhuniiius  liepiinse 
a  la  lii'ttre  d'un  I'erticulier,  etc. 

'■'  Three  coinpanies  of  French  Cana- 
dians, under  la  Duran'aye,  Tonty, 
and  du  I.ut,  with  Indians  on  the 
Hanks,  tiiniieil  the  van  under  de 
Callieres,  then  the  fiovernor  followed 
with  the  je)i;uhirh  and  militia  ;  St. 
ValiiT,  Flat  Present,  p  !(I  ;  Tonty, 
Menioire  in  .Marjjry,  p.  2ii. 

■'  Two  Mohawks,  Ouiistntsi  and 
(■anna^ienrop-n  deserted  to  the  Sene- 
cas.and  revealed  Di'minville's  plans: 
III ,  J).  \)'t.  St.  Valier  jjives  the  inanli 
clearly.  First  day,  four  or  five  hours 
thriiu;;h  o|ii'n  wimmI  ;  next  day.  jrm^d 
road  :  after  a  time,  j^rass  neckliif;U 
lietween  hills,  then  a  marshy  ^cl'ound 
till  wiihin  half  a  league  of  (Jazts 
roure. 


I       f  I 


llIKroUV    OK   NKW    KHANCK. 


28- 


l)y  oinlit  hmi(ln<(l  TnM|U()iH.'  Twn  liuiidrcil  of  (Ikmc  In-  '''"r- 
tliiiiiM,  aftiT  pourinj,'  iu  ii  volloy,  worn  (Itttachcd  to  tiiko  our  '^'"~ 
iiriiiy  ill  t\w  ri'iir,  wliilti  tlio  roHt  corjtiimi'd  to  cIiiuku  tho 
van.'  Tho  arinv  was  witliiii  ^'UiiHliot  of  tlio  first  Smcca 
villa;,'!','  ti  1)111  wliifli  it  was  ft'iucd  otlicr  Iiuliaii  forces 
woulil  issue;  uud  this  fear,  with  bciu^'  surprised  on  a  tlis- 
ailvaiita^M'ouH  j,'rounil,  at  first  eausod  some  disorder.  Many 
of  the  Indians,  better  trained  to  liush-fij,'htinj,'  than  tlie 
Freiieli,  liehl  tirni,  and  K'lve  tho  army  time  to  colleet  itself. 
Then  the  enemy  was  rciiulsed  on  all  sides,  and,  seeiii;^  tiui 
odils  too  groat,  they  disbaudod  iu  orilor  to  fucilitato  thoir 
flight,' 


'  Tim  pinrc  of  tin'  acliDti,  hh  lo. 
(Htrd  liy  <>.  II.  MarHliiill,  Khc|  ,  on 
liiiliaii  iiiilhoritv,  Ih  II  H|Hit  ni'ur 
HoiikIiioh'h  Mill,  in  tin'  town  of  Vir- 
tor,  Ontiirio  Ciiunly,  Hiill  cnlliil  by 
the  Hi'nii'BH  Pyuffixliyii  (i.  »•..  I'lacn 
of  II  Uiiltl.'):  N.  Y.  Hint.  Col..  II..  11, 
|).  1")S.  HiH  niii|i  mill  rcHiilt  art'  cor 
rolMiriitiMl  by  St.  Valicr,  Ktiit  •I'n'M- 
t-nt,  p.  \t'>,  uikI  liy  Hrlinont,  Ilistolrn 
(111  Canadn,  pp.  'i'i-''>,  who  wiyH  that 
llu-  road  to  till'  Si'iii'ca  town  Itnl  over 
thri'o  Hiiiall  hilla  A  river  ot  its 
foot  ran  through  tliriT  laiffrr  IuUk, 
and  fornu'd  a.  uiarNh.  St.  Valicr 
addH  that  a  c|imrt»r  of  a  Icbkui'  fur- 
ther it  I'liiptied  into  a  larger  utreain. 

''  The  Si'lienm  )KiHte<l  five  hundred 
at  the  foot  of  the  hill  before  »he 
town,  Heliiioiit  (fix  hundred  St.  Va 
lierl.iiiid  threi'huiulred  in  the  marsh, 
to  altai'k  the  French  rear  after  it 
had  iiacHed.  TliiH  (larty  nttackeil 
Ju"  rear  of  the  van,  tliiiikin^,'  it  the 
whole  army. 

^  This  villape.  called  Oaensera  by 
Helmont,  Oazeroare  by  St.  Vidier. 
Oannaiiaro  by  IVnonville  (Minute 
of  taking  |M)snesHion,  N.  Y.Col.  Doc., 
ix., !>. ;ioli, ap])areiitly  thei  anaf.'orah 
of  (lreenhnl;rh  iN.  Y.  Col.  Odc.,  iii., 
p.  '^51),  Mr.  MurtiUall,  from  authentic 


Indian  account  and  actual  exainlnn- 

lion,  identilic'H  wltli  (JaoxaehcaKah 
(UilHH  Wood  UHed  to  be  there',  a 
Seneca  town  on  Houfrlitiin'n  Hill,  in 
the  town  of  Victor  :  N.  Y  Hint  Col., 
II.,  il.,  J).  l.MI  ;  lllftorlenl  Sketch.H 
of  the  Niaffiira  Kmntier.  p.  10. 
Bishop  St.  Valier  calls  it  a  laiiinim 
Babylon,  where  so  many  crimen 
were  committed,  so  much  blood 
hIiikI,  so  many  men  burned. 

*  Oenonville  paHHcH  Ii^;lilly  over 
tlip  ronl'iision  in  his  letter  and  his 
Memoir:  N.  Y.  Col.  I)(K',  i!t.,  pp. 
!t;ts,  ;t(j,'">.  The  error  of  the  swamp 
party  in.  'J)  attackint;  the  rear  of  the 
French  van  (p.  '.JHi;,  n.),  saved  Penon- 
ville's  army.  At  the  first  attack  tho 
Ottawas  and  other  Wi'stern  Imliani; 
fled:  Helmont,  p. '.>;(:  N  V.  Col.  Doc, 
ix.,  'Ml')  (Contra,  Toiily.  Memoire,  p. 
'.?til.  thouf;li  the  domiciliated  liidiaim 
held  firm  (lb.,  St.  Valii'r,  p.  1)1). 
Di'nonville  then  camu  up  with  tho 
main  body,  and  emleavored  to  push 
on  to  the  stockade  fort  r)r  village  on 
the  hill,  but  a  panic  jirevailed  (  Bel- 
mont.  p.  '23  :  la  Ilontan.  1,,  p.  7!)). 
The  Berthier  battalion  pive  way, 
but  was  rallied  by  Pufjue.  cnmman<l- 
iiig  the  Montreal  cumiiaiiy.  Bel- 
mont says  df  Valrt'nnn  alonu  dis- 


fV"! 


h 


4 


I  t 


288  HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 

1687.  In  this  action  we  had  five  or  six  men  killed,  and  aliont 

"""^'^"^  twenty  wounded,'  among  the  latter  the  Jesuit  Father 
Anjelran,  who  was  occupied  among  the  Indians  when 
the  enemy  made  his  first  charge."  Mr.  Denonville,  in  one 
of  his  letters  to  Mr.  de  Seignelay,  says  that  New  France 
was  under  great  obligations  to  this  missionary;  that  he 
had  more  than  any  one  else  contributed  to  retain  the 
Ottiwas  and  Hurons  in  our  alliance,  and  that  but  for  him 
Michillimakinac  would  long  since  have  been  in  the  hands 
of  tiie  English  or  Iroquois.'  The  enemy's  loss  was  forty- 
5ve  men  killed  on  the  spot,  and  they  had  sixty  wounded. 
The  bodies  of  the  former  were  first  cut  to  pieces  and 
eaten  by  the  Otiawus,  who,  says  Mr.  de  Denonville  in  his 
letter  to  Mr.  de  Seignelay,  made  war  on  the  dead  much 
better  than  they  did  on  the  living. 

This  was  not  the  case  with  the  Hurons  who  had  come 
with  them,  and  who  did  their  duty  perfectly.  Those  of 
Lorctte,  the  Iroquois  of  Sault  St.  Louis  and  the  Mountain, 
did  better  still.     The  only  man  of  mark  whom  we  lost  on 


,,f 


t 


'I 


tinduished  himself.  St.  Valierpraines 
Denonville  and  de  Calliereg,  who 
fought  in  their  sliirt-sleeveB,  and 
would  not  take  to  the  trees,  Indian 
fasliion  (p.  97).  Peirot,  Mtpurs  et 
Coustumes,  p.  142,  gives  no  details. 
De  la  Potlierie,  in  his  short  account 
(ii.,  p.  207).  which  has  been  followed 
by  Coldcn.  Histjory  Five  Nations 
(1727),  p  101,  and  Smith,  History  of 
New  York.  ]).  51,  reverses  it  all,  and 
makes  the  Indian  van  lioid  firm. 
Tlie  Seneca  accounts.  N.  Y.  Docu- 
mentary History,  i.,  pp.  151-3 ;  Col. 
Doc,  iii.,  p.  445,  agree  in  the  main 
with  tlie  better  French  accounts. 
They  make  the  Seneca  force  four 
hundred  and  fifty. 

'  Denonville  states  his  loss,  in 
killed,  regulars  ont,  militia  fiv,  In- 
dians five  ;  wounded,  five  regi!'..:rp, 
six  militia ;  and  the  Senecf  loss, 
forty-five    killed,     sixty    wounded. 


Belmont  makes  thi;  Seneca  loss, 
fourteen  died  on  the  field,  sixty  from 
wounds  (pp.  24-5).  Tonty,  who  rep- 
resents his  company  as  forcing  the 
Seneca  ambuscade,  says  tliey  lost 
his  lieutenant  and  six  men  then. 
The  Indian  account,  taken  down  by 
Dongan.  makes  the  French  loss  seven 
killed,  French  Indians  five  killed, 
Senecas  sixteen  killed:  Doc.  Hist., 
i.,  p.  154.  St.  Valier  says  thirty 
Senecas,  of  whom  eleven  died.  La 
Hontan  differs  widely  from  these 
more  authentic  accounts.  He  makes 
one  hundred  French,  ten  French  In. 
dians  killed,  twenty  or  thirty  wound- 
ed.    Seneca  loss  eighty. 

''  John  Enjalran  came  to  Canada 
in  1070,  and  left  in  1702  :  Martin  in 
Carayon,  Doc.  Im'dits.  xiv.,  p.  7.'!. 

•■'  Denonville  to  Seignelay,  Aug. 
25,  N.  Y.  Colonial  Documents,  ix., 
p.  338. 


'i  : 


( 


HISTORY  OF   NEW    FKANCE. 


289 


tliis  occasion  was  a  Mohawk' chief  of  Sault  St.  Louis, 
naiupd  Hot  Aslics  (la  Cendre  Chaiule).  He  had  bccu  one 
of  tlio  torturers  of  Father  do  Brebeuf,  and  ascribed  hia 
I'ouversion  to  the  prayers  of  the  lioly  martyr.  So  well 
iiad  lie  repaired  his  crime,  that  few  missionaries  won  as 
niiiny  heathens  to  God  as  he  did.  The  Canadians  fought 
with  their  usual  bravery ;  but  throughout  the  campaign 
t lie  regulars  did  themselves  httle  lurnor.'  This  had  been 
expected.  "What  can  be  done  with  such  men?"  said  ill-, 
dii  Denonville  in  a  letter  to  the  minister. 

On  the  IJrth  the  army  proceeded  to  encamp  in  one  of 
the  four  great  villages  which  constituted  the  Seneca  can- 
ton, and  which  was  seven  or  eight  leagues  distant  from 
Fort  des  Sables.  No  one  was  found  there,  and  it  was 
burned."  The  army  then  advanced  further  into  the  coun- 
try, and  during  the  ten  days  spent  in  overrunning  it  did 
not  meet  a  soul.  The  great  number  had  tied  to  the  Cay- 
ugas,  and  it  was  afterwards  ascertain(>d  that  some  had 
passed  on  to  New  York  ;  that  Colonel  Dongan  had  suj)- 
plied  tJiose  who  attacked  the  French  with  munitions  of 
war,  and  Hiat  the  king  of  England  having  sent  an  inten- 
dant  to  New  York  to  enforce  the  neutrality  treaty,  the 
governor  had  at  once  compelled  him  to  re-embark,  and 
sent  him  back  to  Europe.' 


ifiS- 


k  ( 


'  Do  la  Potlii-rii-  (i..  \>.  ;J49)  says 
lie  wns  an  Oiii'ida,  but  li-,'  is  mis- 
taken. C/iiv/i-riHX.  Oyrnratniihi'n 
or  Hot  Ciudurs  (Helniont,  Histoire 
dii  Canada,  p.  24),  called,  also,  (hir- 
onhiafiue  (Chaucheticre,  Vie  de  la 
Bonne  Catherine)  was  really  an 
Oneida.  lie  was  eonverted  at  la 
Prairie:  Sliea'sCatliolicMissions,  jip. 
2!IT-;]18.  St.  Valier  deserihes  his 
death,  Etnt  Present,  p.  07.  The 
head  cliief  of  tlie  Mountain,  called 
Ti'naretounn,  or  the  Sun,  was  also 
killel:  Bilmont,  Ilisioire  du  Cana- 
d:.,  p.  -H  ;  St.  Valior,  Ktat  I'r.'.sent, 
\i.  V~  ;  also,  tlie  Huron  chiel'  oalli'd 
iu  French  lo  Ciel  des  Tionoutatez. 


'-'  The  refrulars  really  stood  firm 
after  the  militia  broke, 

■'  Mjrr.  d.'.  St.  Valier  nays.  Efai 
Present,  \>.  '.tH,  that  they  liurned  this 
town,  three  others,  and  a  fort.  The 
second  fort  on  a  hill  near  the  first, 
Morgan  identifies  with  (iahayanduk 
(tficir  tens  II  flirt  then),  (iannogarae 
of  Denonville  with  Chinosh:thi;eh 
(mi  the  i/iipe  i,f  the  raHii/),  northea.st 
of  the  present  K.  Bloomfii'ld,  To- 
tiakto  with  Deyudehaakdoh  tt/ii- 
Bunt)  with  the  Benil  mar  U'.  .Men- 
don,  ^!onroe  Co.  (N.  V.  Hist.  Col.,  H,, 
ii  ,  pp.  Isl-Ti,  (iannounata  with 
I)ynd<iosot.twomilesS  Ivof  K.  .\von. 

*  Belmont,  Ilistoire  du  Canada,  p. 


Conse- 
qni'iice  ot' 

Hit'   UL-ti'ill. 


i 


1?> 


,1 :    'i| 

I'  *  J 


I 


M-f 

.« 


t    'i  ^^iJf 


,1* 


290 


HISTORY  OP  NEW  FRANCK. 


1687.  To  return  to  oiiv  army,  tlic  ton  days  s])oiit  in  tlif 
"'  ■'  ""  onomy's  country  were  employed  in  ravu^'in^  it,  and  es- 
pecially in  destroyinf?  400,000  bushels  of  corn.'  An  im- 
mense number  of  lio^s  were  also  killed,  which  caused  nuich 
sickness.''  This,  with  the  fatigue  of  two  days'  march  over 
terrible  roacis  and  the  general's  fear  of  being  abandoned 
by  his  Indians,  who  threatened  it  constantly,  forced  him 
to  limit  his  exploits  to  this.  Accordingly,  after  taking 
possession  anew  of  the  country  just  conquered,^  he  ad- 
vanced towards  the  Niagara  River.' 

It  is  certain  that  Mr.  de  Dc'nonville  did  all  that  was  pos- 
sible, under  th(>  circumstances  in  which  he  was  i)laced,  to 
l)ut  this  nation,  once  for  all,  out  of  the  power  of  giving 
any  further  annoyance,  that  he  spared  himself  in  nothing, 
that  he  labored  like  a  common  soldier,  evinced  great  in- 
trepidity in  the  action  just  described,  that  the  Scni>cas 
•w(>re  really  humbled,  and  all  the  Irocjuois  und(!ceived  in 
the  o]union  th(>y  entertained  that  with  the  protection  of 
the  English  they  had  nothing  to  fear  from  the  French 
arms,  that  they  understood  that  if  the  blows  struck  at 
them  did  not  totally  humble  them,  and  even  did  theai  very 
little  injury,  they  were  indebted  to  it  for  accidents  that 
could  not  have  been  foreseen,  and  that  they  should  not 
expose  tluunselves  lightly  to  the  same  risks  which  they 
had  just  encountered  ;  but,  after  all,  the  colony  derived  no 
benefit  from  it. 
Fort  i.niitiit  The  governor-general  had  consumtly  his  heart  set  on 
„^i'i"-3";  building  a  fort  at  Niagara,  and  the  opportunity  for  carry- 
iihalu'i-mMi  "'"  "^^^  '^'^^*'  design  was  too  fair  a  one  to  bo  neglected. 
The  fort  was  erected,  and  the  Chevalier  de  Troye,  with 
one  hundred  men,  left  there  to  guard  it."     Our  allies  tes- 


85 ;  Tonty ,  Mcnioirc  in  !\Inr{?ry,  p.  20. 

I  Dt'iionvillc'H  Moiiioir.  N.  Y.  Cnl. 
r>nr  .  ix  .  11.  .'ills.  St.  Vulior.  Ktnt 
Prc'wnt,  1'  lis.  siiyn  COO.dOO  luislicln 
new,  nml  :!0.0I)()  old. 

•  Belmont,  Ilistoiri'  du  Cuiinda,  p. 
26. 


^  Minnte  of  tnkin<;  possession,  N. 
Y.  Col.  Don.,  ix.,  p.  ;),'!4. 

*  Tnkiiitr  possession  of  Xiagnrn, 
N   Y.  <'o1.  Doc.  ix..  p.  ;i;i"i. 

^  Prnonvilli's  Memoir,  N.  Y.  Col. 
T>oc..  ix.,  p.  3;!il ;  Hehiiont,  Histoirn 
du  Canada,  p.  2(5.    La  Hontan,  i.,  p. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FR.VNC'E. 


291 


tififd  ^rtiiit  j()_v,  iunl  tlic  stniiu'l  will  show  tliiit  nothius  '^''^7' 
should  hiivf  been  ii(!<,dcot('d  to  niiiiutiiiu  tlmt  post,  uot-  ""—^'''""^ 
witlistaiidiii^f  the  dilHcnltiiis  encountered  ;  but  sieknesa 
bre,ikin<4  out  soon  ul'ter  amon<^  the  {garrison,  which  died 
to  a  man,'  this  fatality  was  ascribed  to  the  air  of  the  place. 
Tlici  (■  is,  liowcvei',  every  ground  to  infer  that  it  was  caused 
siilcly  by  the  provisions,  which  were  spoiled.'  Be  that  as 
it  may,  this  im])ortant  p(jst  was  soon  after  abandoned  and 
destroyed,  to  the  ^leat  regret  of  Mr.  de  Deuonville.' 

Meaiiwliile  the  governor  of  New  York  steadily  jnirsued  New 
his  plan,  which  consisted  in  endeavoring  to  debauch  our  '"ro'i'mei'' 
allies  and  draw  to  himself  all  the  trade  of  Canada,  as  well  ^""^""'• 
as  render  the  Iroquois  our  irreconcilable  enemies.  He 
infornjed  the  cantons  that  he  did  not  wish  them  to  go  any 
more  to  Cataroccniy,  or  have  any  missionary  except  of  his 
choice  ;  he  even  persuaded  them  to  send  back  to  the  Hu- 
rons  and  Ottawas  of  Michillimakiuac  all  the  prisoners 
they  had  taken  from  them.  He  again  sent  word  to  the 
Iroquois  of  Sault  St.  Louis  and  the  Mountain  that  if  they 
would  remove  near  him  he  would  give  them  English  Jes- 
uits as  missionaries,  and  a  much  more  advantageous  tract 
of  land  than  that  which  they  occupied.  He  finally  notified 
the  Marquis  de  Deuonville  that  if  he  continued  to  molest 
the  Iroquois,  he  could  not  refrain  from  giving  them  open 
aid.' 


■'  J 


lOl.siiys  df  Berfrurs,  witli  one  liuii- 
(Ircil  and  twenty  iiiiMi,  was  lut't  uu- 
(Icr  tlic  Clicvalii'i'  Ul'  Trovt'S,  wiili 
sii]i|ili('s  tor  ciiilit  iMontlis.  Di'  la 
I'Dtlicrio.  Ilistoire  do  I'Aim'iiiiuc 
Sciiti'iitrionalc,  ii.,  p.  "JOS,  says  dcs 
BiTjriTs  liad  (iiic  huiiilrcd  lurii, 
Sec  (N.ldcii.  Kivr  Xatimis,  ITOT,  p. 
10','. 

'  La  lliintan  siiys  tlmt  de  iIiTfriTs 
and  twi'lvc  iiu'ii  <  scaped  tlie  sciii-vy, 
and  were  I'omid  by  sniui'  Mhiniis, 
wlio  aided  tliemti)  reacli  l'at;iruC"iiy: 
Noiiv.  Voyaire,  i.,  p.  l;!l.  He  la 
I'olheiie,    llisloire    de    I'.Vnii'i'iiiuo 


Septentrionale,  ii.,  p.  210,  says  all 
died  liiit  seven  or  eij,'lit,  who  were 
saved  l)y  -Mianiis. 

'■■  HehiKint  aseiibes  it  to  the  I'resh 
pork  eaten  at  the  Seneea  village, 
whieli  caused  dysenteries,  Histniro 
(111  Canada,  p.  20,  tlKuich  on  \>.  27 
hi  altriluites  it  to  scurvy  I'roui  salt 
fond  and  lack  of  veixetaMes. 

■'  .\  new  fort  has  been  built  here 
within  a  few  years.  Several  colo- 
nists have  .setth'd  thiTe,  but  no  ono 
complains  of  the  unheidth fulness  of 
tlie  lur.     C/i'ir/'  rfii.v. 

'Dnlltiall  to  Dell, )nville,  Mil  Sept., 


(I, 


292 


HISTORY  OP   NEW  FRANCE. 


:! 


.1 


;f 


L      ,.i  . 


\  ,< 


t '  H, 


"       ,    . 


1 ''- 


1687.         Tlio  gciicrtil  mado  lij^lit  of  his  threats,  and  seeing  no 

""*'>'""''  i)rospcct  of  rodiicinf];  the  Iroquois  by  force  of  arms,  de- 

Aii  iro.iiiuis  voted  himself  entirely  to  creating  division  among  them. 

St.  I,  .Ills    He  had  not  yet  been  able  to  penetrate  the  real  disposition 

Vi'iii'.v  lor    of  the  Mohawk  canton.     Ono  of  the  chiefs  of  Sault  St. 

ru  ifion  uiit  Lq^Jj,^  ^,]jq  y.^^  from  that  canton,  and  who  was  styled  in 

'^°'"">-     Canada  "  Tlie  Great  Mohawk"  (Le  Grand  Agnier),  offered 

to  go  with  five  others,  and  Itriug  back  certain  intelligence  ' 

His  offer  was  accepted,  and  as  ho  was   crossing   Lake 

Champlain,  he  met  a  party  of  sixty  Mohawks  sent  out  by 

Colonel  Dongan  to  make  prisoners.      He  went  forward 

fearlessly  to  meet  them,  told  them  that  Ononthio  did  not 

wish  to  make  war  on  them,  and  spoke  with  so  much  power 

that  he  induced  them  to  return  home.     He  even  preached 

Jesus  Christ  to  them  in  a  manner  which  affected  them 

pensibly,  and  he  actually  brought  four  of  them  to  Sault 

St.  Loiais." 

He  then  sent  his  nephew  with  another  Indian  to  the 
cantons  of  Oneida  and  Onondaga,  to  give  them  the  same 
assurance  that  he  had  just  given  his  own  tribesmen  ;  and 
the  great  influence  Avhich  his  merit  and  virtue  had  ac- 
quired, upheld  oy  the  good  servi(  'S  of  Garakonthie,  who 
nvrested  aii  the  violent  resolutions  in  his  canton,  were  for 
some  time  a  powerful  barrier,  which  all  the  efforts  of  the 
governor  of  New  York  could  not  overthrow.  Fear  of 
treatment  like  that  just  experienced  by  the  Seneca  canton, 
had  also  its  effect. 
Matters  were  still  on  the  same  footing   at   Hudson's 


IfiST.  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  iii.,  j).  472  ; 
Doc.  Hist.,  i.,  p.  1(13. 

'  Dt'noiivillH  to  ^-''ifrnt'lay.Octolicr 
27,  1()S7,  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  is.,  p.  352. 
The  great  Mohawk,  cnllcd  in  New 
York  accounts  Krvn:  N.  Y.  Col. 
Doc,  iii.,  p.  47s.  Hi'  lii'canic  a  cou- 
vrrt  at  l/iiprairii'  in  l(i7l,  and,  re- 
turuing  to  Causlmawaga,  wuly  iu 
1071)  li'd  quite  a  colony  to  tlie  St. 
1..,  .vrence  :  Helaliones  Inc'ilites,  ).. 
y,  iibl  ;  Mission  Ue  St.  Xuvier  lies 


I'res.  1C.74,  ^rS.  ;  Cliauchetiere,  Vio 
de  la  L'onm;  Catherine,  MS.  ;  Rela- 
tion, 107:i-il,  |).  142.  After  the  event 
nienlicned  in  the  text,  he  joined  the 
expedition  against  Schenectady,  and 
was  killed  .lune  4,  KillO,  on  Salmon 
River  by  some  Abnakis,  who  mis- 
took his  party  lor  Enirlisli :  Siiea, 
Hist.  Cath.  Missions,  p]).  271 , 2!)S.  :)20. 
'^  Denonville  to  Siignelay,  <  )ctoljer 
27,  1(1S7,  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  |i.  ;i."i2 ; 
Schuyler  to  Dongan,  ib.,  iii.,  p.  478. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


293 


IJay  ;  Imt  tlio  prfcpclinp;  antumii  thoro  took  place  an  ac-      1687. 
tioii  too  siiii^nliir  to  l)o  omitted  in  tins  history.     I  derive  it  ^"""^i^""^ 
from  ii  letter  of  the  Marquis  do  Denonvillo,  who  received   Kxi'ioit  of 

'  '  two 

iiitf'lli<,'ei)ee  of  it  on  his  return  from  Niagara.  Fri>iiciiim'n 

ill  IIiiiUou's 

^Ir.  (Vllierville,  who  was  still  in  command  of  the  forts  at  'iay- 
th(^  head  of  the  bay,  learning;  that  an  English  ship  was 
cauglit  in  the  ice  near  Charleston,  a  small  fort  recently 
tlirowu  up  liy  the  English,  six  leagues  from  Saint  Anne, 
sent  four  men  to  reconnoitre  it.  One  of  the  four  fell  sick 
on  the  way,  and  was  obliged  to  return;  tlio  three  others 
were  a]i]iarently  not  sufficiently  on  their  guard ;  they  al- 
lowed  tlicmselves  to  be  surprised  by  the  crow  of  the  shi^-*. 
When  they  least  expected  it,  a  volley  of  musketry  was 
poured  on  them,  though  without  wounding  any  of  them. 
Tlii'v  cndeavoi-ed  to  fly,  but  were  pursued.  One  escaped  ; 
tlie  two  others  were  taken  and  bound,  then  carried  on 
board  and  shut  up  at  the  bottom  of  the  hold. 

When  the  ]u'oper  time  for  navigation  came,  the  master 
of  tlie  slii])  having  been  drowned  while  running  on  the  ice 
floes,  one  of  which  gave  way  under  him,  the  crew  found  it- 
self reduced  to  six  men,  and  was  consequently  too  feeble 
to  work  the  vessel.  They  accordingly  released  one  of 
their  two  prisoners,  choosing  the  man  who  seemed  to  them 
the  least  resolute,  but  they  had  miscalculated.  One  day 
when  four  Englishmen  were  busy  on  the  yards,  tho 
Frenchman,  seeing  only  two  sailors  near  him,  seized  an 
axe  unperceived  by  them,  and  tomahawked  them.  He 
then  ran  to  release  his  comrade,  and  the  two  having  armed 
themselves  to  the  teeth,  forced  tho  Englishmen  to  come 
down,  and  secured  them.  They  then  sailed  for  St.  Anne, 
but  had  not  proceeded  far  when  they  met  Mr.  d'Ibervillo, 
who,  having  heard  of  their  detention,  was  coming  to  re- 
cover ov  av(^nge  them.  Tho  ship  which  then'  brouglit  was 
quite  richly  laden,  and  well  provided  with  goods  which 
came  quite  seasonably  to  revictual  Fort  St.  Anne,  and  fill 
its  storehouses.' 


'  Denouvillt;  to  Scignelay,  August  85,  1087,  N.  Y.  Col.  Doo.,  ix.,  p.  344. 


i 

■n 


I 


294 


if)R7. 


Knteriiri-c 

oflllU 

Kiii;lisli  ill 
Aoadiii, 


HISTORY  OP  NEW  FRANCE, 

DriKiiivillc  was  far  fi'om  liavin,!^  as  favoralilo  iiitcllit;i'iir'o 
to  coiuinnnii'iiti'  to  tlio  I'ourt  from  Acadia  and  its  vicinity. 
Thoso  soutlu'rn  provinces  of  Canada  continued  to  bo  left 
nurelieved,  and  tlie  Enj^dish  rarely  missed  the  opportunity 
to  jirofit  by  this  nejj;li^ence,  to  assail  tlie  ]iosts  which  were 
not  in  a  ])osition  to  resist.  Dntohnien  who  arrived  oil'  tho 
coast  a  few  years  b(>fore,  had  demolished  Fort  Penta^'oet.' 
Baron  do  Saint  Castiu,  ex-ca]itain  in  the  Cari^nan  regi- 
ment," had  taken  up  his  post  there  after  a  partial  restora- 
tion ;  but  some  time  after  the  governor-general  of  New 
England  sent  to  summon  him  to  retire,  ]iretending  that 
tho  whole  country,  as  far  as  St.  Croix  Island,  belonged  to 
his  government. 

Ho  derided  the  summons,  though  jierfectly  conscious 
that  unli'ss  relief  came  he  must  at  last  succumb  ;  and  this 
is  evident  from  his  letter  of  July  9th  of  this  year,  addressed 
to  Mr.  de  Deuonville,  complaining  of  the  English  preten- 
sions. He  added  that  the  governor-general  of  New  Eng- 
land a]ipeared  to  have  correspondents  in  the  country.  On 
tho  whole,  the  neglect  into  which  those  fine  provinces  had 
been  allowed  to  fall,  was  the  more  surprising,  as  in  tho 


Ht>  mnl\iH  it  nrcur  in  the  fall,  conse- 
quently  of  lOSfi,  after  the  departure 
of  (le  Trove  in  Auf^ust.  KigC.  Iber- 
ville remained  six  raonths  longi'V  : 
Pe  In  Pdtlierie. 

'  Ante,  ,).  188. 

■  N.  Y.  Col.  Poc.,  ix.,  p.  mo.  Vin- 
cent, Baron  de  St.  Castin.  was  n  na- 
tive of  Oleroii,  in  Heiu-n  :  came  to 
Canada  in  l('i(!."i,  not  as  colonel  of  the 
reirimcnt  Carifinnn  Saliere.i,  as  erro- 
neously Slated  by  Dexter  (Cliurch's 
Indian  Wars,  partii.,  p. li'lnnd  other 
American  writers,  wlio  follow  Uny- 
nnl.  but  as  we  are  told  by  Rev.  Mr. 
Petit  (h'ttcr  in  M<rr.  St.  Valier's 
Ktat  Present,  p.  :!!li.  liinisclf  oriKin- 
nlly  a  cai'tnin  in  tliat  rei'inient.  as 
ensiirn  ill  Chambly's  company,  beiiij; 
at  the  lime  only  ftfleen  years  of  age. 


That  he  ever  became  captain  is 
doubtful:  Ferland.  ii.,  ji.  151.  He 
married  n  daughter  of  Mndocka- 
wnndo.  by  whom  he  Imd  several 
children.  When  the  Chevalier  de 
(frandfontaine,  cajitain  in  the  reu'i- 
meiit  ('.  S..  was  put  in  command  in 
.''.  'adia  (ante  1:i8i,  St.  Cnstin  is  said 
to  have  been  made  his  liententaiit, 
althougli  this  may  have  been  under 
(irandfontaine's  successor,  de  Cliaiii- 
bly.  The  plunderins:  of  St.  Castin's 
place  by  the  Knglish  drove  him 
among  the  Indians,  whose  life  lie  to 
someextent  adopteil,  and  over  whom 
he  acquired  great  influence.  His 
wroiiirs  cost  \ew  Kii;r'aiid  dear.  He 
returned  to  France  about  ITIO,  soiiio 
of  his  children  ri'iiiaiiiiiig :  Shea's 
Catholic  Missions,  p.  l!(i. 


( 


HISTORY   OF    NEW  FRANCE. 


295 


= 


])r('C('(liii,i,'  yt'iii's  tliu  court  sci'UuhI  to  hiivu  (letcniiiiicil  to      '  '  ' 
derive  from  them  nil  the  iulviiutiigo  that  tlu-y  could  reudor 
to  Friiuce. 

Mr.  do  Moulos,  as  already  remarked,  visited  Acadia  to-    Advico  of 
wards  the  close  of  the  year  1G85.     On  his  returu  to  Que-  m,.",ii,V'u»  to 
hec  he  reported  to  tho  minister  that  the  most  useful  set-    shouM  bo 
tleniiMit  that  his  majesty  could  make  in  America  was  Aca-  *  °'.u',i,iJrjV° 
dia.     Ho  at  tho  same  time  wrote  to  tin;  kiuf,'  that  New 
France  could  not,  in  its  actual  condition,  maintain  itself, 
and  tliat  the  fur-trade  was  not  enough  to  supjiort  it  ;  that 
this  was  most  unfortunate  tho  setters  being  fitted  for  any 
thing  ;  that  in  truth  if  wo  had  all  the  furs  of  Canada  it 
would  be  an  important  object,  but  this  could  not  be  reck- 
oned on  as  long  as  tlujre  were  Iroquois  in  the  country  and 
English  in  their  vicinity.' 

That  this  was  not  the  case  with  Acadia,  where  there  was 
nothing  to  ^u'event  the  establishment  of  fisheries  ;  Ijut  that 
to  be  abh;  to  do  so  securidy,  it  was  necessary  to  settle  and 
fortify  Port  Royal  and  to  build  a  good  fort  at  Pentagoet, 
to  serve  as  a  barrier  for  Acadia  against  tho  English  ;  that 
if  with  this  sonu'thing  could  be  expended  on  Port  de  la 
Heve,  on  the  island  of  Cape  Breton,  Isle  Percee,  and  in 
fortifying  Placentia,  in  Newfoundland,  which  Sieur  Parat, 
then  in  command  tliere,  was  too  weak  to  defend  in  case 
of  attack,  France  would  be  sole  mistress  of  the  cod  fish- 
eries ;  but  it  was  advisable  that  his  majesty  should  incur 
all  the  ex)ienses,  and  not  farm  out  the  fisheries  so  soon  : 
l.)y  allowing  those  who  undertook  it  to  make  some  profit, 
lie  would  soon  be  reimbursed  for  his  outlay.  He  added, 
that  having  taken  the  census  of  all  that  depended  on  the 
government  of  Acadia,  he  had  found  nine  hundred  souls 
there." 

Towards  the  close  of  summer  there  was  a  great  mortality 
in  Canada,''  and  this  was  what  chiefly  prevented  Mr.  de 


N.  Y.  (V) 


I'OC.   IX.,   ]!. 


DeMcmvillo  to  Scifjnclay,  OctoIxT 


•  Letters  .hily  18-li), '  iHl,  ainatla    37,  KiST.  N.  V.  V<>\.  Dee.,  ix..  p.  -M. 
Doc.,  II.,  v.,  p.  353.  Measles  was  brought  by  tlie  ships, 


f 


I 

'I.  « 


HISTORY   OF   NEW   FRANCE. 


168: 


Wlint 

)iieviiits 

Mr.  ilo 

Di'iioiiville 

I'rimi 
nijiri'liinir 


Di'iionvillc  from  carryiiif,'  out  the  projoct  lio  had  foinxd 
of  a  ftccoud  exjx'dition  aj^'aiust  tho  Senecas  ;  inon'over,  lie 
couhl  now  h'ss  than  ever  eomit  ujion  tlio  Indians  of  the 
wesstorn  parts,  especially  ou  the  Hurons  of  Michillinnikinac, 
for  ho  had  discovered  that  these  last  kept  np  secret  cor- 
iiifiiiriHt  tiiu  resjioudence  with  tho  Iroquois,  even  before  the  preceding 
Bucoiidtiiiio.  cauiijaigu,  althouf^h  during  it  they  did  their  duty  quite 
Avell.'  Moreover,  tho  English  were  waging  open  war  upon 
us  on  the  coast  of  Acadia,"  and  there  could  be  no  doubt 
that  they  were  always  ready  to  aid  our  enemies  when  wo 
wished  to  attack  them. 
Reflections  The  general's  gi-eatcst  embarrassments  came  from  the 
enviriHT's  orders  which  he  received  from  tho  court,  to  give  them  no 
"  "'ti'uu''^ '  cause  of  complaint ; '  but  these  orders,  doubtless,  presup- 
])osed  that  the  English  on  their  side  would  act  in  the  same 
spirit  towards  us,  but  this  was  not  so.  It  is  certain  that 
a  firmer  and  more  lofty  attitude  with  neighbors  of  that 
stam]),  who  observed  none  of  the  articles  of  the  treaty  of 
neutrality,  would  not  have  been  disapproved.  It  is  not 
disobeditMice  to  a  sovereign  to  interpret  his  will,  and  do 
whnt  he  would  do  himself  were  lie  informed  of  the  actual 
state  of  aft'airs.  This  is  especially  true  in  a  remote  colony, 
where  a  governor-general  may  suppose  that  his  master 
does  not  require  of  him  a  blind  obedience,  and  where  he 
must  know  that  it  is  for  him  to  harmonize  the  interests 
of  the  state  and  the  glory  of  the  prince  with  the  instruc- 
tions which  he  receives.  Louis  XIV.  more  than  once  so 
explained  his  instructions,  even  with  regard  to  the  com- 
mandants of  distant  posts  ;  but  Mr.  de  Denonville  did  not 
sufficiently  reflect  on  this. 

Moreover,  he  did  not  personally  make  himself  sufficiently 
acquainted  with  the  affiiirs  of  t^.e  country,  or  rather  all 


f 


and  spotted  ('over  broke  out.    Sillery  '  Perrot,  Mreurs  et  Coustunies,  p. 

was  dei)0])ulated,  one  hundred  and  14;!  ;  la  Hontan,  i.,  p.  113. 

iliirty  linvinir  died.     Belmont,  Hist.  -  Williiinison'n  Maine,  i.,  p.  HS^. 

du   Canada,    p.  '^S,  puts  deaths  at  ■''  Louis  XIV.  to  I)i'noiiville,  Juno 

Bwenteeu  hundred.  17,  1089,  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  p.  330. 


HTSTOHY   OF  NEW   FRANCE. 


997 


whom  he  cniisnltcd  t'ov  infdnnatioii  did  not  dcsorvo  {]w 
coiitidciici'  ht'  vt'pdscd  ill  thciu.  Scncral  cvmi  iilmscd  it, 
t(i  luako  liiiii  follow  tlii'ir  ]KH'nliai'  ideas  or  to  subsorvo 
tlicir  own  ends.  I'ndt>r  a  fj;ovt'riiov  who  (h'clarcs  0]>(>nly  in 
favor  of  virtuo,  and  does  not  snltiinoiitly  <listrust  those  who 
surround  him,  interest,  amViition,  and  the  other  ])assionH 
have  only  to  assume  a  mask,  the  casi(>st  tiling  in  the 
world  to  men  who  are  not  t^nichnl  by  conseienee  and  honor. 

This  was  never  more  sensil)le  t'lan  under  the  adiiiinis- 
triition  of  the  Marquis  do  Dv'nonriile.  This  }];eneral  ]>os- 
sessed,  in  a  sovereifi;n  deforce,  all  that  can  constitute  a  per- 
fectly upriu;lit  man  in  the  eyes  of  God  and  in  the  eyes  of 
man.  He  lacked  no  qmility  necessary  to  form  the  mind 
and  heart  of  a  youn^'  ]irineo  destined  to  f»overn  a  p;i-eat 
kiii;4(h)m  ;  and  it  is  known  how  his  oxamplo  caused  virtuo 
and  roli<j;ion  to  bo  respected  at  court.  He  was,  moreover, 
of  tried  coura<^e  ;  ho  was  well  versed  in  war.  He  had 
solely  hi  view  the  advautafj;o  of  the  colony  and  the  pro- 
j^'ress  of  relijj;ion,  and  he  zealously  embraced  ev(>ry  pro^io- 
sition  for  causing,'  either  to  flourish.  No  one  i^avi*  the  court 
more  just  or  sound  advice  as  to  what  Avas  to  be  done  in 
Canada,  and  seldom  but  in  his  time  were  the  three  who 
shared  authority  guided  by  that  good  understanding  which 
is  so  necessary  for  the  happiness  of  the  people  and  tlio 
good  of  the  service. 

But  he  sometimes  lacked  activity  and  vigor.  He  did 
not  apply  himself  to  know  well  those  who  approached  liini, 
and  he  did  not  always  i)ersovcre  in  what  ho  undertook,  as 
in  the  case  of  Fort  Niagara.  Before  undertaking  to  estab- 
lish that  post,  he  should  have  been  well  resolved  to  main- 
tain it  without  being  discouraged  by  difficulties,  and  not 
expose  himself  to  the  contempt  of  all  the  nations  by  aban- 
doning it.  Moreover,  the  mortality  ^vhich  ensued  there, 
and  which  deprived  the  colony  of  the  Chevalier  de  Troye, 
an  othcer  of  yreat  merit,  with  an  entire  garrison  of  a  hun- 
dred men,  and  whieli  committed  ravages  equally  as  great 
at  Catarooouy,  did  not  arise,  as  Mr.  de  Denonville  sup- 


16S7. 


His 

l'lll(Pl.'MlMl. 


KrpTrt  tliiit 

lie 
CdiuiiiiltfJ, 


M' 


298 


HISTOUY  OF   NEW    FHANCE. 


I.  \l 


I 
I'  I 


,1 


163;.  posed,  fi'oiii  tlicir  1)<Mii<:j  eonHtuntly  1iai'a><s<r'(1  mid  in  Hotno 
'"'^' ~~"  Koi't  hlockiidt'd  ]>\  tilt'  iMU'iiiv,  so  tliiit  tlicy  liiid  not  lilicrty 
to  obtiiiii  tlic  It'iist  ivfroHliniciit  by  mciiiiH  of  liiiiitiiiM;  and 
fisliinf?,  Imt  from  the  fiu-t  tlmt  most  of  tlio  i)rovisions  left 
tliero  ]ii'ovod  to  lio  spoiled  and  eansed  scurvy,  and  from 
the  fact  that  no  attention  was  i)aid  to  sendinj^'  remo- 
dics  there,  faults  that  would  not  havo  been  eommittod, 
or  at  least  not  havo  gouo  unpuuishod,  under  .i  firmer 
rule. 

It  has  been  stated  that  Mr.  do  Denonvillo  had  so  pi-oat 
an  aversi(m  to  the  Indians,  that  he  eould  scarcely  b(>ar  tho 
sij,'lit  of  them  witlioiit  being,  in  a  manner,  beside  himself ; 
but  nothing  is  mon^  unjust  than  the  re])roach  nnide  him  on 
this  score,  for,  were  it  a  fact,  this  purely  natural  defect 
W(mld  redound  only  to  his  glory,  as  it  never  ju'evented  his 
tieating  with  those  Indiam  ,  either  in  public  or  private, 
when  there  was  niH'd.  This  lie  could  not  have  done  with- 
out incalculable  struggles  with  himself,  which  constituto 
real  courage. 
Vurimis  "^'^  returu  to  the  Iroquois  :  while  men  were  reposing  a 
'"^"'j'l''^"-"""'' little  too  much  on  tho  fear  in  which  tho  Iroquois  seemed 
lp..|ii,,is.  to  i„.  „f  .^  ,,^,\y  irrujjtion  into  their  country,  and  perhaps 
also  on  new  orders  just  received  by  Colonel  Dongan,  to 
labor  for  a  p(^ace  between  the  other  cantons  and  ourselves, 
■with  very  formal  directions  against  his  furnishing  them 
arms  or  munitions  of  any  kind,  on  the  3d  of  November' 
Fort  Chanibly  w;is  suddenly  bosi(>ged  by  a  largo  numl  jr 
of  Mohawks  and  ^Mohegjins  ;  and  it  was  afterwards  [iscer- 
tained  that  this  enterprise  was  the  work  of  the  governor 
of  New  York.' 


'  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc.  ix.,  p.  non,  but  Coldcn,  Five  Nations  (172T).  p.  103  ; 

no   dnti'  fiivcn.     Brlmont,   Ilistoire  Bniitli's  Hintory  of  New  York,  IT.")?, 

(lu  Ciinnilii,  ]i.  37,  says  OcIoIkt  4.  p.  5.3.      lie  advised  thciii   to  tako 

r»u    ricssis    coiiuimndcd     tlii'    fort.  Fri'ncli    prisoners  (Coldoii,   ji.   10(i ; 

Tlic  nssailantswi'n'  onclmndn'd  mid  Siuitli,  \t.  T)!!)  ;  to  look  out  sharp,  eg- 

fitly  Moliawks.     'I'licy  tool;  a  soldier  ]x>cially    at     • 'adarackui,    Oiiinirarn, 

nnd  his  wil'.'  and  child.  'I'mis  Ki .  icn-s,  Mmitri'al.  and  Clinm 

■•' See  Donpraii':;  address  to  the  Five  Idy  (('olden,  p.   lO'.l  ;  Siiiitli,  ]i.   .1(5), 

Nations  at  Albany,  August  5  (of.) :  planning  the  subsetjueut  eampaigUB 


IITSTOHY  OF  NKW   FItANrE. 


290 


T\w  rcsistiuici'  tlii'V  riicouiit.'ifil  forced  tlinn,  iiidocd,  to  1687. 
d.ciiiiii.  th.'  iKNt  (liiv  ;  liiit  it  was  not  till  aftrr  tlioy  lind 
liiinicd  some  isoliitt'd  lumsca  mid  carried  oil"  suine  prison- 
ers. 'I'lie  l'aihir<'  of  this  expedition,  and  a  notification  to 
Governor  Don.itaii  that  his  complicity  in  it  was  known, 
made  iiiiii  fear  ivprisuls.  The  ahirm  at  Oranf,'e  was  even 
so  ^'reat  tiiat  tlui  coiintry-piMjpln  sent  in  all  their  vahiaMes, 
and  a  hody  of  twelve  hundred  Indians  sjuait  tin!  whoK) 
winter  around  that  town  to  protect  it." 

Simultaneously  almost  with  the  investment  of  Fort 
Chanibly,  forty  ()nondaf,'as  apin'oached  ("atarocouy  and 
carried  iitV,  near  that  Un\,  three  soldiers  and  Mademoisello 
d'.Uonne.'  Mr.  d'Orvilliers,  to  whom  that  lady  found 
me.'ins  of  making,'  known  the  misfortune  tiiat  had  lielalleu 
her,  sent  to  the  enemy  to  propose  a  conference  on  tho  very 
spot  where  they  had  halted.  It  was  acceiited,  and  Father 
<h'  I.aml)ervi'lle,  wlio  was  fortunately  then  at  ("atarocouy, 
consented  to  unih'rtakc;  to  f^o  and  ne}:;otiate  with  them. 
The  missionary  ])o<^nn  by  askinjj;  them  why  they  had  00m- 
mittc-'d  this  hostility  whilo  wo  were  at  war  with  the  Seno- 
cas  only.  They  replied  that  Onontliio,  having'  arrested 
their  chiefs,  had  ^  iolated  tho  peace. 

"  Your  chiefs,"  replii'd  tho  Father,  "  arc  at  Quebec ;  they 
were  arrested  only  because  you  k'^"^"^''  "*^  reason  to  distrust 
yon."  "  And  how,"  replied  the  Inxiuois,  "are  they  treati'd 
at  (Juebec  ?"  "  Except,"  lie  replied,  "  tiiat  they  have  had 
fetters  jmt  on  their  teet  to  prevent  their  escape,  they  have 
110  reason  to  complain  of  the  treatment  given  them."  On 
conchiding  these  words  he  presouted  thom  two  belts  ;  one 

of  tlu'   l.nL'uc.     ('oia.'ii,  \\   111,  iu  'TlwrPSCfiiiwnonutl.orityfnrtliiK. 

gtatiiifillii.t   l)(..ii;.ui  was  c.iuih'II.mI  '•'  Hrlntion   of  tlw   Kvnts   of  the 

bv  \hv  lull^'  t,.  iifTiv.'  to  11  (vssatioM  Wiir,   N.   V.   Col.   I»o<'  ,  i\..  P-  :!^!>- 

of  nrms   an.l   (i.'livrr   up   i.ris-n.Ts  Arconlin-  to  Hrliuoiit.   lllslunv  du 

without     r,m,litio,is,     is     ..Vulrntlv  Cnnmli;,    i.)..   '-'<l-7.  t'ataronmy   was 

wroiv     Tlu'    tiv»t>-   of    ivutiiiliiy  lirsicgcd  in  Au.irust  and  Scpi.  lulx-r. 

in-ucodrd  'lasr  niatlVrs.  an.l  tliouu'l.  Niajinra     was     brsifgod     by    forty 

Dnn-an   was  ivniovud,   ibo  instnic-  cauo.'s.     l-'.mi' Inin.liv.i   Iro.pw.iH  dn- 

tionsToAn.irossbowlhat.bmwsII.  Hn^ndrd    tlir    St     l.awicna'       The 

yiulded  uolhint;  of  Dongiiu'H  clalni.^.  Mubawiis  buinrd  Vfivluivs, 


i  i 


I     ir' 


i 


I 


:ll",  1' 


!i 


H         ' 


noo 


niHToRY  Of  NFVV  F»AN('E. 


j6)<7.  to  Iiidiicc  lliciii  not  to  liiiriM  tlicir  priHoiiorM,  iiiul  tlio  otiirr 
"-""'"^  to  ixliort  tluni  not  to  tiikt*  ii|>  tlic  (|uaiTnl  of  tho  Sonocas, 
who  hail  iiiisrasonalily  (Uawii  on  thtMnsi'Ivi'S  th(>  in(lij,'na- 
tirin  of  tlitir  iMitlicr.  They  rrcoivtul  tho  Ix'ltH,  and  tlio 
part  it's  scpaiiitnl.  'IMii!  juiMoiicrH  wcro  taktui  to  Onon- 
(iH^a,  will  TO  th<  V  were  ticatnl  vtiy  It'uinutly,  but  tho  Wits 
n('i'(>  st'ut  to  tho  ^,'ovovnoi'  of  Now  York.' 

If  th(»  Tro(|uois  seized  at  Catarocony  wcro  still  at  Qno- 
('"inii.i  lice  when  Father  de  Ijanilierville  so  positivelv  asserted  it,' 
|.r  i|.(i.i.    it  is  certain  that  thoy  wore  not  whon  tho  f^ovonior-^ouoral 

■    .In  Mr 


Vlllf 


lu  II,  ii.ri-'  loarucd  what  had  taken  i)hico.  Ahoiit  a  mouth  al'turwardH 
an  envoy  of  Colonel  Don^^'an '  arrived  at  the  capital  with  a 
letter  from  that  governor,  who  denninded  an  explanation 
of  th(!  two  holts  prosontt>d  by  tho  missiomiry  to  tho  Onon- 
da^'as  ;  and  tin*  f^enoral,  not  yot  inforniod  of  tho  fact,  re- 
plied verbally  that   ho  woidd  send  his  reply  when  ho  was 


in 


formed  of  tho  matter  in  ipiestion 


111  fact,  ho  soon  after  dispatched  to  Manhattan  Father 
KithiT     Vaillant  de  (iueslis,  whom  ho  advised,  on  his  return,  to 


N'Millllllt 


that 


mm  lu  iiiiii.  visit  the  ]\rohawks,  by  whom  that  missionary  was  mm 
csteeiiiod,  to  niako  no  pro])ositioii  to  Colonel  Doii<,'an,  and 
merely  to  ascertain  wliother  that  {^'ovei  mcu'  had  any  ])ropo- 
sitioii  to  submit  to  him.  Fathor  Vaillant  sot  out  on  tho 
last  day  of  tho  year  KW?,  and  in  the  first  interview  which 
lie  had  with  the  Eii.ylish  f^foveriior  he  could  el,""it  notliiiii,' 
from  him  excei)t  that  ho  had  sent  an  (sxpross  t  tlio  Mar- 
quis do  Di'nonvillo,  simply  to  liavo  an  explanation  of  tho 
two  bolts  which  Father  de  Lambervillo  liad  presented  to 
the  Onondaf^as. 


This  wiiH  ('(ili)iii'l  I'ulriik  Miif^ic- 


1 
1 


b 


niSTOHY  (IF  NFW  FUANCK. 


aoi 


Omduiilly,  iKVi'itlit'li'HH,  tlw  iniMHioimn"  iiidnocil  him  to     i(>^7- 
pxpliiiii  Ills  (Ii'IhiiihIm  iiiurr  fully,  ami  DoiiKmi  iit  liiHt  ilf-  """'■''"■^ 
ciiircd  pliiiiily  tim)  tlic  Frmcli  iimst  cxiu'ct  pciu'c  IVimi  tlic     |.;,yjj|",,, 
Ti'iMjiiois  only  1)11  tlicsf  four  ('oiiilitioiis  :  1st,  tliiit  tlic   In-  j,^''','|^,'|','[|,"l[i, 
iliiuiH  sent  to  Friuici'   to  Hcrvo  in   tlio  niillinM  slumM  lio    'IimiuihN 
lii'ou^;lit  Wiick  ;  -M,  tlnit  tiic  C'liristiiin  Tnn|ii(iiH  of  Siiult  St.  mii-iHmiry. 
Lniiis  iintl  tlif  Moiintuin  sliould  lio  oMi;.;('d  to  return  to 
tlii'iv  ciintoiiH  ;    !!d.   Unit    I'ovtH  C'litiii'ocony   mid  Niii;,'iini 
slionld   lie   nizcd  ;     Itli,  that   every  tiling,'  taken  fnmi  the 
Seneca  vilhi},'eH  Hlumkl  ho  restored  to  tiieiii.     lie  then  dis- 
inissed  tho  misHionary  without  allow  inj,'  him  to  see  tho 
^lohawkw.' 

Ho  innuediately  suuimonod  to  Alhany  the  ])rineipal  |,;^ 
HaeheiiiH  of  the  tivo  eantons,'  to  whom  ho  Btated  that  the  '"'■'j'|;|«'' t" 
^oveiiior-^teiieral  of  tho  French  had  sent  to  lie^'  him  to  Ir'"!"""". 
elVeet  a  ])eiice  lu'tween  thiMn  and  him  ;  tiiat  he  had  not 
deemed  it  ])roi)er  to  refuse  to  enter  into  negotiation,  luul 
that  he  had  submitttul  to  tho  French  eonditicmn,  with  which 
tliey  would  have  every  reason  to  lie  sati;  IicmI.  Pie  ex- 
plained these  c(niditions  to  them,  and  then  added  :  "  I  de- 
sire you  to  lay  down  the  hatchet,  hut  I  do  not  wish  you  to 
Iniry  it :  content  yourselves  with  merely  liidiiif,'  it  under 
the  grass,  so  tliat  you  may  take  it  up  a},'ain  easily  when 
there  is  need.  Tho  king,  my  master,  has  forhidden  mo 
to  furnish  you  with  arms  and  ammunition  in  case  you 
continue  to  mak(!  war  cm  the  French  ;  tait  do  not  allow 
this  prohibition  to  alarm  you.  If  the  French  reject  these 
cime.itions  which  I  have  projiosed  to  them,  you  .shall  want 
nothing  necessary  to  do  justice  to  you.  I  will  sooner  fur- 
nish it  to  you  at  my  own  oxpenso  than  forsake  you  in  so 
just  a  cause.     ]\Iy  advice  to  yon  now  is,  to  keep  well  on 

'  N.  Y.  Col.  noo.,  ix.,  p.  "iSO.    Fn-  DocumcntH,  ili.,  pj).  .")20-.5;t2. 
tlii-r  Vnilliuit   wiih  HcconipnnitMl  l)y         '  N.  Y.  Ctil.  Doc.ix,  p.  "SH.     Dim 

Isliiiiilicrt     Dimioiit,       'I'hi'V     wen:  gun's  Addrrss  to  the  Fivi' Niitioiiw  is 

tiiUi'ii    by    till'    Molii'jjcims,  iind   ill  dnti'd  Fcliiuary  S  (ib.,  iii ,  p.  r,:V.i), 

tri'iitrd.      'I'lic    corrcspuiKlciici'    be-  cnrliiT  tliuii   the  lust  paprr  in  the 

twfcn  tlii^ni  imil   I)on;.riin,  in  I'clpni  nrgotiiilidu  with  Viiilluut. 
urv,    ttiSS,    is    in    N.    Y.    ("iiloniHl 


MM. 


,il 


I'  t 


^■f 


'•   K 


I' 


,1  ' 


302 


1688. 


Those 
Iiulians  re 

new  l;,s 

llOSlililiL'S. 


Neffotiii- 
tioiis  with 

tliu 
Oiiondagiis 


HISTORY  OP  NEW  FRANCE. 

your  f;;n.ir(I  for  fear  ot  some  now  treachoiy  on  the  part  of 
your  enonucs,  and  secretly  to  make  yoiir  preparations  to 
burst  down  on  them  by  Lake  Champlain  and  Catarocouy 
when  you  are  oblij,'ed  to  renew  the  ■war.'" 

Tlie  Iroquois  deputies  understood  all  that  the  governor 
wished  them  to  infer,  and  remained  (juite  tranquil  durinjif 
tlie  rest  of  the  winter.  As  soon  as  the  navigation  of  the 
rivers  was  open,  Mr.  de  Denonville  sent  a  great  convoy  to 
Catarocouy ,''  with  orders  to  the  officer  in  command  to  as- 
certain the  condition  in  which  the  garrison  at  Niagara 
might  be,  and  to  send  a  reinforcement  there,  should  it  be 
necessary.  This  convoy  reached  its  destination  quite 
safely  ;  but  as  those  who  had  conducted  it  were  returning 
to  Montreal,  twenty-five  or  thirty  Iroquois  surprised  one 
of  their  canoes,  and  cut  off  the  heads  of  two  men  in  sight 
of  the  commandant,  who,  instead  of  rushing  to  the  relief 
of  the  wretched  men,  destroyed  seventeen  of  his  canoes, 
in  order  to  increase  the  crews  of  the  rest  and  escape  more 
easily.''  Mr.  de  Denonville  gives  in  one  of  his  letters  a 
different  account,  apparently  as  reported  to  him  by  the 
officer.  He  simply  states  that  five  men  of  this  convoy 
having  straggled  somewhat  to  hunt,  were  killed  bj-  the 
Iroquois. 

It  was  evident  that  these  savages  would  no  longer  listen 
to  propositions  of  peace  ;  and  the  governor-general,  who 
saw  himself  in  no  position  to  carry  on  war,  was  greatly 
embarrassed.  The  only  resource  left  him  was  to  gain  over 
th(^  Onoudagas,  and  detach  them  fioni  the  leagiie.  He 
wrot(!  to  Father  de  Lamberville,  who  Avas  still  at  Cataro- 
couy, to  which  he  had  been  carried  over  the  ice  in  almost 


^ 


t 


'    1 


'  This  wns.  of  coiirsi',  n  hcars'iy    you  with  what  jKiwcr  will  hi'  upccs- 
nccmnit  that  rciichcd  Ciiniuhi.     It  is    sarv." 


given  in  N.  Y.  (ol.  Doc,  ix.,  ]).  ;!I10 ; 
but  Sfi'  Dongan's  Aiiilifss,  N.  Y.  Col. 
Doc,  iii.,  p.  .■):!:!.  IK'  aski'il  them 
whether  they  would  ciiiisent  to  an 
armistice    fur    filti'cii     ninnths,    or 


■'  This  was  undef  Mr.  de  Ste.  Htv 
lene  :  Heliniint,  llistDire  dii  ('anadn, 
1..  27. 

"  N.  Y.  Col.  I)oi\.  ix.,  ]).  :!!I0.  Bel. 
nionl  savs  Ste.  lieleiie  was  attacked 


would  coutinuo  the  war, '■  I  to  joyno    at    Toniliala,   uud    had    tour    nieu 


^ 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


808 


a  clyiii!^  state'  At  tlie  same  time  that  the  sonerars  letter 
was  haiideil  to  that  missionary,  Father  Vailhuit  arrived  at 
Catarocouy,  with  two  Imliaus  whom  Governor  Dougau 
had  <;ivon  him  to  attend  him  ou  his  return,  and  prevent 
liis  passing  through  the  Mohawk  canton." 

Fath(n-  de  Lamberville  gained  one  of  these  two  Indians, 
and  induced  him  to  go  to  Onondaga  to  inform  that  can- 
ton tliat  the  governor  of  New  York  was  guided  solely  by 
self-interest  while  laboring  to  involve  them  in  a  war  with 
the  French.  This  Indian  found  all  the  cantons  assembled, 
and  a  ])arty  of  about  a  thousand  men  ready  to  dash  down 
on  the  French  settlements.  He  had  no  little  ditHculty  iu 
disabusing  them  of  the  false  impressions  which  Colonel 
Dongan  had  given  them,  that  the  French  were  plotting 
some  new  treachery  against  them.  Ho  succeeded,  never- 
theless, in  jiart,  and  even  induced  them  to  send  d(>puties 
to  treat  with  Mr.  de  Deuonville  ;  but  five  hundred  war- 
riors resolved  to  accompany  these  deputies,  under  pretext 
of  acting  as  an  escort." 

When  they  arrived  near  Catarocouy,  Haaskouaun,  one 
of  the  deputies,  called  in  French  accounts  hi  Gramlc 
Giicnlc,  advanced  from  the  party  with  six  men,  entered  the 
fort,  and  asked  the  commandant  for  one  of  his  otficers  to 
accompany  him  to  Montreal.  Mr.  d'Orvilliers  gave  him 
the  8ieur  de  la  Perelle,  his  lieutenant,  who,  on  embarking 
in  that  Indian's  canoe,  was  quite  surprised  to  see  himself 
in  the  midst  of  six  hundred  well-armed  warriors,  and  re- 
ceived in  a  manner  to  lead  him  to  fear  that  he  was  a  pris- 
oner in  their  hands.' 
They  were,  however,  only  making  game  of  him,  by  ex- 


\6A«. 


Uillrd  mill  one  tiikcn  :  Histoire  du 
Ciuutda,  )i.  -S. 

>  Kutlicr  Liiiulifi'villc  wont  to  Ni- 
ixixava  ScptrnilxT'-i  t,  and  wns  si'izcd 
witli  till'  scurvv  thrrc.  Stc  Uclrni' 
wa-^  to  lii'lnir  li'nn  down  from  Cata- 
roi'oiiy  :  Bchuont,  Ilistoiri!  dii  Can- 
nda,  p.  27. 


'  St't>  Ri'lmnnt.  Ilistoiro  du  Can- 
ada, p.  "'7. 

'■'  "harlevoix  sccins  to  follow  con- 
versations or  noti>sof  doI.anibi'rviUi'. 

'  N.  V.  Col.  Doc.  i\.,  p.  :"M).  B.-l- 
niont  says  Ontn'ouliati,  otlicrwise 
cuUid  Urandi'  OuouK',  Black  Kuttlo, 
and  Qaguit'goton. 


Hi 


'i.  i 


I 

It 


'KM 
Mi 


i 


u 


804 


1688. 


CniiiilL'riiu- 

tion  of 
tlic  colony 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 

citing  his  foars.  Tlioy  condnctod  him  as  far  as  Lake  St. 
Francis,  whore  he  met  another  body  of  Inxjuois  as  numer- 
ous as  the  former.  Both  halted  at  this  point,  and  allowed 
la  Perolle,  with  the  deputies,  to  proceed  to  Montreal  alone. 
There  they  found  the  governor-general,  who  at  once  gave 
them  aixdience.  Haaskouaun,  Avho  was  the  spokesman, 
began  by  describing  in  extremely  emphatic  terms  the  ad- 
vantageous position  in  which  his  nation  stood,  the  weak- 
ness of  the  French,  and  the  ease  with  which  the  cantons 
might  exterminate  them,  or  force  them  to  leave  Canada. 

"  For  my  part,"  he  added,  "  I  have  always  loved  them, 
and  I  have  just  given  an  i;neqitivocal  proof  ;  for  on  learn- 
ing the  design  formed  by  our  warriors  to  come  and  burn 
your  forts,  your  houses,  yoiir  barns,  and  your  grain,  in 
order  that,  reducing  you  to  famine,  they  might  make  short 
work  with  you,  I  have  so  well  argued  in  your  favor  that 
I  have  obtained  permission  to  warn  Ononthio  that  he 
might  avoid  this  misfortune  by  accepting  peace  on  the 
conditions  proposed  by  Corlar.  And  then  I  can  give  you 
but  four  days  to  decide,  for  if  you  delaj-  longer  to  adopt 
your  course,  I  cannot  ansn-er  for  the  consequences." '  This 
Indian  was  a  Seiieoa,''  and  the  same  who  had  spoken  so 
insolently  to  Mr.  de  la  Barro  at  Camp  de  la  Famine. 

So  haughty  an  address,  and  twelve  hundred  Iroquois  at 
Lake  St.  Francis,  whence  they  could  in  less  than  two  days 
fall  upon  the  islund  of  Montreal,  filled  all  minds  with  con- 
sternation. To  crown  the  misfortunes,  information  had 
just  come  in  of  the  death  of  the  Chevalier  de  Troye  and 
all  his  garrison  ;  and  it  was  known  that  from  Sorel  River 
to  Laprairio  de  la  Magdeleine,  the  settlers  durst  not  leave 
their  houses  for  fear  of  falling  into  some  hostile  party. 
What  n;ost  embarrassed  the  Marquis  do  Dc'nonville  was 
the  fear  that  by  repulsing  these  parties  with  open  force, 
he  would  break  oft"  the  negotiations  already  begun  with 
tae  Onondagas,  to  whom  ho  had  restored  several  prison- 


'  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  p.  390. 


'  He  was  an  Onondaga :  Ante,  p.  354. 


St. 


i 


aibrOiiY  OF   NKW  FRANCE. 

ora  ;  ho  had  even  mailo  one  of  thera  tlie  bearer  of  the  con- 
ditions on  wliic'h  \w.  was  willing  to  treat  with  that  canton. 
Tlicst!  prisoners,  on  arriving  at  Catarocouy,  found  the 
fort  invested  by  eight  hundred  Iroquois,  who  had  already 
l)urned  ail  the  hay  with  tiery  arrows,  and  killed  all  the 
cattle.  Lake  Ontario,  too,  was  all  covered  with  the  ene- 
my's canoes,  which,  to  the  number  of  foiir  hundred,  at- 
tacked a  bark  conveying  men  and  provisions  to  Niagara. 
Two  canoes  even  attempted  to  board  it ;  but  two  volleys 
from  swivels,  fired  at  the  right  moment,  drove  them  off, 
and  the  wind  springing  up.  bore  the  bark  out  of  danger.' 

Foitunately  the  chief  in  command  of  the  force  blockad- 
ing Catarocouy,  was  uncle  of  the  Indian  prisoner  sent  by 
the  governor-general  to  make  his  intentions  known  to  the 
Onondagas.  This  chief  was  not  insensible  to  the  liberty 
given  to  his  nephew,  and  his  gratitude  induced  him  to 
draw  off  with  all  his  troops.  Catarocouy  was  thus  re- 
lieved at  the  very  moment  when  they  despaired  of  sav- 
ing it. 

On  the  8th  of  June,  deputies  from  Onondaga,  Oneida, 
and  Cayuga  arrived  at  Montreal,  and  asked  peace  in  the 
name  of  the  whole  nation.  These  two  unexpected  events 
convinced  the  whole  colony  that  Providence  watched  in  a 
special  manner  over  its  preservation.  The  general,  on  his 
side,  deemed  it  a  duty  to  show  more  reluctance  as  his 
enemies  took  steps  to  approach  him.  He  replied  that  he 
would  willingly  consent  to  peace,  but  that  he  would  grant 
it  only  on  these  conditions  :  1st.  That  all  his  allies  should 
be  included  ;  2d.  That  the  Mohawk  and  Seneca  cantons 
should  also  send  deputies  for  the  same  object ;  3d.  That 
all  hostilities  should  cease  on  both  sides  ;  4th.  That  he 
should  be  at  perfect  liberty  to  revictual  Fort  Catarocouy.' 


'  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  i>.  ;!95  ;  Ab 
Btract  of  U'tters.  August  10,  Novem 
ber  0,  1(188. 

•'  lu  the  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  p 
384,  is  n  cloil»nitiiiQ  of  the  Iro(iuoiB    Orehouae,  Otatcliete,  etc. 
Vol.  111.-20 


306 


i688. 


New 

piTiposi- 

tioiis 
of  pcaoe. 


in  presence  of  Mr.  de  Denonville  at 
Montreal,  June  l.'i,  1088,  signed  in 
behalf  of  the  Omidas,  ("'ayugiis,  and 
Onoiidn''nslivOtreouat(',('araeoutie, 


306 


I 

I 


i68S. 


Tlioy  nre 
ttccuptud. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW    FRANCE. 

He  iiiailo  no  .allusion  to  tlio  fori  at  Niagara  as  having 
made  the  use  of  and  for  which  they  liad  asked  its  estab- 
lishment ;  he  was  very  glad  to  make  a  merit  of  yielding  to 
the  request  of  the  deputies  that  ho  should  demolish  it.' 
His  conditions  were  accepted,  and  the  exchange  of  pris- 
oners was  regulated  without  any  diffioixlty.  Mr.  de  Dc'iion- 
ville  had  even  already  written  to  the  court  to  solicit  the 
recall  of  the  Iroquois  detained  at  Marseilles,  and  he  had 
requested  the  minister  to  send  Serigiiy,"  one  of  the  sons  of 
the  Sieur  le  Moyne,  then  a  cadet  at  Rochtfort,  to  receive 
them.  This  young  man  spoke  the  "anguage  of  these  In- 
dians quite  well,  he  Avas  esteemed  by  them,  and  the 
governor-general  was  satisfied  that  these  prisoners  would 
receive  much  better  treatment  at  his  hands  than  they  had 
received  from  those  who  conveyed  them  to  France. 

The  truce  was  consequently  arranged  on  the  spot.  The 
Iroquois  consented  to  leave  five  of  their  party  as  hostages, 
in  order  to  assure  the  convoy  preparing  for  Catarocoiiy, 
and  it  was  agreed  that  if  nnj  hostility  was  committed  by 
our  allies  during  the  negotiation,  it  should  make  change  in 
what  had  just  been  agreed  upon.  However,  when  the 
convoy  started,  conducted  by  the  Chevaliers  de  Callier.>s 
and  Vaudreuil,  and  escorted  on  land  by  domiciliated  In- 
dians, some  Iroquois  carried  off  one  canoe.  Mr.  de 
Di'nonville  was  the  more  surprised  at  this  as,  before  the 
departure  of  the  convoy,  an  envoy  of  Colonel  Dongan  had 
reached  Montreal,  with  Mademoiselle  d'Alonne  and  twelve 
other  French  prisoners,  and  had  handed  him  a  letter  from 
the  king.  It  was  a  duplicate  of  one  already  received  by 
the  general,  and  related  to  the  treaty  of  neutrality  re- 
newed by  the  two  sovereigns.'' 

The  governor  of  New  York  at  the  same  time  informed 


'  Foi't  Niapnrn   wns    abanduncd,  of  n  cliip  of  tho  lin".     Charhvoix. 

Sfptfinber  15,  10s8.     Hoc  stateiiiPiit  Pi'nnnville  in  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  p. 

of  its  condition  ;  N.  Y.  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  ;i!l."i. 

p.  JiSO.  ■'  N.  Y.  Colonial  Documents,  ix, 

'  Ho  diod  not  long  since,  captain  p.  S91. 


\ 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


307 


I 


iiiiii  tlmt  he  had  Riven  ordcvs  to  his  envoy  to  withdraw  all  ^688. 
Frcnoli  ])risoncrs  from  the  Iroquois  villages  through  which       '^ 
he  might  pass,  and  that  it  would  not  depend  on  him  if  ^'I-m"^ 
tliere  was  not  a  perfect  concert  between  them.     Still,  be-    Dohkuu. 
sides  the  hostile  act  just  mentioned,  the  Iroquois  soon 
appeared  in  onr  settlements,  which  had  been  stripped  of 
men  to  strengthen  the  Catarocouy  convoy.     On  the  first 
tidings  of  this,  the  general  called  together  all  the  troops 
left  near  his  person  and  marched  to  scatter  these  small 
parties.     The  enemy  v"id  not  await  him  ;  but  he  pursued 
them  and  overtook  some  at  Lake  du  St.  Sacrement.     Ho 
rescued   from   their   hands   two   Frenchmen  whom   they 
were  carrying  off,  killed  some  Mohegans,  and  took  some 
Mohawks."^    From  them  he  learned  that  Colonel  Dongau 
had  urged  them  to  make  this  irruption,  and  had  furnished 
them  for  the  purpose  with  mirnitions  and  arms.     Yet  he 
had  already  received  letters  from  the  king,  his  master,  to 
renew  the  treaty  of  neutrality,  and  that  prince  had  warned 
him  that  he  should  answer  in  his  own  individual  name 
for  all  contraventions  committed  against  the  treaty." 

Tiie  vigor  and  promptitude  thus  displayed  by  Mr.  d(! 
Denonville  in  arresting  the  course  of  these  hostilities,  ob- 
11  "ed  the  Iroquois  to  keep  themselves  quiet,  and  the 
French  avaded  themselves  of  it  to  gather  then-  harvest. 
"God  alone,"  wrote  that  general  to  Mr.  de  Seigneley,  on 
the  lOtli  of  August,  "  could  have  preserved  Canada  this 
year.  I  have  no  merit  in  it :  Mr.  de  Callieres  will  tell  you 
"better  than  I  can  write  how  necessary  Father  de  Lamber- 
ville  has  been  to  us,  with  what  ability  he  has  averted  the 
storm  which  menaced  us,  in  what  a  manner  he  sways  the 
minds  of  these  Indians,  who  are  more  clear-sighted  than 
men  think.  If  you  do  not  find  means  of  restonng  these 
Fathers  to  their  former  mission,  you  must  expect  many 
misfortunes  for  this  colony,   for  I  must  tell  you  that 

1  This  i.ron.pt  ft'-tion  of  P.'non-  Y.  Col.  Doc.,  ix.,  p.  391.  Chnrle- 
vi",.  is  lint  iiu'iitidiRcl  in  the  H<-lii-  voix  dt-rivi'd  it  probably  from  the 
tion  of  the  Events  of  the  War  :  N.    letter  of  August  10. 


To  wliiim 
Mr.  (lu 

Di''ii'iji\illo 
iitlrihiilu.l 


Ciiiiadii. 


t 


308 


HISTORY  OP  NEW   FRANCE. 


I 


1688. 


fc'>' 


Cciloiicl 

Diiiii.'aii  re- 

ciillud. 


hitlicrto  it  has  boon  their  ability  that  Iihh  sustained  tho 
affairs  of  the  conutry  by  the  number  of  friends  tliey  have 
won  among  all  tho  Indians,  and  thi;ir  dexterity  in  man- 
aging the  niind  of  the&o  barbarians,  who  aro  savages  only 


m  rame. 


"  Tho  Sedentary  Fishery  Company  designs  preventing 
tho  Jesuits  n-om  re-establishing  thi  mission  which  they  had 
among  tJio  tribes  near  Pentagout  (to  which  they  returned 
last  year  at  my  request),  and  to  retain  those  Indians  in 
our  interest,  they  having  left  them  en  account  of  the  dis- 
orders caused  in  those  parts  by  liquor.  It  is  my  duty  to 
inform  you  that  it  will  bo  a  great  misfortune  for  Acadia,  if 
these  gentlemen  let  these  missions  fall  into  other  hands ; 
for  it  must  not  be  imagined  that  it  is  the  work  of  five  or 
six  years  to  learn  the  language  of  these  nations  and 
govern  them  well.  The  best  minds,  niter  twenty  years 
toil   and    hardship    beyond   description,   sometimes   find 

themselves  deficient Father  Bigot  is  towards  Pon- 

tagoiit,  in  order  to  gather  together  a  new  village  on  the 
king's  territories,  and  prevent  tlieii'  being  drawn  ofl"  by 
Chevalier  Andros."" 

This  knight  commanded  in  New  England  in  the  absence 
of  the  governor-general,  and  he  had  just  been  appointed 
governor-general  of  New  York.^     Ho  was  a  Protestant, 


I  Tho  abstract  (N.  Y.  Col.  Docu- 
int'iitu,  ix.,  p.  yo;!)  douH  not  contain 
tliis  part. 

'•'  For  an  nccount  <pf'  Sillory  about 
this  time,  sw  St,  Valirr,  Etat  Pn'- 
bcnt.  p.  (i8.  We  have  Relations  of 
Abnaki  Missions  by  the  Bigots  in 
1()84  and  1(18.'),  In  May,  108,-),  the 
mission  was  removed  from  Sillery 
to  the  C'haudiere,  and  fortified.  Of 
th(^  mission  to  Maine  in  1088  I  find 
nothing.  Rev,  Peter  Tliury  of  Que- 
bec seminary  was  sent  to  Acadia  in 
lr)H4  by  Bp,  Laval  and  by  St.  Va- 
lier  in  108.1:  Etat  Present,  p.  I'J. 
After  laboring  among  the  Qaspe- 


Bians,  he  was  sent  to  the  Pentagoi't, 
in  1087  :  Taschereau,  Memoir  on  tho 
Acadian  Missions. 

■'  lie  was  captain-tcneral  and  gov- 
ernor-in-chief in  and  over  our  col- 
onies of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  atd 
New  Plymoutl;,  oar  Provinces  of 
New  Hampshire  and  Maine,  the  Nar- 
raganset  country  or  King's  Province, 
our  colonies  of  Rhode  Island  and 
Connecticut,  our  Province  of  New 
York,  and  East  and  West  Jersey, 
and  of  all  the  tract  from  40  N.  to  the 
River  St.  Croix,  thence  N.  to  tlio 
St,  Lawrence,  and  by  all  that  breadth 
to   the    Pacific,  constituting  "  our 


1 


HISTORY   OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


309 


and  if  Colonel  Don^an,  although  a  Catholic,  had  acted  "^««- 
towards  the  French  in  the  manner  tliat  we  liave  seen,  iind 
deferred  so  little  to  the  wishes  of  his  sovereign,  whoso 
relirrion  he  followed,  it  was  to  bo  expected  that  his  suc- 
cessor would  not  obey  that  prince's  orders  more  exactly.' 
The  event,  as  we  shall  soon  see,  justified  only  too  well  the 
fears  of  the  colony  in  this  matter ;  but  this  was  not  what 
most  troubled  the  general. 

It  is  a  maxim  foimded  on  reason,  and  daily  confirmed 
by  experience,  that  every  State,  every  society,  whatever 
forms  a  body,  ecclesiastical  or  civil,  runs  much  less  risk 
fi'om  those  who  attacked  it  from  without  than  from  the 
disorders  which  it  suffers  internally  from  the  non-observ- 
ance of  laws,  and  by  all  other  causes  that  weaken  its  con- 
stitution and  sap  the  foundations  on  which  it  rests.  On 
this  principle  the  Marquis  de  Denonville  beheld  only  with 
grief  the  sad  state  to  which  New  France  was  reduced  by 
the  misconduct  and  insubordination  which  characterized 
the  majority  of  those  of  whom  that  colony  was  composed. 
He  expresses  himself  thus  in  a  letter  to  Mr.  de  Seignelay, 
dated  the  same  day  as  that  cited,  and  I  have  believed 
that  it  would  be  read  here  with  pleasure  almost  entire,  be- 
cause it  is  very  instructive,  and  contains  the  reflections  of 
a  man  whose  thoughts  were  just,  and  whoso  views  all 
tended  to  the  good  of  the  State,  and  never  deviated  from 
the  truth.  After  a  short  exposition  of  the  prodigious 
change,  wrought  within  a  few  years  in  a  country  whei-e 
religion  good  faith,  and  the  strictest  probity  had  so  long 
reigned,  he  adds  : 

"New  settlements  were  pushed  ahead  of  each  other 
fi'om  a  jealous  desire  to  be  nearer  to  the  Indian  trade 
withoiit  reflecting  that,  by  not  concentrating,  they  made  it  ,.  "".""^^ 

,,  rt'  J  (ll.siir'Icrs  n 

impossible  tor  them  '-  ->  concert  means  of  defence.  .  .  . 


Li'ttor  of 

Mr.  ,U- 
Dt'doiivillo 


til.- 
colony. 


tprritory  and  doininion  of  New  Eur-  '  Hig  instructions  required  liini  to 

land     in    America."     See   ConimiH-  defend   and  protect  tlie  Iroquois  ':f 

BJon,  N.  y.  Col.  Docuiueuts,  iii.,  p.  invaded  by  the  French  ;  N.  Y.  Col. 

5*57.  Doc,  iii.,  p.  548. 


II 


I 


rr* 


»  ; 


310  HISTORY  OP  NEW  FRANCE. 

1688.  The  Bnshlopcrs  liavo  committod  anothor  ovil  r;roator 
'""^^^^^  tlian  can  bo  conceived  ;  it  can  only  be  known  on  the  spot. 
Their  cnjiidity  has  h'd  tliem  to  commit  tlie  most  (h'spica- 
ble  acts,  Avliicli  have  rendered  ns  eontem]itible,  (h'jirc- 
ciated  tlio  goods,  heightened  the  price  of  the  beaver  skins ; 
and  the  Indians,  naturally  prond,  seeing  themselves  sought, 
become  still  more  >o.  Then  came  the  misunderstanding 
between  Mr.  do  la  Barre  and  Mr.  do  la  Sale ;  it  divided 
the  French  and  even  tho  Indian  allies.  These  divisions 
have  kept  .dive  quarrels  among  these  latter,  which  have 
given  great  i)uin  to  our  missionaries.  The  same  misun- 
derstanding between  the  general  and  Mr.  de  la  Sale 
caused  the  first  pillage  which  the  Iroquois  made  of  fifteen 
canoes  loaded  with  goods,  which  they  took  from  the 
French,  believing,  they  said,  that  they  thus  executed  the 
orders  which  they  had  received  to  plunder  Mr.  de  la 
Sale's  people.  There  had,  in  fact,  been  marks  given  to 
distinguish  them.  This  mistake  occasioned  the  war  which 
Mr.  de  la  Barre  made  on  the  Iroquois.  It  was  always  a 
great  evil,  and  of  very  dangerous  consequences,  to  em- 
powv.'r  these  barbarians  to  assume  rig. 'ts  over  French- 
men." We  have  seen  Mr.  de  la  Sale  set  the  example  first 
at  (Green)  bay,  under  color  of  his  monopoly,  "  and  it  may 
well  be  that  his  enemies  wished  Mr.  de  la  Barre  to  extort 
from  him  permission  to  make  reprisals  on  his  canoes, 
without  telling  him  they  would  employ  Iroquois  to  do  this, 
a  thing  which  that  general,  in  all  probability,  would  not 
have  permitted." 

Mr.  de  Denonville  then  returns  to  the  Bushlopers, 
whose  number,  he  said,  "is  such  that  it  depopulates  the 
country  of  the  best  men,  renders  them  indocile,  incapable 
of  discipline,  debauched,  and  causes  their  children  to  be 
brought  up  like  savages."  He  maintains  that  it  was  their 
roving  that  have  occasioned  those  of  the  English  among 
your  allies,  whom  they  have  allured  by  cheaper  goods, 
and  whom  it  is  almost  impossible  to  divert  from  trading 
with  New  York.     Speaking  of  the  Indian  wars,  he  says, 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 


311 


"tliat  tio  l)ottf'i'  idea  cnii  l)o  eonroivod  of  tlicm  than  if>^^- 
to  l■t'ln•o^ont  thoso  barbarians  as  savaj^o  beasts  scattered  —— r— ' 
tlirouKli  I'  vast  forest,  wlicnco  they  ravage  all  the  neigh- 
boring countries.  The  colonists  assemble  to  give  them 
chase,  inquire  th(>ir  retreat,  and  it  is  everywhere;  they 
must  be  awaited  with  your  hand  on  tlio  trigger,  and  they 
are  long  awaited.  They  can  be  hounded  only  with  hounds, 
and  Indians  are  the  only  dogs  that  can  bo  used  for  tho 
Iiur))oso  ;  but  they  are  failing  us,  and  tho  few  that  we  have 
are  not  to  be  depended  on  ;  they  are  afraid  ol"  roach- 
ing  the  enemy,  and  dare  not  provoke  him.  no  course 
thiit  hiis  bet>n  adopted  has  been  to  build  forts  in  each 
K('i_'ncury  as  a  refuge  for  tho  people  and  their  cattle  ; 
moreover,  the  tilled  lands  lie  far  apart,  and  are  so  sur- 
roniidiMl  by  woods,  that  at  each  field  a  corps  of  troops 
would  1)(>  needed  to  support  the  field  laborers.  The  sole 
and  only  means  of  making  war  was,  to  have  troops  enough 
to  advance  on  the  enemy  by  three  routes  at  once  ;  but  to 
(■H'cct  tliis  would  require  four  thousand  men  and  provisions 
for  two  years,  with  four  or  five  hundred  batteaux,  and  all 
the  other  details  of  such  an  outfit,  for  to  be  obUged  as  wo 
are  to  live  from  hand  to  i^^./uth,  is  a  sure  way  to  build  up 
nothing  solid." ' 

The  king  was  certainly  not  disposed  to  send  to  Canada  Refleetion>, 
the  number  of  troops  asked  by  the  Marquis  de  Denon-  'jJltJi,','" 
ville.'  Many  peojile  even  in  the  country  were  convinced, 
that  to  reduce  the  Iroquois,  it  required  only  a  little  more 
disci]>line  in  the  troops  at  his  dit-posal ;  and  we  shall  see, 
before  the  close  of  this  history,  that  if  they  did  not  succeed 
with  the  colonial  forces  alone,  it  was  because  it  was  not 
earnestly  desired.  It  also  seems  that  the  general's  alarmed 
inmgination,  or  that  of  those  to  whose  coiuisels  he  lis- 
tened had  somewhat  magnified  the  objects ;  but  it  is  cer- 
tain that  if  the  disorders  of  which  he  complained  had  been 


•  Abstract  of  dispntolii'S  :    N.  Y.     is  not  tlio  time  to  think  of  tlint  war. 
Col.  Doc,  ix.,  p.  no.").  Tliu  kinir's  Inrcrs  arc  too  much  (»•- 

'•' The  miuister's  minute  is  :  "This    cupicd  olwnvlierH  :"  lb. 


I 


812 


1688. 


P 


w        I 


Wi 


Our  iillifH 

iiiiii'li 

(li>|ili':ise'l 

Willi  tliu 

piiU'O. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  FRANCE. 

correcti'tl,  ami  •■s|)«uMiilly  if  duo  ineaHuros  had  Ix-cn  taktii 
to  provont  yonnp;  men  ruuning  the  woodH,  thoy  might  at 
all  times  have  had  a  very  excellent  militia,  which  would 
have  held  in  respect  to  the  Iroquois  and  the  English. 
The  misfortune  of  New  Franco  is,  that  all  who  have 
wielded  authority  there,  have  not  shown  the  zeal  displayed 
l)y  this  general  for  due  order,  and  that  he  himself  had 
not  all  the  firmness  necessary  to  punish  rigorously  what 
he  detested  sincerely,  and  to  make  his  orders  respected. 

He  ardently  desired  to  close  the  war ;  but  he  felt  that 
it  was  neither  just  nor  very  safe  even  to  conclude  peace 
without  the  participation  of  our  allies ;  and  we  have  seen 
that  ho  expressed  himself  distinctly  to  the  doi)uties  of  the 
cantons ;  but  either  there  was  not  time  to  inform  the  In- 
dians of  the  general's  intentions,  or,  as  is  more  probable, 
these  nations  were  persuaded,  that  the  cantons  were  not 
treating  in  good  faith  hence  almost  all  appeared  greatly 
displeased  at  these  negotiations.  Some  even  evinced 
their  contempt  for  us  at  a  peace  in  Avhicli  the  Iroquois 
seemed  to  desire  to  impose  conditions  haughtily  on  us. 


DIRECTIONS  TO  THE  BINDER. 


Faqi 
PoiiTRAiT  OK  Talon.  Intend.vnt  of  New  Fuance-To  fnc-  Title. 

140 

M  \1-  OK  Nkwfoundland 

141 

Mai'  ok  1'i,a(i:ntta  Bay 

,  „  2;);} 

Map  of  Hudson  s  Bay 

237 
Mai'  of  Southern  Part  of  Hudson's  Bay 


